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A composição desta pesquisa desenvolvese em dois sentidos complementares: 1. observação participante, segundo o regime de uma pesquisa etnográfica; 2. histórias de vida, obtidas através de relatos orais. Este trabalho visa dar seqüência à dissertação de mestrado defendida em 2002 e que, para sua realização, supôs o desempenho do ofício de gari dez anos, semanalmente (um ou dois dias). Estabelecer um diário de campo, descrever fenômenos psicossociais e interpretá-los foram os objetivos gerais da pesquisa anterior. A investigação no mestrado quis estimar traços sociais e psicológicos assumidos por uma forma de trabalho não-qualificado e subalterno: o trabalho de garis. Discutimos problemas de humilhação social ali reconhecíveis, especialmente aquele então designado como invisibilidade pública (problema singular que polarizou toda a investigação). O pesquisador testemunhou muitas vezes o fato de que os garis não simplesmente padeciam pancadas de humilhação social, mas respondiam aos golpes: ressentindo, conversando e agindo. As ações nunca alcançaram a figura plena de reações coletivas politicamente organizadas. Entretanto, os sentimentos, as opiniões e atitudes testemunhados mostraram-se de tal modo significativos que o pesquisador não pôde deixar de, todo tempo, também assinalar a resistência e o ponto de vista daqueles trabalhadores. O diário de campo e seu estudo, os dados obtidos e sua discussão serviram como importantes balizas para definição da etapa atual de pesquisa. O mestrado iniciou-se reconhecendo um problema vinculado ao antagonismo de classes, o que conduziu à orientação de um estudo encorpado por preocupações que tomavam os sujeitos um a um, mas, de qualquer maneira, tendo como objetivo testemunhar e ouvir o que os garis pessoalmente e como grupo social poderiam nos ensinar sobre o fenômeno da invisibilidade pública. A realização e o aprofundamento da pesquisa e, sobretudo, os vínculos pessoais de amizade estabelecidos entre mim e os garis foram deslocando cada vez mais minha atenção: a atenção para o que é retirado deles, política e moralmente, foi sendo ultrapassada pela atenção para o que eles trazem. Neste doutorado, escolhemos como regime metodológico aquele que se propõe obter histórias de vida através de relatos orais. Aqui, nossos autores de referência foram especialmente Ecléa Bosi e José Moura Gonçalves Filho. Situações crônicas de disparidade social e econômica, em geral fundadas sobre vínculos de mandonismo e subalternidade, prejudicam e até mesmo interrompem o poder de comunicação que é próprio aos seres humanos. Todos calam. Ninguém conversa. A comunicação retrai-se. Acabamos habituados às conversas magras e pálidas, anoréxicas. É porque ficamos todos nós também anoréxicos, recusando o sabor dos outros azedume ou doçura, não importa sem que seja possível alimentar-se da presença do outro. A conversa econômica, magra por assim dizer, é resultado de olhar estreito também magro que no mundo mercantil admitimos, em geral, anestesiados. Na sociedade de classes, deslocar-se para o lado dos oprimidos é o que possibilita enxergar o mundo de um lugar diferente do meu, um lugar o mais próximo possível do ponto a partir do qual a vida se abre para meu interlocutor. É aqui, finalmente, que podemos conversar. Conversa livre tensa ou não, não importa. Conversar é o que pode mudar meus sentimentos e imprimir marcas em minhas ações, pode me fazer recuar. Pode me fazer contestar o que antes eu considerava óbvio, pode me deixar inseguro sobre minhas convicções. Mas pode, sobretudo, inspirar simpatia entre eu e o outro. Escolhemos entrevistar Nilce e Moisés, exgaris aposentados pela Universidade de São Paulo. Entrevistá-los representa o intuito de fazer retratos, é a tentativa de fotografá-los por meio das suas vozes com o máximo de fidelidade possível. É o rosto deles que deve aparecer. O sentido primeiro da tarefa a que me propus é que o leitor possa relacionar-se com os depoentes que vão lhe falar. Desejo que o leitor tenha o sentimento de estar ele próprio frente a frente com meus amigos garis. Para tanto, as entrevistas não foram amarradas por perguntas seguidas de perguntas que já indicassem respostas pretendidas. Foi preciso não pretender senão as narrativas de Nilce e Moisés. O tom de voz, as pausas, os lapsos, as contradições, os esquecimentos. O riso e o choro. Tudo contou. Nada foi dispensado. Passado para o papel, o depoimento configurou-se como uma espécie de debate, uma discussão viva confrontando a lembrança do depoente com nossa própria lembrança e discussão do fenômeno, confrontando-as também com autores dedicados ao tema. Uma tese possível deverá ser sempre o que houver decididamente percorrido a memória do fenômeno e o diálogo alargado. / This research has been developed in two complementary meanings: 