Many have decried the lack of civility in Congress. However, to this point, few have attempted to isolate individual level explanations for the lack of comity. This research attempts to rectify this lapse. Through matched pair analysis using quota sampling with replacement, the significant predictors of uncivil behaviors are isolated in a Logistic regression. Initially, a sample is established using the New York Times and Washington Post, 1933-2005, inclusive. This time period begins with the 73rd Congress and ends with the 109th. Incidents of incivility were catalogued and the details concerning the individuals involved were gathered. In the end, the research finds several significant predictors of incivility; tenure, ideological extremism, electoral safety, and previous state legislative experience are all significantly associated with the likelihood of engaging in uncivil acts. By isolating the factors that likely contribute to incivility, it may be possible to make recommendations concerning the recruitment of future candidates; recommendations that may lead to a more productive legislature.

Much contemporary political discourse in the US and industrialized west is defective. According to a number of scholars, such as Scott Aikin and Robert Talisse, this defectiveness can plausibly be explicated in terms of a breakdown in political civility. In this thesis, I scrutinize possible explanations for why incivilities are widespread in political discourse. My goal is to defend an explanation according to which citizen incivility in political discourse is blameless. To do this, I appeal to a principle of reciprocity. According to the principle of reciprocity, citizens are not required to maintain civility in political discourse if they have reason to believe that their interlocutors will not reciprocate civility. When applied to contemporary politics, this principle implies that ordinary citizens in democratic societies across the US and industrialised west are often justified in being uncivil in political debate. For these citizens often have no reason to believe that their interlocutors will be civil. If the reciprocity principle is right, then policies aimed at restoring civility in political discourse must be concerned to build citizen trust that others will reciprocate civility. Without this trust, citizens may not see themselves as having reason to be civil. The thesis is divided into two chapters. In chapter 1, I defend the justificatory account of incivility against two competing accounts of political incivility—identity and group theories. These accounts pathologize political incivility as a kind of irrationality, but based on the argument from reciprocity, I argue that political incivilities are often rational and so justified. In chapter 2, I analyse the kind of trust that is necessary to build more civility in political discourse. In particular, I develop and defend a conception of deliberative trust, which is defined as the belief that one’s interlocutor will reciprocally adhere to the norms of civility. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / In this thesis, I scrutinize possible explanations for why incivilities are widespread in contemporary political discourse. By appeal to a principle of reciprocity, my ultimate goal is to defend an explanation according to which citizen incivility in political discourse is blameless. According to the principle of reciprocity, citizens are not required to maintain civility if they have reason to believe that their interlocutors will not reciprocate civility in political discussion. Based on this principle, I argue that ordinary citizens in democratic societies across the US and industrialised west are often justified in being uncivil in political debate. For these citizens often have no reason to believe that their interlocutors will be civil. If the justificatory account of incivility is on the right track, then policies aimed at restoring civility in political discourse must be concerned to build citizen trust that others will reciprocate civility. Without this trust, citizens may not see themselves as having reason to be civil in political debate.

Multiculturalism, as a set of ideas and policies, is one of the normativeapproaches to the current situation of cultural diversity in multicultural cities.But how can the ideas of multiculturalism be translated into the reality of urbanform? The overall aim of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical andconceptual frame of reference for distilling and identifying the ideas ofmulticulturalism which can be translated into spatial form, and in this way, tohighlight the role urban form may play in addressing the situation of living‘together-in-difference’. In this study, the relation between the materiality ofurban form and the political framework of multiculturalism is at the core of thediscussion.In its exploration into multiculturalism, the thesis identifies theoretical lacunae inexplaining the spatial dimensions of multiculturalism. To be able to discussmulticulturalism in urban form terms, the dissertation chooses the position of a‘civility of indifference’, developed by Amin (2012), as one of many possiblestances within this discourse as an operative conception for such an exercise.Adopting the logical argumentation as the research strategy, the thesis delvesdeep into the conceptual domain mapped by space syntax theory as a primarysystem in this endeavour, and accordingly, describes how the spatial form of thecity, by way of human movement, has the potential to