L'acquisition de la marche chez l'enfant comprend différents processus complexes, s'organisant de façon progressive mais non linéaire. Plusieurs étapes sont en effet nécessaires à l'enfant pour acquérir l'équilibre postural, puis la propulsion, ou encore l'activation musculaire anticipatrice. La compréhension du développement de la marche de l'enfant revêt un intérêt passionnant mais d'une grande complexité. Cependant, la plupart des études n'ont pas pris en compte l'effet que pourrait avoir la couche ou la tenue vestimentaire sur l'apprentissage de la locomotion bipédique chez l'enfant. L'écartement latéral des appuis, qui est relativement conséquent chez le marcheur débutant, est-il une stratégie afin d'augmenter sa surface d'appui pour mieux contrôler son équilibre ? Ou bien estce le port de la couche qui provoque une gêne au niveau de l'entrejambe de l'enfant et engendre ou accentue cette stratégie posturale ? Par ailleurs, en ce qui concerne l'acquisition de la marche, il est établit que l'enfant doit être bien chaussé afin d'éviter toute pathologie posturale et/ou locomotrice futures. La même approche peut être abordée pour le vêtement. Or, il est aisé de constater qu'actuellement la plupart des vêtements portés par les enfants ne sont que des répliques miniatures de vêtements d'adultes. Ceuxci ne tiennent pas compte des particularités morphologiques, posturales et motrices du jeune marcheur. Les travaux détaillés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif, non seulement d'évaluer l'impact d'une tenue vestimentaire sur la marche de l'enfant mais également de proposer des pistes de réponses et d'améliorations dans la conception de vêtements d'enfants. Ainsi, ces travaux s'organisent selon trois études portant sur des enfants ayant tous moins de 36 mois d'expérience de marche. La première a consisté en la vérification de l'impact du port d'une couche et/ou d'un pantalon sur la marche de jeunes enfants à partir de l'analyse de paramètres spatio-temporels. Ces travaux révèlent un effet plus prononcé du pantalon que de la couche sur la marche de l'enfant. Puis, nous nous sommes demandés à partir de combien de mois d'expérience de marche cet effet avait-il le plus d'impact. Cette question a fait l'objet de la seconde étude. Enfin, après avoir élaboré un prototype de pantalon prenant en considération les particularités de l'enfant et de l'apprentissage de la marche, celui-ci a été testé sur une vingtaine d'enfants. Cette dernière étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer et de comprendre l'impact de la tenue sur l'activité musculaire du membre inférieur. Les résultats obtenus avec le prototype sont concluants. Les contraintes sont amoindries et la locomotion avec un tel prototype se rapproche de celle observée en sous-vêtement. / The walking acquisition in toddlers involves different complex processes organized into a progressive but non linear way. The child requires several steps to acquire a postural balance, then the propulsion, and the anticipative muscle activation. To understand the gait development of a toddler is fascinating but a very complex work. Indeed, the most of current studies don’t take into account the effects of wearing diapers or clothes on the learning in bipedal locomotion. Regarding step width, which is relatively substantial for the beginner walker, we could wonder it's a strategy in order to improve the supports surface to best control the balance or on the other hand, does wearing diapers cause discomfort in crotch area children, and therefore bring out that postural strategy?Moreover, concerning the gait acquisition, it is known that the child needs well-fitting shoes to avoid any future postural or locomotive pathology. The same approach can be used for clothes. But, we can easily observe that currently most of children clothes are just a copy of adult models in miniature. These clothes don’t consider the morphological, postural and motor features of the beginner walker.The study introduced in this thesis manuscript will not only evaluate the importance of clothing on children walking but also propose possible solution and improvement for the conception of children clothes.Results are related to three studies all regarding children with less than 36 month of walking experience. First study is an analysis of the effect of wearing diaper or trousers on the children walking using spatiotemporal parameters. It has shown a greater influence from trousers than diapers. It has opened the second study. After how many months of experience the effect got the greater influence? Results show influence of trousers starting 3 month of walking but above all from 6 to 18 months. Finally, a prototype of trousers conceived in regards of children characteristics and walking acquisition has been used for around twenty children. Goal of this third study was to evaluate and to understand the importance of clothing on muscular activities of the lower limb. Utilization of the prototype has been conclusive. The muscular co-contractions which highlight the lack of experience in walking are less present when children use the prototype. Discomfort is reduced and walking with the prototype is close to the one performed with underwear.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to research how women think about fashion in relation to their self and to others. Can clothes be an expression of who we are who we want to be and how we look at others? What are the main characteristics in this type of communication and what kind of information can be distributed using this tool?</p><p>Method/Material: Interviews</p><p>Main results: Clothes can work as a tool to show who we are and what we are, mainly on short term. We use clothes for different purposes, sometimes we what to be seen and really show who we are and what we stand for and sometimes we just what to go with the flow and not be seen at all. We will always have a physical need for clothes but it is also a natural and important part of our individual expression and our identity.</p><p>Keywords: Fashion, Clothes, Identity, Lifestyle</p>