1. Participant observation, according to the scheme of an ethnographic method; 2. Stories of life, obtained through oral reports. This work aims to give the sequence a dissertation defended in 2002 and that for their achievement, depended of working as a street sweeper - ten years, weekly (one or two days). Establish a daily field, describe psychosocial phenomena and interpret them were the general goals of the previous research. The investigation adopted for the previous paper wanted to estimate social and psychological traces assumed in an unqualified and subaltern kind of work: the work of street sweeper. The survey found, and gradually clarified as soon describe discuss problems of social humiliation there recognizable, especially one so designated as public invisibility (singular problem that polarized any research). The researcher had testified lots of times the fact that street sweepers not simply suffering shots of social humiliation, but responded to the attacks: hurting, talking and acting. The stock never reached the full picture of reactions collective politically organized. Meanwhile, the feelings, opinions and attitudes witnessed showed to be so significant that the researcher could not stop, every time, also noted the resistance and the point of view of those workers. The daily field in their study, the data obtained and its discussion served as beacons important to define the current stage of research. The dissertation started acknowledging a problem linked to the antagonism of classes, which led to the guidance of a study including concerns by taking the subjects one by one, but, in any way, with the objective witness and hear what the street sweeper - personally and as a social group - could teach us about the phenomenon of public invisibility. The performance and deepening of the research and especially the personal ties of friendship established between me and street sweeper were increasingly shifting my attention: attention to what is withdrawn them, politically and morally, it was being overtaken by attention to what they bring. In this doctorship, chosen as methodological scheme that proposes to obtain stories of life through oral reports. Here, our authors of reference were specifically Ecléa Bosi and José Moura Gonçalves Filho. Situations of chronic social and economic disparity, generally based on ties of prepotency and inferiority, prejudice - and even interrupt - the power of communication that is itself to humans. All impose the silence. Nobody talk about it. The communication retracts itself. We used to talk leanness and pale, anorexics. It is because we are also anorexics, refusing the taste of the other - sourness or sweetness, no matter - without it being possible food is the presence of the other. The conversation economic, lean as it were, is the result of close look - also lean - that the world market admits, in general, anesthetized. In the society of classes, move to the side of the oppressed is that it can see the world from a different place of my own, a place as close to the point from which the life up into to myself. It is here, finally, we can talk. Talk free - tense or not, no matter. Talk is what can change my feelings and print marks in my actions, it can make me back. Can I make that challenge before I considered obvious, I can leave unsure about my beliefs. But it can, especially inspire sympathy between me and the other. We chose interview Nilce and Moisés, exstreet sweeper retired from the University of São Paulo. Interview them represents an effort to make pictures, is the attempt to photograph them - through their voices - with the maximum possible fidelity. It is the face of them that should appear. The first order of the task to which I have proposed is that the reader can relate to with the interviewee ranging him speak. I want the reader has the feeling of being himself face to face with my friends street sweeper. Thus, the interviews were not tied by questions followed by questions that have answers indicate desired. It must not only claim the narratives of Nilce and Moisés. The tone of voice, the pauses, lapses, the contradictions, the forgetfulness. The laughter and crying. Everything said. Nothing was dispensable. The link with the interviewee has lasted thirteen years. Thats included displacements and strangeness, conversations and controversies, pleasures and displeasures: get ahead. What decides the success of this contract is the possibility victims by revive his memories. Related on the paper, the evidence set up as a kind of debate, a discussion confronting alive the memory of street sweeper with our own memory and discussion of the phenomenon, confronting them with authors also devoted to the subject. An argument can be what there always resolutely traveled the memory of the phenomenon and extended dialogue.