create a variety of socialgroupings. Thereupon the thesis develops a secondary conceptual system withexplanatory applicability to the relation between multiculturalism and spatialform. Supported by these systems of argumentation, the study describes how thespatial morphology of the city may have influence on the situation of livingtogether. It is suggested that overlapping spaces represent the spaces whereurban structure potentially can provide the spatial viability for the emergence ofa ‘civility of indifference’ and its two organizing principles of co-presence andmultiplicity.Hence, the dissertation intends to contribute to theoretical efforts into theexperience of living ‘together-in-difference’ from architectural and urban designperspectives, and argues that multiculturalism distinctly possesses spatialdimensions, which should be conceptualized and addressed through thetheoretical lens of spatial form. Hence, the thesis defends that notwithstandingbeing a complex of social processes, the spatial dimensions of multiculturalismshould not be belittled in efforts to address the situation of living together in themulticultural cities of the West. / <p>QC 20150522</p>

This study examines how the discourse of wenming (civilisation/civility) has been visualised throughout twentieth century Chinese art, with a particular emphasis on contemporary practice. Originally linked to concepts of modernity and change in the early twentieth century I argue that wenming continues to be of crucial importance in understanding how contemporary China wishes to be seen by the rest of the world. Through a series of close visual readings and case studies I explore how wenming attained considerable saliency as it was invoked to address a range of artistic and political reforms which resulted from China's socioeconomic transformations. Individual chapters focus on the work of Sun Yuan and Peng Yu, Liu Gang, Wang Jin and Ai Weiwei amongst others. Taken together they provide an emic account of artistic praxis that seeks to understand contemporary art from China on its own terms. The study begins by examining how wenming was visualised in the early twentieth century. It then charts what happened to the term after the founding of the PRC in 1949 and how its appearance in locations such as Taiwan and Hong Kong provide sites of contention and alterity to mainland wenming discourse. It analyses how the bifurcation between material civilisation and spiritual civilisation that gained prominence following the economic reforms of the 1980s reconfigured the visual art of this period. Then, turning to a single art work, it theorises the relationship of wenming to an emerging corporeal politics. Finally, it explores how the discourse of wenming is being visually articulated in contemporary China as a result of these developments and traces its interaction with consumer culture, urbanisation and the politics of the internet.

Ce travail porte sur la relation entre la philosophie de Descartes et la thématique humaniste de la civilité et de l’honnêteté. Une première étape de la thèse consiste en une réévaluation philosophique du concept de civilité à partir de son histoire antique et humaniste. Cette réévaluation repose sur deux axes principaux : mettre au jour les fondations métaphysiques de cette notion et le mouvement d’une intériorisation des normes civiles dans la conception de l’âme vertueuse. Il s’agit ensuite de comprendre la présence dans la pensée cartésienne de valeurs qui ne coïcident pas avec la conception habituelle de la justification rationnelle, comme la douceur, le naturel, la grâce et la convenance, et qui renvoient à la thématique de la civilité. La civilité est une perfection qui évite deux extrêmes, la barbarie et la sauvagerie, c’est-à-dire la violence excessive de la norme, et la violence d’une nature brute laissée à elle-même. Ce travail montre que la conception cartésienne de la rationalité et de la vertu morale tend également à éviter ces deux excès. D’autre part, en rattachant la philosophie de Descartes à la question de la civilité, il s’agit aussi de contester la conception solipsiste du sujet cartésien et de réhabiliter la dimension de l’extériorité dans l’appréhension de la subjectivité. La figure cartésienne du sujet moderne prend dès lors une dimension humaine et sociale au lieu de renvoyer à une dangereuse hybris de l’ego, tandis que la raison cartésienne est pensée comme civile et ouverte, non pas autoritaire ou répressive. Pour étayer cette thèse, ce travail aborde certaines tonalités éthiques du discours cartésien qui ne correspondent pas nécessairement à l’expression d’une thèse explicite mais qui éclairent la richesse et la complexité du texte. / This work focuses on the relation between Descartes’ philosophy and the humanist themes of civility and honesty. A first step in this thesis is to philosophically reevaluate the concept of civility by focusing on its history within antiquity and humanism. Such a reevaluation bears on two main approaches: one is to demonstrate the metaphysical foundations of this notion, the other is to show the movement towards the internalization of civil norms in the conception of the virtuous soul. Our aim is then to show the presence, in Cartesian thought, of such values as gentleness, “naturel”, grace or “convenance”, which do not coincide with the common conception of rational justification, and which all trace back to the thematic field of civility. Civility is a perfection that avoids two extremes, barbarism and savagery, i. e. both the excessive violence of the