<p>Soldater och officerare blir i sin dagliga tjänsteutövning utsatt för press både psykiskt och fysiskt. Det finns en hel rad av faktorer som påverkar besluts- och grupprocesser och för att kunna förstå och identifiera risker i dessa processer måste det finnas en kunskap kring dessa. En företeelse vilken påverkar grupper och individer är konformiteten.</p><p> En faktor som skiljer soldater och officerare från många andra yrkesgrupper är den uniforma klädseln vilken många anser hör ihop med yrket.</p><p> Studien avser därför att undersöka hur den likformiga klädseln påverkar individens förmåga att tänka själv och dessutom handla utifrån den tanken. Utifrån detta syfte har en kärnfråga och tre delfrågor utkristalliserats. Delfrågornas syfte är att svara på kärnfrågan. Kärnfråga: Hur påverkar likformig klädsel den enskilda soldatens förmåga att stå emot konformitet?</p><p>Delfrågor:</p><p>-                  Har kläder någon betydelse i sociala sammanhang?</p><p>-                  Varför följer vissa gruppen och andra inte?</p><p>-                  Påverkas soldaten av likformig klädsel?</p><p>För att mäta hur den uniforma klädseln påverkar soldater, och därmed besvara frågorna, använder jag mig av Solomon Aschs konformitets experiment i en ny tappning. Baserat på resultatet från experimentet samt med stöd ur litteratur dras slutsatser om hur stor eller om det finns en påverkan på soldaters individualitet av den likformiga klädseln.</p><p>Jag kom i mitt arbete fram till att den likformiga klädseln ökar soldatens konformitet i en grupp. Den enskilda soldaten har lättare att falla för konformiteten när denne bär uniform klädsel i sitt tjänsteutövande. </p> / <p>Officers and soldiers are in their daily duty an object of both physical and psychological pressure. There are many factors that influence both the decision and group processes. To be able to understand and identify risks in these processes there has to be knowledge in this area. One phenomenon which influences groups and individuals is conformity.</p><p>One factor that divides the soldiers and officers from other categories of work is the uniform clothing which many think is intimately connected with that type of work.</p><p>That is why this study intends to examine how the uniform clothing influences the individuals’ ability to think for themselves and also act in that thought. On the basis of this, a core question and three part questions crystallized. The three questions are a help to answer the core problem. The core question: How does the uniform clothing influence the individual soldiers’ ability to resist conformity?</p><p>Part questions:</p><p>-        Does clothing have an importance in social contexts?</p><p>-        Why do some individuals follow the group and others not?</p><p>-        Is the soldier influenced by uniform clothing?</p><p>To measure how the uniform clothing influences soldiers, and thereby answer the questions, the writer used the conformity experiment by Solomon Asch slightly modified for his purposes. Based on the result from the experiment, as well as with support from literature, conclusions where drawn about how or if the soldiers’ individuality where influenced by the uniform clothing.</p><p>The conclusion was that the uniform clothing increases the soldiers’ conformity in a group. The individual soldier found it easier to adapt to the conformity when he/she wear uniform clothing during the exercise of his or her duties.</p>

<p>This thesis discusses the dress code during the Pitted Ware culture on the Swedish island of Gotland. Eight Pitted Ware grave-fields have been analyzed; only 74 skeletons have been identified with some sort of ornament that could have been attached to clothes. The grave-fields are rich in finds and in people nearly every age group is present. The analysis has shown that there are clear differences between the genders. The female always has some sort of seal tooth ornament around her waist and thighs. The man has sometimes tusks from wild boar and tubular bones as an ornament on his clothes. The children have all of the ornaments that the parents have but in smaller numbers. There are also other finds that appear on all of the individuals, but the tusks, seal tooth and tubular bones are the ones that appear on nearly every individual. The North American Indians clothing has been used as a reference to help understand the clothing of the Pitted Ware. So far all of the finds that have been found on the skeletons have shown great diversity in the Pitted Ware clothing.</p>

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to research how women think about fashion in relation to their self and to others. Can clothes be an expression of who we are who we want to be and how we look at others? What are the main characteristics in this type of communication and what kind of information can be distributed using this tool? Method/Material: Interviews Main results: Clothes can work as a tool to show who we are and what we are, mainly on short term. We use clothes for different purposes, sometimes we what to be seen and really show who we are and what we stand for and sometimes we just what to go with the flow and not be seen at all. We will always have a physical need for clothes but it is also a natural and important part of our individual expression and our identity. Keywords: Fashion, Clothes, Identity, Lifestyle

