O sistema cardiovascular está estrutural e funcionalmente disposto de modo “circular”. Situações de obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo determinam o aparecimento de mecanismos que visam suplantar tais interrupções e manter a circularidade íntegra. À nível molecular, o principal elemento envolvido nestes mecanismos é o Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). A expressão do VEGF quando há oclusão arterial está bem documentada, faltando elementos com relação à oclusão venosa. Neste estudo objetivamos verificar se a oclusão à nível arterial determina uma expressão do VEGF diferente daquela que ocorre se a oclusão acontecer à nível venoso. Para isso randomizamos dois grupos de ratos de experimentação. Em um grupo realizamos a oclusão da aorta infra-renal e em outro a oclusão da veia cava infra-renal. Posteriormente medimos a expressão do VEGF através da contagem do número de células marcadas imunoistoquimicamente no omento destes ratos. O resultado demonstrou que a expressão do VEGF, quando analisada pelo método proposto foi igual no grupo da oclusão venosa e no grupo da oclusão arterial. / The cardiovascular system is structurally and functionally circular. Situations in which there is obstruction to blood flow trigger mechanisms to bypass these blockages and maintenance the integrity of the circularity. At the molecular level the main factor involved is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression associated with arterial occlusion is well documented but is lacking evidence when venous occlusion occurs. This study aimed to verify if the expression of VEGF when an occlusion occurs at venous level is the same or different from that caused at the arterial level. Two groups of rats were randomized by infra-renal aortic occlusion or inferior vena cava occlusion. VEGF was measured by counting the immunohistochemistry method marked cells at the omentum level. It was demonstrated that the VEGF expression is the same in the venous group obstruction as the arterial obstruction group.

O sistema cardiovascular está estrutural e funcionalmente disposto de modo “circular”. Situações de obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo determinam o aparecimento de mecanismos que visam suplantar tais interrupções e manter a circularidade íntegra. À nível molecular, o principal elemento envolvido nestes mecanismos é o Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). A expressão do VEGF quando há oclusão arterial está bem documentada, faltando elementos com relação à oclusão venosa. Neste estudo objetivamos verificar se a oclusão à nível arterial determina uma expressão do VEGF diferente daquela que ocorre se a oclusão acontecer à nível venoso. Para isso randomizamos dois grupos de ratos de experimentação. Em um grupo realizamos a oclusão da aorta infra-renal e em outro a oclusão da veia cava infra-renal. Posteriormente medimos a expressão do VEGF através da contagem do número de células marcadas imunoistoquimicamente no omento destes ratos. O resultado demonstrou que a expressão do VEGF, quando analisada pelo método proposto foi igual no grupo da oclusão venosa e no grupo da oclusão arterial. / The cardiovascular system is structurally and functionally circular. Situations in which there is obstruction to blood flow trigger mechanisms to bypass these blockages and maintenance the integrity of the circularity. At the molecular level the main factor involved is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression associated with arterial occlusion is well documented but is lacking evidence when venous occlusion occurs. This study aimed to verify if the expression of VEGF when an occlusion occurs at venous level is the same or different from that caused at the arterial level. Two groups of rats were randomized by infra-renal aortic occlusion or inferior vena cava occlusion. VEGF was measured by counting the immunohistochemistry method marked cells at the omentum level. It was demonstrated that the VEGF expression is the same in the venous group obstruction as the arterial obstruction group.

O sistema cardiovascular está estrutural e funcionalmente disposto de modo “circular”. Situações de obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo determinam o aparecimento de mecanismos que visam suplantar tais interrupções e manter a circularidade íntegra. À nível molecular, o principal elemento envolvido nestes mecanismos é o Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). A expressão do VEGF quando há oclusão arterial está bem documentada, faltando elementos com relação à oclusão venosa. Neste estudo objetivamos verificar se a oclusão à nível arterial determina uma expressão do VEGF diferente daquela que ocorre se a oclusão acontecer à nível venoso. Para isso randomizamos dois grupos de ratos de experimentação. Em um grupo realizamos a oclusão da aorta infra-renal e em outro a oclusão da veia cava infra-renal. Posteriormente medimos a expressão do VEGF através da contagem do número de células marcadas imunoistoquimicamente no omento destes ratos. O resultado demonstrou que a expressão do VEGF, quando analisada pelo método proposto foi igual no grupo da oclusão venosa e no grupo da oclusão arterial. / The cardiovascular system is structurally and functionally circular. Situations in which there is obstruction to blood flow trigger mechanisms to bypass these blockages and maintenance the integrity of the circularity. At the molecular level the main factor involved is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression associated with arterial occlusion is well documented but is lacking evidence when venous occlusion occurs. This study aimed to verify if the expression of VEGF when an occlusion occurs at venous level is the same or different from that caused at the arterial level. Two groups of rats were randomized by infra-renal aortic occlusion or inferior vena cava occlusion. VEGF was measured by counting the immunohistochemistry method marked cells at the omentum level. It was demonstrated that the VEGF expression is the same in the venous group obstruction as the arterial obstruction group.