A composição desta pesquisa desenvolvese em dois sentidos complementares: 1. observação participante, segundo o regime de uma pesquisa etnográfica; 2. histórias de vida, obtidas através de relatos orais. Este trabalho visa dar seqüência à dissertação de mestrado defendida em 2002 e que, para sua realização, supôs o desempenho do ofício de gari dez anos, semanalmente (um ou dois dias). Estabelecer um diário de campo, descrever fenômenos psicossociais e interpretá-los foram os objetivos gerais da pesquisa anterior. A investigação no mestrado quis estimar traços sociais e psicológicos assumidos por uma forma de trabalho não-qualificado e subalterno: o trabalho de garis. Discutimos problemas de humilhação social ali reconhecíveis, especialmente aquele então designado como invisibilidade pública (problema singular que polarizou toda a investigação). O pesquisador testemunhou muitas vezes o fato de que os garis não simplesmente padeciam pancadas de humilhação social, mas respondiam aos golpes: ressentindo, conversando e agindo. As ações nunca alcançaram a figura plena de reações coletivas politicamente organizadas. Entretanto, os sentimentos, as opiniões e atitudes testemunhados mostraram-se de tal modo significativos que o pesquisador não pôde deixar de, todo tempo, também assinalar a resistência e o ponto de vista daqueles trabalhadores. O diário de campo e seu estudo, os dados obtidos e sua discussão serviram como importantes balizas para definição da etapa atual de pesquisa. O mestrado iniciou-se reconhecendo um problema vinculado ao antagonismo de classes, o que conduziu à orientação de um estudo encorpado por preocupações que tomavam os sujeitos um a um, mas, de qualquer maneira, tendo como objetivo testemunhar e ouvir o que os garis pessoalmente e como grupo social poderiam nos ensinar sobre o fenômeno da invisibilidade pública. A realização e o aprofundamento da pesquisa e, sobretudo, os vínculos pessoais de amizade estabelecidos entre mim e os garis foram deslocando cada vez mais minha atenção: a atenção para o que é retirado deles, política e moralmente, foi sendo ultrapassada pela atenção para o que eles trazem. Neste doutorado, escolhemos como regime metodológico aquele que se propõe obter histórias de vida através de relatos orais. Aqui, nossos autores de referência foram especialmente Ecléa Bosi e José Moura Gonçalves Filho. Situações crônicas de disparidade social e econômica, em geral fundadas sobre vínculos de mandonismo e subalternidade, prejudicam e até mesmo interrompem o poder de comunicação que é próprio aos seres humanos. Todos calam. Ninguém conversa. A comunicação retrai-se. Acabamos habituados às conversas magras e pálidas, anoréxicas. É porque ficamos todos nós também anoréxicos, recusando o sabor dos outros azedume ou doçura, não importa sem que seja possível alimentar-se da presença do outro. A conversa econômica, magra por assim dizer, é resultado de olhar estreito também magro que no mundo mercantil admitimos, em geral, anestesiados. Na sociedade de classes, deslocar-se para o lado dos oprimidos é o que possibilita enxergar o mundo de um lugar diferente do meu, um lugar o mais próximo possível do ponto a partir do qual a vida se abre para meu interlocutor. É aqui, finalmente, que podemos conversar. Conversa livre tensa ou não, não importa. Conversar é o que pode mudar meus sentimentos e imprimir marcas em minhas ações, pode me fazer recuar. Pode me fazer contestar o que antes eu considerava óbvio, pode me deixar inseguro sobre minhas convicções. Mas pode, sobretudo, inspirar simpatia entre eu e o outro. Escolhemos entrevistar Nilce e Moisés, exgaris aposentados pela Universidade de São Paulo. Entrevistá-los representa o intuito de fazer retratos, é a tentativa de fotografá-los por meio das suas vozes com o máximo de fidelidade possível. É o rosto deles que deve aparecer. O sentido primeiro da tarefa a que me propus é que o leitor possa relacionar-se com os depoentes que vão lhe falar. Desejo que o leitor tenha o sentimento de estar ele próprio frente a frente com meus amigos garis. Para tanto, as entrevistas não foram amarradas por perguntas seguidas de perguntas que já indicassem respostas pretendidas. Foi preciso não pretender senão as narrativas de Nilce e Moisés. O tom de voz, as pausas, os lapsos, as contradições, os esquecimentos. O riso e o choro. Tudo contou. Nada foi dispensado. Passado para o papel, o depoimento configurou-se como uma espécie de debate, uma discussão viva confrontando a lembrança do depoente com nossa própria lembrança e discussão do fenômeno, confrontando-as também com autores dedicados ao tema. Uma tese possível deverá ser sempre o que houver decididamente percorrido a memória do fenômeno e o diálogo alargado. / This research has been developed in two complementary meanings: 1. Participant observation, according to the scheme of an ethnographic method; 2. Stories of life, obtained through oral reports. This work aims to give the sequence a dissertation defended in 2002 and that for their achievement, depended of working as a street sweeper - ten years, weekly (one or two days). Establish a daily field, describe psychosocial phenomena and interpret them were the general goals of the previous research. The investigation adopted for the previous paper wanted to estimate social and psychological traces assumed in an