Legal status of a minor and the Children's Ombudsman in civil proceedings Abstract As the title may indicate, the main author's purpose is to address specific aspects of participation of a minor in civil proceedings, to highlight complications related to procedural (in)capacity of minors and to suggest solutions for the major issues, which the author sees especially in unsatisfactory representation of a minor and in disregard for the child's right to participation. Using concrete examples, it is demonstrated that current law does not need to be modified fundamentally in order to significantly improve position of minors as parties to civil proceedings. On top of that, in pursuit of livening up this frequent topic, the thesis provides a critical analysis of the Children's Ombudsman bill that may give rise to an entirely new office of the Children's Ombudsman, which already exists in almost all EU member states, however, Czech Republic is not one of them. Therefore, a brief comparative study of several European legislations on Children's Ombudsman will be conducted. According to the bill, the potential Children's Ombudsman's authority should apply, inter alia, to some civil proceedings. Namely, the Children's Ombudsman would be entitled to initiate or participate in vast majority of special court proceedings...

Procedural aspects of mediation in EC law Eva Rivera, 2011 1 Abstract The objective of this dissertation is the determination of the significance of procedural aspects of mediation and the answer to the question to what extent it has been considered within European Union law. The research is based on the assumption that the acknowledgment of a procedural relevance of mediation is crucial for its overall effectiveness. Mediation is besides its feature as a communication technique becoming ever more important as a dispute resolution procedure for civil and commercial conflicts in Europe. In this context the role of mediation within and in relation to other procedures for the resolution of disputes has to be considered. While on one hand the terminology and the differences between mediation and other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as well as certain judicial attempts of settling disputes may not always be easily determined, on the other hand, it can be stated that the ADR form of mediation is beyond its early stages and clearly shows its own procedural relevance. The comparison of European national jurisdictions in the field of mediation leads to a core definition of mediation as a voluntary process where a third person without the authority to pass a binding decision over the dispute between...

Costs of civil proccedings This dissertation thesis is aimed onto costs of civil proceedings, especially general costs of civil proceedings and special costs of civil proceedings. Regarding to the special costs of civil proceedings it deals with its remuneration (amount and extent). Existing Czech law was analyzed on given cases with comparation of law, economic analysis of law and theory of games and as the result the externalities were found and defined with the consequences the law lead to. The application of game theory on given problematics has shown its value for analysis of legal rules and as for future it is a way where the analytics can develop. The dissertation thesis has found a mathematical formula for calculation of summary remuneration of costs accompanied with lawsuits so that for the creditor it is more economical to sue the debts than to cede them to the debt collecting companies, and together with that the new law is proposed to prevent externalities that destruct the functioning of civil courts by flood of multiply-lawsuits and externalities, that's costs are borne by tax residents.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Procopio Bandeiras de Melo.pdf: 986521 bytes, checksum: f260392d88cf541853105b759c0a50e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-02 / This thesis focuses on the study of parties in civil proceedings, in the face of the institutes that revisits the theory of the process, with emphasis on procedural assumptions, aiming to understand some of the different phenomena related to those subject of the proceeding. The entire focus of the theme is based on a conception genuinely procedural of the part. This allows better viewing of several procedural institutes that have generated controversy in its theoretical understanding and practical application, as the representation, assistance, the succession of parties and the exceptional figure of extraordinary legitimacy, in which is contained in the institute of the replacement procedural. The methodology also promotes understanding of various positions that the parties take in relation procedural. Also deals the conduct of the parties, with regard to their duties, burdens and obligation, always taking on the ethics parameter, seeking the effectiveness of court activity / Esta dissertação centra-se no estudo das partes no processo civil, em face do que revisita institutos da teoria geral do processo, com ênfase nos pressupostos processuais, objetivando compreender alguns dos diversos fenômenos ligados aos referidos sujeitos do processo. Todo o enfoque do tema tem como fundamento uma concepção genuinamente processual da parte. Isso permite uma melhor visualização de vários institutos processuais que têm gerado controvérsias na sua compreensão teórica e aplicação prática, como a representação, a assistência, a sucessão das partes e a excepcional figura da legitimação extraordinária, na qual está contido o instituto da substituição processual. A metodologia também favorece a compreensão das posições diversas que as partes assumem na relação processual. Aborda-se, ainda, o comportamento das partes, no que toca aos seus deveres, ônus e obrigações, sempre tendo por parâmetro a ética, visando à efetividade da atividade jurisdicional