Soldater och officerare blir i sin dagliga tjänsteutövning utsatt för press både psykiskt och fysiskt. Det finns en hel rad av faktorer som påverkar besluts- och grupprocesser och för att kunna förstå och identifiera risker i dessa processer måste det finnas en kunskap kring dessa. En företeelse vilken påverkar grupper och individer är konformiteten.  En faktor som skiljer soldater och officerare från många andra yrkesgrupper är den uniforma klädseln vilken många anser hör ihop med yrket.  Studien avser därför att undersöka hur den likformiga klädseln påverkar individens förmåga att tänka själv och dessutom handla utifrån den tanken. Utifrån detta syfte har en kärnfråga och tre delfrågor utkristalliserats. Delfrågornas syfte är att svara på kärnfrågan. Kärnfråga: Hur påverkar likformig klädsel den enskilda soldatens förmåga att stå emot konformitet? Delfrågor: -                  Har kläder någon betydelse i sociala sammanhang? -                  Varför följer vissa gruppen och andra inte? -                  Påverkas soldaten av likformig klädsel? För att mäta hur den uniforma klädseln påverkar soldater, och därmed besvara frågorna, använder jag mig av Solomon Aschs konformitets experiment i en ny tappning. Baserat på resultatet från experimentet samt med stöd ur litteratur dras slutsatser om hur stor eller om det finns en påverkan på soldaters individualitet av den likformiga klädseln. Jag kom i mitt arbete fram till att den likformiga klädseln ökar soldatens konformitet i en grupp. Den enskilda soldaten har lättare att falla för konformiteten när denne bär uniform klädsel i sitt tjänsteutövande. / Officers and soldiers are in their daily duty an object of both physical and psychological pressure. There are many factors that influence both the decision and group processes. To be able to understand and identify risks in these processes there has to be knowledge in this area. One phenomenon which influences groups and individuals is conformity. One factor that divides the soldiers and officers from other categories of work is the uniform clothing which many think is intimately connected with that type of work. That is why this study intends to examine how the uniform clothing influences the individuals’ ability to think for themselves and also act in that thought. On the basis of this, a core question and three part questions crystallized. The three questions are a help to answer the core problem. The core question: How does the uniform clothing influence the individual soldiers’ ability to resist conformity? Part questions: -        Does clothing have an importance in social contexts? -        Why do some individuals follow the group and others not? -        Is the soldier influenced by uniform clothing? To measure how the uniform clothing influences soldiers, and thereby answer the questions, the writer used the conformity experiment by Solomon Asch slightly modified for his purposes. Based on the result from the experiment, as well as with support from literature, conclusions where drawn about how or if the soldiers’ individuality where influenced by the uniform clothing. The conclusion was that the uniform clothing increases the soldiers’ conformity in a group. The individual soldier found it easier to adapt to the conformity when he/she wear uniform clothing during the exercise of his or her duties.

The aim of our study is to explore social workers view on the importance of clothing. We want to know how and if social worker reflects on the importance of their clothing and how it may affect their clients. Dresses social workers differently due to different work situations? Play client`s clothes any role in the social welfare officers? Can client`s clothing affect the assessment of their problem? The study is based on a qualitative method. The data consists of two focus group interviews with four social workers in each group, containing three women and one man in each focusgroup, with a total of eight informants. The results of our study indicate that the clothes are important in meeting with clients and especially as to help create a relationship with the client. The result also indicate that client`s clothing acts as a marker for the clients health.

The main aim of this research was to investigate the differences of women’s consumer behavior when shopping for clothes. To investigate these differences quantitative approach was used. In order to collect data for analysis a questionnaire was developed. During the study the following aspects were analyzed: frequency of shopping and expenditure, women’s values, store selection criteria, motivations and sources of information women usually use. After reviewing numerous scientific articles, eleven different hypotheses were developed, in order to be tested in the course of this study: H1: Women’s consumer behavior varies with age H2: Sexual attraction motivation decreases with age H3: Conformity motivation decreases with age H4: Fashion expression motivation decreases with age H3: The importance of comfort increases with age H6: The importance of quality increases with age H7: The importance of knowledgeable staff increases with age H8: Younger women shop clothes more often H9: The influence of impersonal sources of information increases with age H10: Younger shoppers are more price-conscious H11: It is important for older consumer to be known or recognized in the store To test these hypotheses, the data from fifty nine women was collected with the help of the questionnaire. Then, all respondents were divided into five age cohorts in order to structure the results and analyze differences in every age cohort. After having analyzed all the gathered data, five hypotheses were confirmed, while other six hypotheses were rejected. Hypothesis 1 was rather general and it was confirmed in the very beginning. All the other hypotheses were analyzed with the help of regression analysis in Excel. After testing every hypothesis, author of the thesis came to the conclusion that hypothesis 2, hypothesis 5, hypothesis 8 and hypothesis 10 are be confirmed, while hypothesis 3, hypothesis 4, hypothesis 6, hypothesis 7, hypothesis 9 and hypothesis 11 are rejected.