Orientador: Mara Patricia Traina Chacon-Mikahil / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T16:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_SabrinaToffoli_M.pdf: 748956 bytes, checksum: b6b2a4fae036e8b13b5446cc1a62b301 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou comparar as adaptações autonômicas e cardiorrespiratórias em resposta a um programa de 12 semanas de treinamento físico aeróbio (TFA) em homens e mulheres de meia idade com hábitos de vida não ativos. Compuseram a amostra sete homens (GH), com média de idade de 44,6 ??2,1 anos, e sete mulheres (GM), com 51,7 ??4,8 anos, sendo que todas faziam terapia de reposição hormonal. Todos os voluntários foram submetidos ao treinamento físico aeróbio (caminhadas e trotes em pista, com intensidade entre 70-85% da freqüência cardíaca (FC) máxima. O treino foi composto por três sessões semanais, com a duração aproximada de 40-50 min cada sessão. Para a avaliação dos componentes autonômicos foram aplicados os protocolos de Manobra Postural Passiva (Tilt) e Eletrocardiografia Dinâmica de 24 horas (Holter), no qual foram selecionados trechos estáveis, tanto na vigília quanto no sono. Foram utilizados para a análise no domínio do tempo o desvio padrão das médias dos intervalos entre as ondas R do eletrocardiograma (iRR), a raiz quadrada da média dos quadrados dos iRR e a porcentagem de iRR com duração menor que 50ms. Já para o domínio da freqüência, por meio da aplicação da transformada rápida de Fourier, foram analisadas as faixas de baixa (LF) e alta (HF) freqüências, também em unidades normalizadas, além da potência total. Na avaliação das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias foi realizado um protocolo de esforço contínuo em cicloergômetro com incrementos crescentes de potência até a exaustão, com registro da freqüência cardíaca e análise direta de gases expirados. Os resultados mostraram que na avaliação do Holter não foram observados efeitos do treinamento nos indicadores simpático e parassimpáticos, e que o GM apresentou valores de HF ligeiramente maiores e LF menores em comparação ao GH, tanto em vigília quanto em sono, nas condições sedentário e treinado. Já no Tilt, foi possível detectar um aumento na média dos iRR após o treinamento, redução na pressão arterial sistólica de repouso e na FC máxima. Com relação à capacidade cardiorrespiratória, o GM apresentou resultados inferiores ao GH nas duas condições estudadas. Pode se concluir, portanto, que realmente as mulheres de meia idade apresentam diferenças cardiovasculares importantes quando comparadas aos homens, e que o TFA foi capaz de aprimorar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória, os valores de pressão arterial e de FC de ambos os grupos. Já com relação ao controle autonômico, na mensuração pelo Holter, não foram encontradas modificações após o treinamento físico proposto, e pela análise do protocolo de Tilt foi possível observar redução dos iRR e modificação nos valores de pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca instantânea, em ambos os grupos. Demais modificações podem não ter ocorrido em virtude da duração total do treinamento / Abstract:The aim of this research was to compare the autonomic and cardiorespiratory adaptations in response to a 12 weeks aerobic physical training program with middle age men and women with inactive habits of life. The sample was composed by seven men (GH), with mean age of 44.6 ± 2.1 years old, and seven women (GM) with 51,7 4.8 years old, all of them with hormone replacement therapy. All volunteers participated of a aerobic physical training (walks and runnings, with intensity between 70-85% of max HR. The training was composed by three sessions a week, with with the approximate duration of 40-50 minutes each session. For the assessment of autonomic components were applied the Tilt Test and 24 hours Dynamic Eletrocardiografy (Holter), which were selected stable excerpts during the vigil and the sleep. It was used for the Time Domain analysis the standard averages between R waves of the electrocardiogram (iRR), the square root of the mean square of the iRR and the percentage of iRR lasting less than 50ms. For the Frequency Domain analysis it was used the low and high frequencies, also in the normalized units, as well the total power by the Fast Fourier Transforming. To evaluate the cardiorespiratory variables it was performed a cycle ergometer protocol with