unqualified and subaltern kind of work: the work of street sweeper. The survey found, and gradually clarified as soon describe discuss problems of social humiliation there recognizable, especially one so designated as public invisibility (singular problem that polarized any research). The researcher had testified lots of times the fact that street sweepers not simply suffering shots of social humiliation, but responded to the attacks: hurting, talking and acting. The stock never reached the full picture of reactions collective politically organized. Meanwhile, the feelings, opinions and attitudes witnessed showed to be so significant that the researcher could not stop, every time, also noted the resistance and the point of view of those workers. The daily field in their study, the data obtained and its discussion served as beacons important to define the current stage of research. The dissertation started acknowledging a problem linked to the antagonism of classes, which led to the guidance of a study including concerns by taking the subjects one by one, but, in any way, with the objective witness and hear what the street sweeper - personally and as a social group - could teach us about the phenomenon of public invisibility. The performance and deepening of the research and especially the personal ties of friendship established between me and street sweeper were increasingly shifting my attention: attention to what is withdrawn them, politically and morally, it was being overtaken by attention to what they bring. In this doctorship, chosen as methodological scheme that proposes to obtain stories of life through oral reports. Here, our authors of reference were specifically Ecléa Bosi and José Moura Gonçalves Filho. Situations of chronic social and economic disparity, generally based on ties of prepotency and inferiority, prejudice - and even interrupt - the power of communication that is itself to humans. All impose the silence. Nobody talk about it. The communication retracts itself. We used to talk leanness and pale, anorexics. It is because we are also anorexics, refusing the taste of the other - sourness or sweetness, no matter - without it being possible food is the presence of the other. The conversation economic, lean as it were, is the result of close look - also lean - that the world market admits, in general, anesthetized. In the society of classes, move to the side of the oppressed is that it can see the world from a different place of my own, a place as close to the point from which the life up into to myself. It is here, finally, we can talk. Talk free - tense or not, no matter. Talk is what can change my feelings and print marks in my actions, it can make me back. Can I make that challenge before I considered obvious, I can leave unsure about my beliefs. But it can, especially inspire sympathy between me and the other. We chose interview Nilce and Moisés, exstreet sweeper retired from the University of São Paulo. Interview them represents an effort to make pictures, is the attempt to photograph them - through their voices - with the maximum possible fidelity. It is the face of them that should appear. The first order of the task to which I have proposed is that the reader can relate to with the interviewee ranging him speak. I want the reader has the feeling of being himself face to face with my friends street sweeper. Thus, the interviews were not tied by questions followed by questions that have answers indicate desired. It must not only claim the narratives of Nilce and Moisés. The tone of voice, the pauses, lapses, the contradictions, the forgetfulness. The laughter and crying. Everything said. Nothing was dispensable. The link with the interviewee has lasted thirteen years. Thats included displacements and strangeness, conversations and controversies, pleasures and displeasures: get ahead. What decides the success of this contract is the possibility victims by revive his memories. Related on the paper, the evidence set up as a kind of debate, a discussion confronting alive the memory of street sweeper with our own memory and discussion of the phenomenon, confronting them with authors also devoted to the subject. An argument can be what there always resolutely traveled the memory of the phenomenon and extended dialogue.

This sequential study explores the perceptions of older adults and careworkers in Sweden regarding the benefits and challenges of smart vacuumcleaners. With a rapidly ageing population, understanding attitudes towardsthe use of such technology becomes essential. A mixed-methods approach,including questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, was used to gatherdata and provide a detailed understanding of the perceived benefits andchallenges associated with these devices. Findings suggest that older adultsperceive smart vacuum cleaners as beneficial in reducing cleaning assistancedependence and enhancing life quality. Concerns centred around affordabilityand fear for social isolation. Care workers saw potential for time-saving,leading to improved care. Despite some reservations, both groups recognizedthe potential benefits of smart vacuum cleaners. The study suggests the needfor larger, longitudinal studies to further explore these perspectives anddetermine the potential of smart vacuum cleaners in supporting ageing inplace.