Internet has over the years developed to a platform where more and more companies and organizations control their businesses. Men are spending considerably more time shopping in general compared to only a decade ago, and the numbers are still increasing. Men are using the internet to buy products more often than women do worldwide. Stereotypes tell us that women like shopping for clothes while men do not. Men in Sweden buy more than women in 14 out of 16 purchasing categories on the inter-net; one of the other two is fairly even. The last category is “clothes and accessories” and even though Sweden is proved to be the least masculine country in a study containing 53 countries in total and are proved to be so called quick-shoppers, men do not shop clothes and accessories to the same extent as women in Sweden. Thus the question we wanted to investigate further was what is important to priori-tize in terms of website design and structure when selling clothes and accessories in Sweden.The purpose of this report derived from the problematization follows: to bring out which factors of a websites’ design and structure that are most important and most correlated with the intention to pur-chase on a website selling clothes and accessories targeting men in Sweden.In order to get an answer to our questions we used a deductive approach where previous studies within the area was carefully looked through and the most important factors for intentions to purchase and usability in other studies were used to see how they were related to the intentions to purchase and which factors that were more important than others. A quantitative approach was applied and a survey was constructed to send out to people in the ages 16-34.The results were unsatisfying in terms of correlations with the intentions to purchase, however indica-tion of importance in the categories “Ease of use”, “Trustworthiness and convenience” and “Presenta-tion of supply” were derived from the analysis.

Konsumtion är något vi ägnar åt oss i vardagen och som inte går att komma ifrån. Nya möjligheter idag, vare sig det handlar om högre inkomst eller större utbud på marknaden, gör att det skapas nya begär och att den nya konsumtionen efter ett tag känns nödvändig. Idag konsumeras därmed fler varor än någonsin tidigare. Men konsumtionen av varor och tjänster påverkar miljön, och det under hela sin livscykel, från utvinning av råvara till då den blir till avfall. Konsumtion av mode är ett exempel på konsumtion där man uttrycker sina begär och sin längtan. Mode som ofta uttrycks genom kläder ger stimulans till konsumtion och mode och trender förändras snabbt, vilket innebär att det är svårt att hålla kolla på hela produktionsledet och hur miljön påverkas. Om konsumtion av mode har negativa effekter på miljön lyder frågan ifall det då är möjligt att konsumera mode på ett sätt som är mer hållbart. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka ifall det är möjligt att kombinera ett modeintresse med en miljömedvetenhet. Det som undersöks är bland annat ifall mode kan konsumeras på ett hållbart sätt, samt vilka möjligheter och svårigheter det finns med att kombinera mode med miljö. Dessa frågor besvaras med hjälp av en teoretisk litteraturstudie, framförallt eftersom det inte finns många studier som kombinerar mode med miljö. Teorierna som behandlas handlar bland annat om konsumtion och beteenden, och för att kunna kombinera mode med miljö behöver konsumtionsmönster förändras och alternativ till konventionella kläder finnas på marknaden. Om flera val tillhandahålls och marknadsförs på marknaden skapas alternativ som bidrar till att individen kan förena ett modeintresse och en miljömedvetenhet, men detta kan inte ses som den enda lösningen. Denna studie analyserar även huruvida praktiska exempel miljömärkning och second hand kan bidra till att kombinera miljö och mode. / Consumption is something we do every day which we cannot get away from. New opportunities today, whether it is a higher income or a higher supply on the market, enable the creation of new desires and that the new consumption after a while feels necessary. Today we consume more products than ever before. But the consumption of both products and services affect the environment during their whole life cycle, from production to waste. Consuming fashion is an example of consumption where desires are expressed. Fashion which is often expressed through clothes stimulates a longing for consumption, and with fashion changing so fast it is hard to keep track of the whole production and how the environment is affected. If consuming fashion has negative effects on the environment the question is whether it is possible to consume fashion in a more sustainable manner. The purpose of this essay is to examine if it is possible to combine a fashion interest with an environmental awareness. Some of the matters examined are whether fashion can be consumed in a sustainable way or not, and what opportunities and challenges there are with combining fashion with an awareness of the environment. These questions are answered with the help of a theoretical literature study. Theories about consumption and behaviours are being used, and to combine fashion with an environmental awareness, consumption patterns have to change. Alternatives to conventional clothing must also be found on the market. If more choices are provided on the market, the individual can find alternatives through which she/he can unite a fashion interest with an awareness of the environment, but that cannot be seen as the only solution. This paper also analyzes whether practical examples, such as labelling and second hand, can contribute towards combining environment and fashion.