La victime en col blanc est mésestimée, tant par l’opinion publique que par le droit. Si les infractions en matière économique, financière et boursière heurtent, les personnes lésées par ces agissements bénéficient peu de l’empathie traditionnellement accordée aux victimes pénales. Parmi elles, il en est cependant une qui mérite une attention particulière : l’associé. Alors qu’une personne sur trois dispose en France de cette qualité, l’associé est susceptible d’être une victime du fait de son engagement. Acteur social majeur, il peut subir les effets d’une infraction au droit pénal des sociétés. Lorsqu’il est la victime d’une telle infraction, l’associé a vocation à exercer une action civile. Action en réparation appartenant à tous ceux ayant subi un dommage directement causé par l’infraction, celle-ci est toutefois réservée aux seuls associés titulaires du bien juridique protégé par l’incrimination chef des poursuites. Alors que le droit d’agir en action civile de l’associé est ainsi limité, le bien-fondé de la demande en réparation de son préjudice est également soumis à des conditions interprétées à l’aune de théories singulières. Le brouillard dans lequel se situe aujourd’hui l’associé victime d’une infraction au droit pénal des sociétés est dense. Il nous revient de l’en sortir en proposant des évolutions conformes au droit et répondant à la situation réelle de cette victime pénale jusque-là oubliée. / White-collar victims are usually left on the sidelines, both by the public opinion and the law. While economic and financial offences, without mentioning those related to stock market, are conscience-shocking, the victims of those offences are not of much concern. Yet, one of them is worth paying attention to, i.e. the partner. Being a partner, which is the case for one-in-three French people, may involve a side-effect, that is being victim of his or her own commitment. As a major actor of both business and social life, the partner may be harmed by a business crime. When victim, the partner may bring the civil proceedings, which are actions for compensation belonging to those directly harmed by the criminal offence. Nonetheless, this action is restricted to the partner bearer of the protected legal interest. As for the right of action, the validity of damage claims is limited by conditions interpreted in the light of peculiar theories. The partner, victim of business crimes, is thus lost in a heavy mist, from which he or she must be shown the way out by proposing legal changes addressing the real situation of the up-to-now forgotten victim.

L’idée centrale de notre paradigme juridique est qu’une peine juste devrait être celle qui régénère les liens sociaux blessés par le crime. Si l’édifice de la justice des hommes a connu de nombreuses transformations, les éclairages historiques et philosophiques demeurent indispensables pour étudier la délicate question du sens de la peine. Les sciences criminelles doivent ainsi prendre en compte les intérêts de la société, de l’auteur de l’infraction ainsi que ceux de la victime. En ce sens, la loi du 15 août 2014 relative à l’individualisation des peines et renforçant l’efficacité des sanctions pénales prévoit, pour la première fois en droit positif, un texte consacré à la justice restaurative. L’objet de celle-ci consiste à permettre de restaurer le lien social rompu par la commission d’une infraction en offrant la possibilité à l’auteur des faits de rencontrer la victime. Réparer le préjudice causé à la victime, réinsérer l’auteur de l’infraction dans la société, rétablir la paix sociale et prévenir la récidive : tels sont les objectifs de la justice restaurative. L’étude particulière de l’article 10-1 du Code de procédure pénale soulève pour autant deux questions essentielles : La justice restaurative est-elle envisageable dans le cadre de toute procédure pénale ? La justice restaurative peut-elle trouver sa place à tous les stades de la procédure ? Pour permettre à la réflexion théorique de se nourrir des réalités concrètes, il convient de s’interroger sur les règles de procédure qui pourraient permettre d’encadrer rigoureusement la justice restaurative afin que, débarrassée de l’image utopique dont elle pourrait être affublée, elle puisse devenir un mécanisme juridique efficace. / The core idea of our legal paradigm is that a fair sentence should be one that regenerates the social links wounded by crime. If the justice built by men has known many transformations, the historical and philosophical enlightenings remain essential to study the tricky question of the « sentence’s meaning ». Thus criminal sciences must take into account the interests of the society, of the offender as much as the victim’s. In this sense, the law of August 15, 2014 on the sentences’ individualization and reinforcing the penal sanctions’ efficiency, provides, for the first time in substantive law, a text dedicated to restorative justice. The purpose of this law consists in allowing to restore the social link broken by the commission of an offense by offering the offender the opportunity to meet the victim. To repair prejudice caused to victims, to reintegrate offenders in the society, to restore social peace and to prevent recidivism : those are the restorative objectives of justice. The particular study of article 10-1 of the Code of criminal proceedings raises two essential issues : is restorative justice possible in any criminal proceedings ? Can restorative justice find its place at each and every stage of the procedure ? In order to allow the theoretical reflexion to feed from practical realities, questions must be asked about the proceedings rules which could help producing a strict framework for restorative justice so that, freed from the utopian image from which restorative justice could be burdened with, it may become an efficient legal mechanism.