Aim: The aim was to examine cleaners' experiences of opportunities to recover during the workday. Method: The study was conducted by interviewing eleven cleaners within hospital cleaning service. The interviews were analyzed using manifest quality content analysis. Results: Cleaners experienced that opportunities to recover during the workday depended on several factors. Task assignments could vary and experiences of prerequisites regarding recovery shifted between the participants. Common stressors were workload, stress and heavy, painful tasks. The workload affected the possibilities of resting. Besides breaks, organizational efforts and routines promoting recovery were experienced as few and unclear. Recovery could be discussed during meetings, but this shifted between organizations. Experiences of opportunities to recover during work changed over time. Suggestions to increase opportunities to recover included more breaks, meeting colleagues, workout during work, positive feedback and management of regular stressors. Common strategies to recover were taking breaks and pauses, talking with colleagues, trying to calm down, planning work and recover outside work. Conclusions: Cleaners' experiences of opportunities to recover during work vary depending on tasks, individual experiences of prerequisites and regular stressors. Organizational efforts regarding recovery are often experienced as unclear and there is room for increasing opportunities to recover during work.

The cleaning industry plays a vital role in ensuring clean environments for individuals, businesses, and communities. However, in recent years, the industry has undergone significant transformations driven by neoliberal policies, and there is no exception in the cleaning system in Sweden. The cleaning system in Sweden has been marketized in Sweden, affecting mostly the one who works as cleaners, particularly female immigrants who dominated the industry in recent years. This study focuses on exploring the experiences of female immigrant cleaners in the Swedish cleaning industry, specifically emphasizing the challenges they face in terms of intersectional identities and transportation. It investigates the connection between the two experiences and how individual’ s work efficiency and life have been affected by them. The study engages in in-depth interviews with female immigrant cleaners in Sweden, drawing upon the qualitative research method. By employing an intersectional lens, the study examines how factors such as gender, ethnicity, and immigration status shape the experiences of these cleaners within the industry. It also explores the role of transportation in influencing their access to their overall mobility and employment opportunities. The results of this study reveal that female immigrant cleaners’ experience at the workplace based on their intersectional identities did not uniformly lead to negative insights. Also suggests that power relations are formed in a broader social and economic structures and may not be visible in individuals’ interactions. However, investigating female immigrant cleaners’ transportation-related issues, such as limited access to reliable transportation options and long commuting distances, is associated with limiting their mobility and decreasing their job opportunities. The study underscores the need for a deeper understanding of the power dynamics embedded in broader social and economic structures. Acknowledging the unique challenges female immigrant cleaners face in terms of their intersectional identities and transportation, and taking concrete actions to address these challenges, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and society can contribute to the successful integration of these individuals into Swedish society. Ensuring their access to adequate working conditions and transportation enhances the overall inclusivity of female immigrant cleaners in the whole society.

Stöd från kollegor och chefer är två viktiga faktorer till bra arbetsmiljö. Ett annat viktigt stöd är dokumentation. Att vid osäkerhet kunna finna svar och information som är dokumenterat kan leda till minskad oro och en känsla av trygghet. Dokumentation kan föras på olika sätt beroende på behov och förutsättning. I detta projekt har dokumentationsbehovet hos en städenhet undersökts och analyserats. Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbetet som ägde rum under våren 2019 på civilingenjörsprogrammet Teknisk design på Luleå tekniska universitet. Den kommunala städenheten utför städning och golvrengöring i de flesta lokaler där kommunal verksamhet bedrivs i Piteå kommun. Städenheten har i dagsläget 85 fastanställda och 8 vikarierande städare i organisationen som utför städning inom fyra olika geografiska områden i kommunen. För att få ihop sina arbetstimmar är flera av städarna schemalagda i fler än ett arbetsobjekt. I dagsläget är det städarnas uppgift att själva sätta ihop scheman för när olika typer av städning ska ske på deras arbetsobjekt. Dokumentationen sker oftast i pappersformat och schemats utformning varierar både från utseende och till innehåll mellan arbetsobjekt. Med anledning av att dessa scheman är i pappersformat blir det också svårt för arbetsobjekt att ta inspiration från varandra gällande schemats innehåll och struktur. Att variationen på dessa scheman är så stor trots att de egentligen innehåller samma typ av information leder till en osäkerhet bland städarna. Under projektet har städarna fått besvara en enkät som innehöll en stor bredd på frågor, bland annat hur de upplever stöd, motivation och arbetsbelastningar. Dessa frågor