norm and the violence stemming from a brute nature left to itself. On the other land, by linking Descartes’ philosophy to the question of civility, our aim is also to oppose the solipsistic conception of the Cartesian subject and to rehabilitate the dimension of exteriority within the comprehension of subjectivity. Thus, the Cartesian figure of the modern subject takes on a human and social dimension instead of referring to the ego’s hybris, while Cartesian reason gets redefined as civil and opened, not at all as authoritarian or repressive. In order to support this thesis, this work broaches certain ethical tonalities within Descartes’ discourse that do not necessarily correspond with the expression of an explicit standpoint, but which shed light upon the text’s richness and complexity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Manuela da Silva Vieira.pdf: 7605944 bytes, checksum: 9c5995ebb06ac011fbda6eb1aaf9b139 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The practices of sociability and culture of a society is a rich field to understand the social relations between the individuals who constitute it. In this study, we get to investigate how these forms and practices were related to the idea and the desire for modernity of the city of Fortaleza, capital of Ceará in the early twentieth century (1901-1910), around the uses and pictures which were made of the leisure facilities of the city. This modernity was materialized in the remodeling and reorganization of the capital's public spaces, but also translated too by the search for modes of conduct and thought of elitist societies, European especially French major paradigm for the rest of the civilized world that it was intended and modern. In this process, the spaces of sociability and leisure appear as a privileged locus for the development of these modes and journalistic chronicle of the period, which recorded aspects of several orders, including those related to mundane sociability, shows up as research source on such matters It is this same chronicle that allows the evaluation of the uses and images that were of leisure facilities available to the city, important icons of modernity and civility to the elites of Fortaleza city dwellers, but also significant windows that exposed the deep contrasts between design of these groups and the reality of the popular classes, always identified with the colonial past and backward country that wanted to overcome / As práticas de sociabilidade e cultura de uma sociedade apresentam-se sempre como um rico campo para compreenderem-se as relações sociais entre os indivíduos que a constituem. Neste estudo, buscou-se investigar como tais formas e práticas relacionavam-se com a ideia e o desejo por Modernidade da cidade de Fortaleza, capital do estado do Ceará, no início do século XX (1901 a 1910), em torno dos usos e imagens que se faziam dos espaços de lazer da cidade. Essa Modernidade materializava-se então na remodelação e reordenação dos espaços públicos da capital, mas também se traduzia pela busca de modos de conduta e pensamento elitistas de sociedades europeias, sobremaneira a francesa, paradigma maior para o restante do mundo que se pretendia civilizado e moderno. Nesse processo, os espaços de sociabilidade e lazer aparecem como locus privilegiado para o desenvolvimento desses modos e a crônica jornalística do período, que registrava aspectos das mais diversas ordens, incluindo aqueles referentes às sociabilidades mundanas, mostra-se como fonte à pesquisa de tais questões. É essa mesma crônica que permite a avaliação dos usos e imagens que se faziam dos espaços de lazer de que dispunha a cidade, importantes ícones de modernidade e civilidade para as elites citadinas fortalezenses, mas, também, significativas vitrines que expunham os profundos contrastes entre o projeto desses grupos e a realidade das classes populares, identificadas sempre com o passado colonial do país que se desejava superar

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-25T11:53:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luisa Pisani.pdf: 1090613 bytes, checksum: fedfa14799c36e001be96188ef56c2fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T11:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luisa Pisani.pdf: 1090613 bytes, checksum: fedfa14799c36e001be96188ef56c2fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present Dissertation presents a study of the civility discourse in “De civilitate morum puerilium” (1530), Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536), and its implications in the compiling context and diffusion of this manual. By the addition of new themes in the history field, this works performs reflections regarding the social, religious and politic aspects of the manners suggested by Erasmus. In this way, it is analysed the continuous process of recriation of body signs and their respective symbolic construction of meanings in the 16th century. By these aspects, it is discussed how the new ways of knowledge, under the Christian and humanistic points of view, besides its own communication, impact the social life spreading and reinforce a real control of the bodies, from a vigilance which imposes itself more and more present and constant by the “ubiquitous eyes”. These “eyes” promote new sensitiveness, such as embarrassment, shame, pride and the own distinction, as a consequence of the paradigm about the ideal appearance and, therefore, desired / A presente Dissertação é um estudo do discurso civilizatório da obra “De civilitate morum puerilium” (1530), de