Cette thèse se veut une modeste contribution au débat déjà ancien, sur la question des rapports entre les notions de compétence et de pouvoir, dans le cadre de la saisine du juge des référés. À ce titre, elle s’adresse d’abord aux praticiens du droit ainsi qu’à la doctrine des trois systèmes juridiques étudiés (français, koweïtien et égyptien), déjà très largement impliqués dans cette controverse qui est sans doute encore loin de son épilogue. En pratique, il s’est agi pour nous, tout au long de notre étude comparative, de tenter de lever la confusion entre les notions de compétence et de pouvoir. Car, nous considérons nécessaire de distinguer la compétence du pouvoir du juge des référés. En raison notamment des conséquences juridiques pratiques qu’implique cette distinction. Ce débat n’est pas que théorique, si l’on sait que le régime du moyen de la défense, aussi bien que les sanctions processuelles et substantielles, ne sont pas les mêmes, selon que le juge des référés a déclaré la demande en référé irrecevable, ou selon qu’il s’est déclaré incompétent ou encore lorsqu’il excède sa saisine, en clair, son pouvoir juridictionnel. / This dissertation explains the issue that had a long-standing debate regarding the relationship between jurisdiction and judicial discretion on the light of three different legal jurisdictions ; France, Kuwait, and Egypt. In doing so, this thesis will explore the connection between these two principles, specifically as it pertains to recourse and interim relief. To achieve this goal, it offers two critiques of the system goals. First, strive to resolve the discrepancy between judicial discretion and their competence in determining jurisdiction through answering this question : does the judge is not competent or do not have the jurisdiction ? Does the judge have the power or the authority to grant interim relief ? I believe it is necessary to resolve this issue practically, not in theory. Second, eliminate the confusion between the concepts jurisdiction and the authority of a judge in issuing an injunction relief. The importance of this goal is arise due to the legal consequences that entailed by this distinction. The regimes of the defense, as well as procedural and substantive sanctions are no longer the same, depending on whether the judge of injunction relief declared the application is inadmissible, or the judge is not competent or when a judge exceeds a jurisdictional authority. / هذه الأطروحة تهدف الى المشاركة في نقاش محل للجدل، طرح مسبقاً، حول العلاقة بين مفهوم الاختصاص وسلطة الفصل، في إطار التقاضي امام قاضي الأمور المستعجلة. فهي بهذا الشأن موجهه أولاً الى ممارسين مهنه المرافعات، وكذلك الى الفقه القانوني في الدول الثلاثة محل هذه الدراسة المقارنة ( الفرنسي، الكويتي، والمصري)، الذين تناولوا بسخاء هذه المسألة محل الخلاف، والتي دون ادنى شك لا تزال بعيده عن نهايتها. في الواقع، بالنسبة لنا هذه الدراسة، بقدر ما انها مقارنه تحليليه، بقدر ما انها ترمي الى أزاله الخلط بين مفهوم الاختصاص وسلطة الفصل. لما لهذه التفرقة من أهمية خصوصاً في المسائل المستعجلة. فهذا النقاش محل الجدل ليس في الواقع مجرد جدال نظري، وذلك بسبب العواقب القانونية المترتبة على هذه التفرقة. لاسيما إذا ما أخذنا بالاعتبار ان نظام وسائل الدافع وكذلك الجزاءات الاجرائية والموضوعية ليست متماثله؛ عندما يحكم قاضي الأمور المستعجلة بعدم القبول او بعدم الاختصاص او عندما يتجاوز حدود ولايته اَي حدود سلطته القاضية.