increasing increments of power until the exhaustion, with the registration of heart rate and analysis of expired gases. The results showed that in the Holter evaluation no training effects were observed in sympathetic and parassimpathetic indicators, and the GM presented a higher HF and lower LF than the GH, as vigil as sleep, both sedentary and trained conditions. In the Tilt Test, it was possible to detect an increase in the average of iRR after training, reduction in systolic blood pressure at rest and maximum heart rate. About the cardiorespiratory capacity, the GM always showed shorter resuts than GH. It can be concluded that the middle age women really have important cardiovascular diferences in comparison to men, and that the TFA was able to improve the cardiorespiratory capacity, the values of PA and HR of both groups. In the autonomic control analysys, by dynamic ECG measurement, it was not found significant changes afte the physical training and by Tilt protocol analysys it was observed reduction of iRR and changes of the blood pressure and instantly heart rate values, in both groups. Other changes may not have occurred perhaps because of the insuficient duration of the training, to achieve such gains / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

La relation entre le risque de décès par cancer du poumon et l’exposition au radon est aujourd’hui établie, notamment à partir des études conduites chez les mineurs d’uranium. Mais de nombreuses interrogations persistent sur les risques de cancers extra-pulmonaires et de maladies non-cancéreuses, et sur l'impact sur la santé des autres expositions radiologiques professionnelles. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’estimation des risques radio-induits aux faibles débits de dose au travers de l'analyse des risques de décès par cancer du rein et par Maladie de l'Appareil Circulatoire (MAC) chez les mineurs d’uranium.Les analyses du risque de décès par cancer du rein ont été réalisées au sein de la cohorte française des mineurs d'uranium (n=5 086 ; période de suivi : 1946-2007), la cohorte post-55 (n=3 377 ; période de suivi : 1957-2007) et la cohorte allemande de la Wismut (n=58 986; période de suivi : 1946-2003) au sein desquelles sont respectivement répertoriés 24, 11 et 174 décès par cancer du rein. L’exposition au radon et à ses descendants à vie courte (exprimée en Working Level Month WLM), aux poussières d’uranium (kBqh.m-3) et aux rayonnements gamma (mSv) a été estimée individuellement et la dose absorbée au rein a été calculée. La relation dose-réponse a été affinée par rapport à l'analyse classique en considérant deux types de réponse : le risque instantané de décès par cancer du rein (analyse classique, Cause-specific Hazard Ratio (CSHR) estimé avec le modèle de Cox) et sa probabilité d'occurrence au cours du suivi (Subdistribution Hazard Ratio (SHR) estimé avec le modèle de Fine & Gray). Un excès de mortalité par cancer du rein était observé dans la cohorte française (SMR = 1,62 IC95%[1,04; 2,41]), mais pas dans la cohorte post-55. Dans la cohorte de la Wismut, un déficit de mortalité par cancer du rein était observé (0,89 [0,78; 0,99]). Pour ces trois populations, aucune relation n'a pu être mise en évidence entre les expositions radiologiques (ou la dose au rein) et le risque de décès par cancer du rein (ex : CSHRWismut_radon/100WLM=1,023 [0,993; 1,053]), ni avec sa probabilité d'occurrence au cours du suivi (ex : SHRWismut_radon /100WLM=1,012 [0,983; 1,042]).L’étude du risque de décès par MAC dans la cohorte française a montré une augmentation significative du risque de décès par MAC (n=442, CSHR/100WLM=1,11 [1,01; 1,22]) et par Maladie CérébroVasculaire (MCeV, n=105, CSHR/100WLM=1,25 [1,09; 1,43]) avec l’exposition au radon. Une enquête cas-témoins nichée au sein de la cohorte a été mise en place pour recueillir dans les dossiers médicaux les facteurs de risque classiques de MAC (surpoids, hypertension, diabète...) pour 313 mineurs (76 décès par MAC (dont 26 par Cardiopathie Ischémique (CI) et 16 par MCeV) et 237 témoins). Pour les trois expositions radiologiques, la relation exposition-risque a été analysée au sein d'une pseudo-cohorte (obtenue en pondérant les observations par l'inverse de la probabilité de sélection, n=1 644 pseudo-individus) avec le modèle de Cox, en ajustant sur les différents facteurs de risque. L’association entre les expositions radiologiques et le risque de