Erasmo de Rotterdam (1466-1536), e suas implicações históricas no contexto de elaboração e difusão deste manual. Através da inserção de novas temáticas no campo da história, esta pesquisa realiza reflexões quanto ao aspecto social, religioso e político dos costumes sugeridos por Erasmo. Dessa forma, analisa-se o processo constante da reelaboração dos códigos corporais e da respectiva construção simbólica dos significados no século XVI. A partir destes pontos, é discutido de que modo as novas formas de conhecimento, dentro da perspectiva humanista cristã, além da própria comunicação, impactam na vida social difundindo e reforçando uma verdadeira contenção dos corpos, a partir de uma vigilância que se impõe cada vez mais presente e constante pelos "olhos ubíquos". Esses "olhos" promovem novas sensibilidades, tais como o embaraço, a vergonha, o orgulho e a própria distinção, fruto do paradigma quanto à aparência ideal e, portanto, almejada

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria do Perpetuo Socorro Castelo Branco Santos Almeida.pdf: 7512111 bytes, checksum: cd6700e67adbee37bdc2db1fe8fe89fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-05 / Through this research, we proposed to investigate the phenomenon of urban accessibility, dedicated to people with disabilities, particularly people with impaired vision in his path in the Historic Center of St. Louis, in view of the space limitations that this imposes - by through its format and traces its streets, sidewalks and other buildings - these people, preventing them to move about independently and safely. We also want to know the implications of autonomous mobility impairment in the process of socialization of people with visual impairments, as in the Historical Center of St. Louis - has fallen space is protected under the aegis of World Heritage Site - is devoted to memory of the city and consolidated in the popular imagination, ideas and values that are expressed nowadays by: culture, economics, politics and social relations that grow there in the light of further syncretism, a product of the sacred and the profane, which gives meaning in the social organization of the city's population. We also seek to examine how people with disabilities are socially organized in the fight for their demands for citizenship and for the realization of their rights in order to better understand their interests, hopes and difficulties on the issue of accessibility. The starting point of some questions to find out the difficulties of operation of public policies regarding urban accessibility and character of urban life in the process of social inclusion of people with visual impairments. For this purpose this paper we use the abundant legislation on urban policy, with respect to accessibility in areas listed by the architecture and cultural, as well as documentary research, literature and field. More than one social exclusion caused by architectural barriers and lack of political will of public officials to promote accessibility for people with visual impairments in the Historic Center of St. Louis, adapting or adjusting this space to those, our research also revealed the existence of barriers attitudes, which are expressed through the culture that formed on the visually handicapped / Através da presente pesquisa, nos propomos a investigar o fenômeno da acessibilidade urbana, voltada às pessoas com deficiência, em especial as pessoas com deficiência visual, no seu trajeto no Centro Histórico de São Luís, tendo em vista as limitações que este espaço impõe - por meio do seu formato e traçados de suas ruas, calçadas e demais edificações a essas pessoas, impedindo que estas se locomovam com autonomia e segurança. Pretendemos ainda conhecer as implicações decorrentes desse impedimento de mobilidade autônoma, no processo de socialização das pessoas com deficiência visual, uma vez que no Centro Histórico de São Luís - cujo espaço é tombado e protegido sob a égide de Patrimônio Cultural da Humanidade está consagrada a memória da cidade e consolidado no imaginário popular, as idéias e os valores que se expressam nos dias atuais através da: cultura, economia, política e nas relações sociais que lá se desenvolvem em função ainda do sincretismo, produto do sagrado e o profano, que dá sentido na organização social da população da cidade. Também procuramos examinar a forma como as pessoas com deficiência estão organizadas socialmente na luta pelas suas demandas de cidadania e para a efetivação de seus direitos, a fim de compreender melhor seus interesses, anseios e dificuldades na questão da acessibilidade. Para tanto, partimos de alguns questionamentos para saber das dificuldades de operacionalização das políticas públicas com respeito à acessibilidade urbana, bem como do caráter da urbanidade no processo de inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência visual. Para este efeito deste trabalho fizemos uso de farta legislação sobre política urbana, com relação à acessibilidade em espaços tombados pelo patrimônio arquitetônico e cultural, bem como de pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e de campo. Mais que uma exclusão social provocada por barreiras arquitetônicas e pela falta de vontade política dos gestores públicos em promover a acessibilidade das pessoas com deficiência visual no Centro Histórico de São Luís, adaptando ou adequando este espaço àqueles, a nossa pesquisa revelou ainda a existência de barreiras atitudinais, as quais se expressam através da cultura que se formou sobre a pessoa com deficiência visual