The thesis investigates the extent to which cross-border taking of evidence in civil and com-mercial matters in relation to Switzerland, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda is allowed. Such evidence-taking is not only governed by the domestic law of the state seeking evidence abroad and that of the state where the relevant means of proof are located, but also by public international law, and more specifically by the concept of sovereignty. The ad-missibility of the cross-border taking of evidence under public international law depends on whether or not evidence-gathering in civil litigation is regarded as a judicial act, which violates sovereignty when performed on foreign territory, or as a purely private act. In the first case, the evidentiary material has to be obtained through channels of international judicial assistance. Such assistance can either be rendered based on the basis of an international treaty, or through courtoisie internationale. No international judicial assistance is necessary in cases of a so-called “transfer of foreign evidence”, provided no compulsion is applied which infringes the sovereignty of the foreign state. The thesis analyses the taking of evidence abroad based on the Hague Evidence Convention, and the Hague Procedure Convention. It further expounds how evidence located in Switzer-land, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda can be obtained for the benefit of civil proceed-ings pending abroad in the absence of any relevant international treaty. The thesis also exam-ines under what conditions a litigant in civil proceedings in the aforementioned countries may request evidence to be taken on foreign soil. The position of cross-border taking of evidence in civil and commercial matters in the said countries is assessed, and suggestions are made on how such status quo may be improved. The thesis makes an attempt to establish the basic prin-ciples for a convention on evidence-taking in civil and commercial matters between South Af-rica, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda. The development of such principles, however, is only possible once the similarities and differences in the procedure for the taking of evidence and the means of proof in the relevant laws of the aforesaid countries have been identified. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LL.D.

The topic of preliminary injunctions (injunctive relief) in civil proceedings has not been monographically processed and published in the Czech Republic for more than one hundred years. That is in spite of the practical relevance and topical debates pertaining to the topic. A whole array of problematic questions connected to preliminary injunctions is controversial and also legal opinions in Czech commentary literature considerably diverge in respect to particular issues. The thesis offers a systematic approach to preliminary injunctions and proceedings governed by the Czech Civil Proceedings Code and the Statute on Special Court Proceedings ("OSŘ" and "ZŘS"). Attention is paid to historic developments and comparable jurisdictions (especially Germany and Austria), which are used as a reference in cases where Czech sources are insufficient. The aim of the work is to pose and answer fundamental questions of the "law of preliminary injunctions". The work deals with function, typology, relation to the proceedings based on merits, interlocutory character, limits, means, effects, particularities (such as demonstration, justification), requirements for granting and possibilities of enforcement of preliminary measures, further with relation to relative legal creatures (i.e. preliminary enforceability) and...

Le procès civil est le cadre traditionnel de réalisation de la justice des particuliers, et les règles qui le gouvernent se trouvent synthétisées dans les 24 premiers articles du CPC qui en énoncent les principes directeurs. Ces derniers organisent la répartition des charges processuelles entre les différents acteurs du procès, et déterminent ainsi l’essentiel de l’office du juge qui est construit autour du modèle contentieux du procès civil, taillé pour le juge du fond. Cependant, ce modèle subit des atténuations pour des raisons principalement d’équité ou de diligence, alors même que l’affaire qui est soumise au juge relève de la matière contentieuse. Dans la procédure gracieuse et dans celle de cassation, c’est la nature de la mission confiée au juge qui justifie parfois les atténuations apportées à ces principes, et parfois même leur effacement. Par ailleurs, l’action du juge à l’égard de ces principes directeurs va aussi dans le sens de leur adaptation aux évolutions juridiques et socio-économiques. Elle se traduit essentiellement d’une part, par une recherche d’effectivité de ces principes que le juge civil français n’hésite plus à rattacher à des normes supérieures, et d’autre part, par une recherche de leur efficience par le biais des techniques d’interprétation. Si dans le premier cas les phénomènes d’internationalisation et de constitutionnalisation du droit permettent d’expliquer une telle action, dans le second, se pose la question de la légitimité de la démarche. Notre pensée est que le juge d’aujourd’hui est aussi un juge gestionnaire dans un contexte d’accroissement de la demande de justice et de raréfaction des ressources allouées à la justice / Civil trial is the traditional framework where justice of individuals is usually delivered, and the rules which govern it are synthesized in the first 24 articles of the code of civil procedure which set out the guiding principles. The latter organize the sharing of procedural responsibilities between the different actors of the lawsuit, and determine the main part of the office of the judge built around the contentious model of the civil proceedings, cut for the ruling on the judges of the affairs. This model undergoes legal mitigations, mainly for reasons of equity or diligence, even though the case which is submitted to the judge is a matter of the contentious material. In the submission for an out-of-court settlement and that of the appeal to the supreme court, it is the nature of the mission entrusted to the judge who sometimes justifies the mitigations brought to these guiding principles, and sometimes even their disappearance. The action of the judge towards these principles also goes to the direction of their adaptation to evolutions so legal as Socio-Economic. It is essentially translated on the one hand, by a research for effectiveness of these principles which the judge does not hesitate to connect with superior standards, and on the other hand, by a research for their efficiency by means of the technique of interpretation. If in the first case the internationalization and constitutionnalisation explain such an action, the second case raises itself the question of the legitimacy of such an approach. Today’s judge is also a manager, especially in an increasing context of justice request and rarefaction of the resources assigned to the judicial administration