décès par MAC, CI ou MCeV n'était pas significative (ex : CSHRMAC_radon/100WLM=1,43 [0,71; 2,87]). La prise en compte des facteurs de risque ne modifiait pas sensiblement cette association.L'absence de relation dose-réponse significative suggère que l'excès de mortalité par cancer du rein chez les mineurs français serait induit par d'autres facteurs, non-disponibles pour cette analyse. La faible variation des coefficients avec l'ajustement sur les facteurs de risque de MAC dans l'enquête cas-témoins nichée soutient l'hypothèse de l'existence d'une augmentation du risque de MCeV dans la cohorte française associée à l’exposition au radon. La poursuite du suivi de la cohorte permettra d'affiner ces résultats. / The relation between lung cancer risk and radon exposure has been clearly established, especially from the studies on uranium miner cohorts. But the association between radon exposure and extrapulmonary cancers and non-cancer diseases remains not well known. Moreover, the health risks associated with the other mining-related ionizing radiation exposures are still under consideration. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the estimation of the radio-induced health risks at low-doses through the analysis of the kidney cancer and Circulatory System Disease (CSD) mortality risks among uranium miners.Kidney cancer mortality risk analyses were performed from the French cohort of uranium miners (n=5086; follow-up period: 1946-2007), the post-55 cohort (n=3,377; follow-up period: 1957-2007) and the German cohort of the Wismut (n=58,986; follow-up period: 1946-2003) which included 24, 11 and 174 deaths from kidney cancer, respectively. The exposures to radon and its short-lived progeny (expressed in Working Level Month WLM), to uranium ore dust (kBqh.m-3) and to external gamma rays (mSv) were estimated for each miners and the equivalent kidney dose was calculated. The dose-response relation was refined considering two responses: the instantaneous risk of kidney cancer mortality (corresponding to the classical analysis, Cause-specific Hazard Ratio (CSHR) estimated with the Cox model) and its occurrence probability during the follow-up (Subdistribution Hazard Ratio (SHR) estimated with the Fine & Gray model). An excess of kidney cancer mortality was observed only in the French cohort (SMR = 1.62 CI95%[1.04; 2.41]). In the Wismut cohort, a decrease of the kidney cancer mortality was observed (0.89 [0.78; 0.99]). For these three cohorts, the occupational radiological exposures (or the equivalent kidney dose) were significantly associated neither with the risk of kidney cancer mortality (e.g. CSHRWismut_radon/100WLM=1.023 [0.993; 1.053]), nor with its occurrence probability during the follow-up (e.g. SHRWismut_radon /100WLM=1.012 [0.983; 1.042]).CSD mortality risk analyses in the French cohort showed a significant increase of the risks of mortality from CSD (n=442, CSHR/100WLM=1.11 [1.01; 1.22]) and from CerebroVascular Disease (MCeV, n=105, CSHR/100WLM=1.25 [1.09; 1.43]) with radon exposure. A case-control study nested in the French cohort was set up to collect the information related to CSD risk factors (overweight, hypertension, diabetes...) from the medical records of 313 miners (76 deaths from CSD (including 26 from Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and 16 from MCeV) and 237 controls). For the three radiological exposures, the exposure-risk relation was analyzed in a pseudo-cohort (n=1,644 pseudo-individuals, obtained from the weighting of the observations by their inverse selection probability) with the Cox model, adjusted for the CSD risk factors. The association between the radiological exposure and the risk of mortality from CSD, IHD or MCeV was not significant (e.g. CSHRCSD_radon/100WLM=1.43 [0.71; 2.87]). The adjustment for CSD risk factors did not substantially change the exposure-risk relation.The lack of a significant dose-response relation suggests that the excess of kidney cancer mortality among the French uranium miners may be induced by other risk factors, unavailable for this study. The small change of the coefficients observed after adjustment for CSD risk factors in the nested case-control study supports the assumption of the existence of the MCeV mortality risk increase associated with radon exposure in the French cohort of uranium miners. Future analyses based on further follow-up updates should allow to confirm or not these results.