användes till att kartlägga hur städarna upplevde olika ämnen inom organisationen. Observationer har också utförts på städarna där de har genomfört storstädningar och allergistädningar. Städenheten hade även arbetsplatsträffar och en utbildning för nya städare under projektets gång vilket gjorde det möjligt att även observera dessa tillfällen. En workshop där städarna fick reflektera och besvara olika diskussionsfrågor kopplade till dokumentation och information genomfördes i slutet av projektet för att samla in städarnas tankar för att använda till idé- och konceptgenerering. Projektet har resulterat i ett lösningsförslag på ett digitaliserat dokumentationsverktyg som städenheten kan ta vidare till utvecklingsarbete. Lösningsförslaget flyttar den i dagsläget stängda och låsta dokumentationen i pappersformat till ett mer öppet och lättåtkomligt digitaliserat dokumentationsverktyg. Verktyget ger städarna möjlighet att bland annat lära av varandra oberoende av arbetsobjekt, få ett stöd vid osäkerhet samt få in en gemensam struktur och rutin inom hela städenheten som skulle kunna förbättra den osäkerhet som i dagsläget finns gällande dokumentation. Implementering av ett dokumentationsverktyg åt städarna skulle bidra med enhetlighet, förbättrad arbetsmiljö och en möjlighet att bevara kunskap och information inom organisationen. Den kunskap och information som i dagsläget är person- och byggnadsbunden skulle kunna bevaras och hjälpa städenheten växa samt bibehålla status och konkurrenskraft om den dokumenterades. Ett digitaliserat dokumentationsverktyg skulle kunna vara lösningen till det behovet. / Support from colleagues and managers are two important factors to a good work environment. Another important support is documentation. Finding answers and information that is documented in cases of uncertainty can lead to reduced concern and a sense of security. Documentation can be carried out in different ways depending on the need and prerequisites. During this project the need of documentation at a cleaning unit have been investigated and analyzed. This report is the result of a master thesis project that took place during spring of 2019 at the Master of Science program in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. The municipal cleaning unit carries out cleaning and floor cleaning in most premises where municipal activities are conducted in the municipality of Piteå. The cleaning unit currently has 85 permanent and 8 temporary cleaners in the organization who perform cleaning in four different geographical areas in the municipality. To get the required working hours several of the cleaners are schedule in more than one workplace. At the moment it is the cleaners task to assemble schedules when different types of cleaning are to be performed on their workplace. The documentation usually takes place in paper form and the design of the schedule varies from appearance to content between workplaces. Since these schedules are in paper form it is also difficult for workplaces to take inspiration from each other regarding the content and structure of the schedule. The fact that the variation on these schedules is so great even though they contain the same type of information leads to an uncertainty among the cleaners. During the project, the cleaners had to answer a survey that contained a wide range of questions to get an understanding on their thoughts regarding support, motivation, workloads among others. These questions were used to map how the cleaners experienced different topics within the organization. Observations have also been made on the cleaners where they have carried out major cleaning and allergy cleaning. The cleaning unit also had workplace meetings and an education for new cleaners during the project, which made it possible to also observe these occasions. A workshop where the cleaners had to reflect and answer various discussion issues related to documentation and information was carried out at the end of the project to collect the cleaners thoughts to use for idea and concept generation. The project has resulted in a solution proposal for a digitized documentation tool that the cleaning unit can carry on to development work. The solution proposal moves the now closed and locked documentation in paper format to a more open and easily accessible digitized documentation tool. The tool gives the cleaners the opportunity to, among others, learn from each other independently of workplace, get a support in case of uncertainty and get a common structure and routine within the whole cleaning unit that could improve the uncertainty that currently exists regarding documentation. Implementing a documentation tool for the cleaners would contribute with structure, uniformity, improve work environment and an opportunity to maintain knowledge within the organization. The knowledge and information that now is locked to people and workplaces could be preserved and help the cleaning unit grow and maintain status and competitiveness if documented. A digitized documentation tool could be the solution to that need.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T13:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1622677 bytes, checksum: 4910b306e46e741a75cc3d2047affa2c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T13:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1622677 bytes, checksum: 4910b306e46e741a75cc3d2047affa2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / Introduction: Faced with limitations to the use of sodium hypochlorite in the disinfection of dental prostheses and the need to control fungal proliferation in these sites, it is necessary to study new substances for this purpose. Objectives: To evaluate the antifungal activity, mechanism of action, cytotoxicity and antibiofilm action of chloramine T (CAT) on Candida spp. