The first purpose of this study was to investigate whether different modeling conditions (Aural and Aural/Notated Transcription) produced significant differences for improvisation achievement. Another purpose was to investigate whether music learning theory-based improvisation instruction had an effect on students' self-efficacy for improvisation and for instrumental music. Participants (N = 76) from an accessible population of 6th through 8th grade instrumental music students were assigned to either an aural model group or an aural and notated transcription model group based on scores from Gordon's Harmonic and Rhythmic Readiness Records (1998). All students were administered two researcher-designed self-efficacy scales before and after a 10 treatment session music learning theory-based improvisation instruction. Following the treatment sessions, each participant was individually recorded and assessed by three experienced music educators. The posttest improvisation scores were subjected to an ANOVA, while the pretest to posttest scores of the students' self-efficacies for music improvisation and instrumental music were subjected to two repeated measures ANOVAs. The Bonferroni technique was used to adjust the alpha level from .05 to .017. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in improvisation achievement for the modeling conditions of aural and aural/notated transcription. Further statistical analyses showed there were significant increases in students' self-efficacy for improvising and for instrumental music following improvisation instruction. This study's results suggest that music educators should consider using either modeling technique for improvisation learning experiences. Results also suggest that music educators may wish to consider using a music learning theory-based improvisation approach to facilitate greater confidence in improvising. Additionally, results suggest that classroom music educators may wish to consider improvisation instruction as a means for achieving greater student confidence in instrumental music. This study concludes with issues for further study.

Bakgrund: I Sverige är fotboll den idrott där flest personer skadar sig under idrottsutövning. Oavsett skada kan fotbollsspelaren behöva komma i kontakt med fysioterapeut för rehabilitering. Biopsykosociala faktorer är viktiga under rehabiliteringen då de kommer påverka individens möjlighet att återgå till fotboll. Det råder dock en oklarhet bland fysioterapeuter vad psykosociala interventioner innebär och hur de ska användas. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka rehabiliterade fotbollsspelares upplevelse av psykosociala faktorer av betydelse för återgång till fotboll, samt deras upplevelse av hur fysioterapeuter beaktat dessa psykosociala faktorer under rehabiliteringen. Metod: En deskriptiv kvalitativ design med induktiv och deduktiv ansats har använts för att svara på studiens syfte. Urvalet skedde genom ett ändamålsenligt urval. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Dataanalysen resulterade i sex kategorier som var av vikt för återgång till fotboll. Tre som berör psykologiska faktorer: negativa känslor, motivation och känna sig sedd. Tre som berör sociala faktorer: samhörighet med laget, förväntningar från familjen och stöd från tränare. Enligt fotbollsspelarnas upplevelser beaktade inte fysioterapeuterna psykosociala faktorer så mycket som fotbollsspelarna uppgav att de behövde. Slutsats: Psykosociala faktorer var av betydelse för spelarnas återgång till fotboll och upplevelsen kring hur fysioterapeuterna beaktade faktorerna påverkade rehabiliteringen. De spelare som hade ett behov av psykisk och social stöttning upplevde också att de saknade frågor om psykosociala faktorer från fysioterapeuten. Nyckelord: Fysioterapi, socialkognitiv teori, fotboll, psykiska faktorer, sociala faktorer. / Background: Soccer is the sport where most people injure themselves during sports in Sweden. Regardless of the injury, the soccer player may need to get in contact with a physiotherapist for rehabilitation. Biopsychosocial factors are important during rehabilitation as they will affect the individual's ability to return to sports. However, there is a lack of clarity among physiotherapists what psychosocial interventions means and how they should be used. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate rehabilitated soccer players' experiences of psychosocial factors of importance for returning to soccer, as well as their experiences of how physiotherapists have taken these psychosocial factors into account during rehabilitation. Method: A descriptive qualitative design with an inductive and deductive approach has been used. A purposive sampling technique was applied. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis.  Result: The data analysis resulted in six categories which were experienced as important for returning to soccer. Three involving psychological factors: negative emotions, motivation, and the feeling of being seen. Three involving social factors: affiliation with the team, expectations from the family and support from coaches. According to the soccer players experiences the physiotherapists did not take psychosocial factors into account as much as the soccer players stated that they needed. Conclusion: Psychosocial factors was of importance for the players return to soccer and the experience of how physiotherapists took the factors into account affected the rehabilitation. The players who had a need for psychological and social support also experienced that they lacked questions about psychosocial factors from the physiotherapist. Keywords: Physiotherapy, social cognitive theory, soccer, psychological factors, social factors.