Ο φαρμακευτικός κλάδος μπορεί να επωφεληθεί, με την βοήθεια της σημερινής τεχνολογίας των ηλεκτρονικών υπολογιστών και συγκεκριμένα των βάσεων δεδομένων. Σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η κάλυψη των αναγκών της Ελληνικής συνταγογραφίας των φαρμάκων. Συγκεκριμένα οι φαρμακευτικές βάσεις δεδομένων, που ήδη υπάρχουν, δεν χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία αναζήτησης των αλληλεπιδράσεων των φαρμάκων. Για το σκοπό αυτό σχεδιάστηκε και υλοποιήθηκε ένα μοντέλο βάσεων δεδομένων, που υποστηρίζει πλήρως τις αλληλεπιδράσεις των φαρμάκων, σύμφωνα με τις οδηγίες του εθνικού συνταγολογίου φαρμάκων (Ε.Ο.Φ). Έπειτα έγινε η εισαγωγή των φαρμάκων και δοκιμάστηκε η ακεραιότητα του συστήματος για την επιτυχή λειτουργία των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ φαρμάκων, καθώς μια εσφαλμένη αλληλεπίδραση μπορεί να αποβεί μοιραία για κάποιους ασθενείς. Τέλος αυτή η διπλωματική εργασία μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί από φαρμακοποιούς και ιατρούς για την ασφαλέστερη και αποτελεσματικότερη συνταγογράφηση. / The pharmaceutical branch can profit, with the help of current technology of computers and concretely with the use of data bases. The purpose of this diplomatic work is to cover the needs of the Greek prescription on medicines. Particularly the pharmaceutical data bases, that already exist, do not use the search technology of interactions in medicines. For this aim it was drawn and implemented a model of data bases, that completely supports the interactions of medicines, according to the directives of national organization for medicines (N.O.M). The next step was the insertion of medicines and test the integrity of system for the successful operation of interactions between medicines, while a mistaken in interaction it can be turns out fatal for certain patients. Finally this diplomatic work can be used from pharmacists and doctors for secure and more effective prescription.

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Syftet med denna studie är att belysa vilken potential varierad undervisning genom multimodaliteterna bild, ljud, film och rörelse har i det naturorienterande klassrummet för elever och lärare på lågstadiet vid undervisning om cirkulationssystemet. Studien utgick från en varierad lektionsserie om cirkulationssystemet varefter eleverna fick fylla i en enkät för att beskriva vilken undervisningsmetod som var roligast respektive mest lärorik. De fick skriva vad som var bra och dåligt med respektive undervisningsmetod. Därefter genomfördes semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med 14 elever och två lärare. Resultatet som denna studie genererade utifrån ett lärarperspektiv var att varierad undervisning och multimodala undervisningsmetoder är en del av skolans kompensatoriska uppdrag. Det är alltså ett sätt att stötta elever som behöver extra stöd eller alternativa sätt att lära sig. Lärarna ansåg att det fanns en stor mängd material, så som lektionsplaneringar och idéer, och att detta inte var ett problem, utan fokuset måste ligga vid hur man arbetar med det existerande material som finns. Eleverna var generellt sett positivt inställda till alla inkluderade undervisningsmetoder men ansåg att den roligaste undervisningsmetoden var film och att de lärde sig mest av att röra på kroppen. De kännetecken som kunde urskiljas för elevernas engagemang i undervisningen var aktivt deltagande, variation i undervisningen och lustfylldhet. / The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential of varied teaching through the multimodalities of image, sound, movies, and movement in the science classroom for pupilsand teachers at the primary level, when teaching about the circulatory system. The study was based on a varied lesson series about the circulatory system, after which the students got to fill out a questionnaire to describe which teaching method was the most enjoyable and the most educative. They also got to write what was good and bad about each respective teaching method. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were then conducted with 14 pupils and two teachers. The result that this study generated from a teacher's perspective was that varied teaching and multimodal teaching methods are part of the school's compensatory mission. It is thus a way of supporting students in need of extra support or alternative ways of learning. The teachers felt that there was a broad range of material, such as lesson plans and ideas, and that this was not an issue, but the focus must be on how to work with the existing material that is available. The students were generally positive regarding each included teaching methods but felt that the most enjoyable teaching method was movies and that they learned the most from moving their bodies. The characteristics that could be distinguished for the students' investment in the education were active participation, variety in the teaching and amusement.