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the substance on Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata was determined by the microdilution technique and the minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM) was calculated through the subculture in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (ASD) . The growth inhibition kinetics of C. albicans were evaluated by the method of counting colony forming units (CFU) at different times and concentrations. A microculture of C. albicans was performed on fowl agar plus tween 80 to evaluate the possible alteration of micromorphology against different concentrations of the substance. The possible mechanism of action on wall and fungal cell membrane was verified by the determination of MIC in the presence of sorbitol and ergosterol respectively. The inhibition of the initial adherence of fungal cells, formation and reduction of C. albicans biofilm were evaluated after short (1 min) and prolonged (8 h) contact with the substance and formation of the biofilm was measured by absorbance at 600 nm, Transformed into scores referring to the percentage of inhibition obtained based on the values ​​of the control group. The cytotoxicity of the substance was evaluated by the hemolysis method. Nystatin and sodium hypochlorite were used as positive controls. A descriptive and inferential analysis was performed considering α = 5%. Results: The CIM75% found for CAT was 781.3 μg / mL and the CFM / MIC ratio suggests a fungicidal activity against most of the strains tested, with probable action on cell wall and membrane. The substance showed immediate and prolonged action on the kinetic test and caused reduction of the filamentous form and inhibition of chlamydoconidia. In the biofilm assay, it presented similar results to sodium hypochlorite for inhibition of initial adherence and formation of mature biofilm (p> 0.05) and was more effective in reducing mature biofilm in the short contact groups at MIC concentration x2 (24 H) and CIM x 4 (48 h) (p <0.05). Conclusion: CAT shows antifungal activity on Candida spp. And shows fungicidal action on most of the strains tested. Its action is immediate and prolonged in the inhibition of C. albicans growth and probably occurs both in the wall and in the cell membrane. CAT causes alterations in the micromorphology of C. albicans and has antibiofilm activity, being effective in inhibiting the initial adherence of fungal cells, as well as in the formation and reduction of biofilm. / Introducao: Diante das limitacoes para o uso do hipoclorito de sodio na desinfeccao de proteses dentarias e da necessidade do controle da proliferacao fungica nestes sitios, faz-se necessario o estudo de novas substancias para este fim. Objetivos: Avaliar a atividade antifungica, mecanismo de acao, citotoxicidade e acao antibiofilme da cloramina T (CAT) sobre Candida spp. Materiais e Metodos: Foi determinada a concentracao inibitoria minima (CIM) da substancia sobre Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei e Candida glabrata pela tecnica da microdiluicao e calculada a concentracao fungicida minima (CFM) atraves do subcultivo em Agar Sabouraud Dextrose (ASD). Foi avaliada a cinetica de inibicao do crescimento de C. albicans pelo metodo de contagem de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) em diferentes tempos e concentracoes. Foi realizado microcultivo de C. albicans em agar fuba acrescido de tween 80 para avaliacao da possivel alteracao da micromorfologia frente a diferentes concentracoes da substancia. O possivel mecanismo de acao sobre parede e membrana celular fungica foi verificado atraves da determinacao da CIM na presenca, respectivamente, de sorbitol e ergosterol. A inibicao da aderencia inicial de celulas fungicas, formacao e reducao do biofilme de C. albicans foram avaliados apos contato curto (1 min) e prolongado (8 h) com a substancia e a formacao do biofilme foi mensurada atraves de absorbancia a 600 nm, transformada em escores referentes a porcentagem de inibicao obtida com base nos valores do grupo controle. A citotoxicidade da substancia foi avaliada pelo metodo da hemolise. Nistatina e hipoclorito de sodio foram utilizados como controles positivos. Foi realizada analise estatistica descritiva e inferencial, considerando α=5%. Resultados: A CIM75% encontrada para a CAT foi de 781,3 µg/mL e a relacao CFM/CIM sugere uma atividade fungicida frente a maioria das cepas testadas, com provavel acao em parede e membrana celulares. A substancia mostrou acao imediata e prolongada no teste de cinetica e provocou reducao da forma filamentosa e inibicao de clamidoconidios. No ensaio do biofilme, apresentou resultados semelhantes ao hipoclorito de sodio para inibicao da aderencia inicial e formacao do biofilme maduro (p>0,05) e foi mais efetiva na reducao do biofilme maduro nos grupos de contato curto na concentracao CIM x 2 (24 h) e CIM x 4 (48 h) (p < 0,05). Conclusao: A CAT apresenta atividade antifungica sobre Candida spp. e apresenta acao fungicida sobre a maioria das cepas testadas. Sua acao e imediata e prolongada na inibicao do crescimento de C. albicans e provavelmente ocorre tanto em parede quanto em membrana celular. A CAT causa alteracoes na micromorfologia de C. albicans e possui atividade antibiofilme, sendo efetiva na inibicao da aderencia inicial das celulas fungicas, bem como na formacao e reducao do biofilme.