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria do Perpetuo Socorro Castelo Branco Santos Almeida.pdf: 7512111 bytes, checksum: cd6700e67adbee37bdc2db1fe8fe89fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-05 / Through this research, we proposed to investigate the phenomenon of urban accessibility, dedicated to people with disabilities, particularly people with impaired vision in his path in the Historic Center of St. Louis, in view of the space limitations that this imposes - by through its format and traces its streets, sidewalks and other buildings - these people, preventing them to move about independently and safely. We also want to know the implications of autonomous mobility impairment in the process of socialization of people with visual impairments, as in the Historical Center of St. Louis - has fallen space is protected under the aegis of World Heritage Site - is devoted to memory of the city and consolidated in the popular imagination, ideas and values that are expressed nowadays by: culture, economics, politics and social relations that grow there in the light of further syncretism, a product of the sacred and the profane, which gives meaning in the social organization of the city's population. We also seek to examine how people with disabilities are socially organized in the fight for their demands for citizenship and for the realization of their rights in order to better understand their interests, hopes and difficulties on the issue of accessibility. The starting point of some questions to find out the difficulties of operation of public policies regarding urban accessibility and character of urban life in the process of social inclusion of people with visual impairments. For this purpose this paper we use the abundant legislation on urban policy, with respect to accessibility in areas listed by the architecture and cultural, as well as documentary research, literature and field. More than one social exclusion caused by architectural barriers and lack of political will of public officials to promote accessibility for people with visual impairments in the Historic Center of St. Louis, adapting or adjusting this space to those, our research also revealed the existence of barriers attitudes, which are expressed through the culture that formed on the visually handicapped / Através da presente pesquisa, nos propomos a investigar o fenômeno da acessibilidade urbana, voltada às pessoas com deficiência, em especial as pessoas com deficiência visual, no seu trajeto no Centro Histórico de São Luís, tendo em vista as limitações que este espaço impõe - por meio do seu formato e traçados de suas ruas, calçadas e demais edificações a essas pessoas, impedindo que estas se locomovam com autonomia e segurança. Pretendemos ainda conhecer as implicações decorrentes desse impedimento de mobilidade autônoma, no processo de socialização das pessoas com deficiência visual, uma vez que no Centro Histórico de São Luís - cujo espaço é tombado e protegido sob a égide de Patrimônio Cultural da Humanidade está consagrada a memória da cidade e consolidado no imaginário popular, as idéias e os valores que se expressam nos dias atuais através da: cultura, economia, política e nas relações sociais que lá se desenvolvem em função ainda do sincretismo, produto do sagrado e o profano, que dá sentido na organização social da população da cidade. Também procuramos examinar a forma como as pessoas com deficiência estão organizadas socialmente na luta pelas suas demandas de cidadania e para a efetivação de seus direitos, a fim de compreender melhor seus interesses, anseios e dificuldades na questão da acessibilidade. Para tanto, partimos de alguns questionamentos para saber das dificuldades de operacionalização das políticas públicas com respeito à acessibilidade urbana, bem como do caráter da urbanidade no processo de inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência visual. Para este efeito deste trabalho fizemos uso de farta legislação sobre política urbana, com relação à acessibilidade em espaços tombados pelo patrimônio arquitetônico e cultural, bem como de pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e de campo. Mais que uma exclusão social provocada por barreiras arquitetônicas e pela falta de vontade política dos gestores públicos em promover a acessibilidade das pessoas com deficiência visual no Centro Histórico de São Luís, adaptando ou adequando este espaço àqueles, a nossa pesquisa revelou ainda a existência de barreiras atitudinais, as quais se expressam através da cultura que se formou sobre a pessoa com deficiência visual

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreza Bianca.pdf: 512410 bytes, checksum: fdf468e57cf79259a9106b28cebdde78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-08 / Estudo sobre a narrativa de Hans Staden a partir da qual se busca conhecer os fatores que contribuíram para a representação dos nativos Tupinambás como seres selvagens . Analisamos a atmosfera comportamental que estava em curso na época em que a obra do viajante foi publicada. Por isso consideramos o padrão de comportamento da Renascença, tendo como referencial de estudo o manual de conduta de Erasmo de Rotterdam. Acreditamos que a visão de mundo de Hans Staden teve bastante influência na sua forma olhar os costumes nativos. Mas, também, que a convivência com o mundo ameríndio movimentou o si mesmo do viajante. Para atingir nossos objetivos, investigamos três eixos discursivos do relato: as intenções do autor , as condições de produção da obra e as as estratégias de edição .