Syfte Syftet med denna studie har varit att studera och inventera en arbetsgrupp med lokalvårdares uppfattning om arbetsvillkor, ergonomi och i vilken utsträckning hälsofrämjande aktiviteter utövades under eller efter arbetstid. Bakgrund: Ett intresse finns bland arbetsgivarna att förbättra arbetstagarnas hälsotillstånd och muskuloskeletala hälsa då det är möjligt att minska sjukfrånvaron och påverka produktiviteten. Olika diskurser förespråkar att yrkesrelaterade hälsoproblem kan lösas med olika typer av träning. Känsligheten för att drabbas av belastningsskador varierar mellan individer. Brister i den organisatoriska och psykosociala miljön kan påverka hälsan negativt. Klass och kön har stor inverkan på hur vi kan påverka och forma våra liv både privat och i arbetslivet. Enligt jämställdhetsbarometern råder det fortfarandestora stora klass- och könsskillnader i arbetslivet, och personer i arbetsyrken har i allmänhet en sämre arbetsmiljö Metod: Metodansatsen för denna studie har varit en kombination av flera metoder som följer; Enkäter QPS Nordic 34+ avseende psykosocial och organisatorisk arbetsmiljö. Kompletterande frågor (KFS) om kondition, ergonomi och träningsvanor. Fältarbete i form av observationer och intervjuer. Deltagarna bestod av 56 lokalvårdare/städare. Resultat: Resultaten visade att en övervägande andel enligt QPS ansåg att arbetsgivarens intresse för personalens hälsa var lågt och hälften ansåg att det fanns betydande brister i organisationskultur och organisationsklimat som inte var tillräckligt stödjande, liksom i interaktion på arbetsplatsen samt i arbetskrav. På den positiva sidan såg de allra flesta sig själva som yrkesskickliga. Resultaten från intervjuerna visade att en förbättrad introduktion, vi-känsla, socialt stöd och grupptillhörighet, bättre arbetsorganisering. hjälpmedel, transporter samt trivselskapande aktiviteter skulle förbättra arbetsmiljön. Enligt KFS-frågorna visade en övervägande andel svalt intresse att delta i en grupp för att prova motions- och friskvårdsaktiviteter. En övervägande andel ansåg dock att deras hälsotillstånd kunde förbättras måttligt eller avsevärt. Stresshantering och avspänning var något som önskades, liksom intresse för konditionsförbättrande aktiviteter, friskvård under arbetstid och egenvalda aktiviteter. Många ansåg sig redan ha kunskap om ergonomi. Studien gör inte anspråk på att vara generaliserbar men avser att bidra till ökat lärande om interventioner och deras förutsättningar. Slutsats: Genomgående i alla metoder framkom brister i arbetskrav, organisationskultur och ledarskap, arbetsklimat och interaktion, belöning och stöd i den psykosociala och organisatoriska arbetsmiljön vilka sammanföll med kategorierna i QPSNordic34 + och vad som framkom från KFS. De flesta (80%) önskade förbättra sin hälsa och lika många (80%) ansåg att arbetsgivarens intresse för de anställdas hälsa var lågt. Stress och tidspress var vanligt hos 70% och 65% upplevde bristande ledarskap. Belöning och trivselfaktorer var andra områden som 66% var missnöjda med. De flesta städare ansåg det viktigt med ergonomiaspekten för den totala arbetsbelastningen samt att arbetsorganisationen var viktig för god ergonomi. Studien har visat att det fanns en brist på hälsofrämjande strategi för att motivera medarbetarna till en aktörsroll Den forskning som presenterades av Marmot (2006) överensstämmer med vad som framkom i studien, att obalans i livssituationen, ojämlik arbetsmarknad och att arbetsförhållandena är faktorer viktiga för den sociala gradienten. Ju högre upp i hierarkin och status en individ befinner sig desto bättre hälsa. Därför är fler studier om lokalvårdarnas psykosociala och organisatoriska arbetsmiljö eftersträvansvärda.