Bakgrund: Orsaken bakom graviditetsrelaterad bäcken- och ländryggssmärta är multifaktoriell och många kvinnor drabbas någon gång under sin graviditet. Besvären kan påverka många aspekter av det dagliga livet. I arbetet som fysioterapeut ingår det att främja hälsa, minska lidande och behålla/återvinna optimal rörelseförmåga, speciellt om människans aktivitet och delaktighet begränsas. Behandlingsalternativen till graviditetsrelaterad bäcken- och ländryggssmärta är många, vilket ställer krav på fysioterapeutens kompetens. Många gravida kvinnor upplever sig mötas av oförståelse inom vården, däribland av fysioterapeuter.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fysioterapeuter inom primärvården beskriver sitt arbete med graviditetsrelaterad ländrygg- och/eller bäckensmärta avseende återgång till viktiga vardagliga beteenden. Metod: Genom ett ändamålsenligt bekvämlighetsurval rekryterades 6 fysioterapeuter som arbetar inom primärvården. Intervjuer skedde därefter enligt en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Materialet från intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.   Resultat: Resultatet delades upp i fem stycken huvudkategorier och totalt sju stycken underkategorier. Fysioterapeuterna beskrev hur de specifikt arbetade med smärta, arbete med fysisk aktivitet och träning, arbete med psykologiska faktorer, arbete med omgivningsfaktorer och sin upplevda kompetens.  Slutsats: Fysioterapeuterna beskrev hur de på olika sätt arbetade med fysiska och psykologiska faktorer hos patienten samt hur de tog hänsyn till omgivningen. Deltagande fysioterapeuter upplevdes kunna bemöta dessa patienter i dagsläget.

Death is a drastic event in one’s life. Through grief, mourning and bereavement, people heal the hurt of their loss of a loved one. Little research exists on bereavement in Black transitional societies of South Africa. As such, the objective of this study was to explore how widows in South African transitional societies, whose husbands have died of terminal illnesses, experience bereavement, and how they cognitively process and cope with the loss. The Participants’ bereavement process was defined as starting when they become aware of their husbands’ anticipated death (anticipatory bereavement). Unstructured and structured interviews were conducted with 10 widows from the community under study and a thematic analysis was performed on the data. Five themes emerged concerning the Participants’ personal characteristics, their challenges and how they dealt with them, their experiences of stressors, and coping. Although the Participants responded to the news of the deaths of their husbands in a similar manner, there were differences in other responses, reflecting individual differences in coping strategies. Some Participants seemed more adaptive, with greater openness and flexibility in social cognition and greater problem-focused coping, while others showed more negative emotions in social interaction, greater loneliness, and expressed relatively closed and inflexible social cognition. However, positive or negative responses and coping did not necessarily determine whether bereavement would be functional or dysfunctional. It was found that the Participants’ anticipatory bereavement did not ease or shorten their sense or period of bereavement after their husband’s death. A model of the cognitive-affective-motivational-behavioural network of bereavement was developed, taking into account the role of culture and how each Participant’s cognition, affect, and the kind of attachment to their husbands motivated their behaviours in particular ways in coping effectively or ineffectively with their bereavement. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Sammanställningar på fallförebyggande åtgärder är främst centrerat kring träning men bristfällig gällande psykologiska interventioner och osäkert kring sociala interventioner. Författarna ser därav en möjlighet att sammanställa evidens genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt kring fallförebyggande åtgärder ur ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv.  Syfte: Syfte med denna studie är att genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt sammanställa forskning kring fallförebyggande åtgärder hos äldre personer. Vidare är syftet att redovisa detta ur ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv samt att bedöma samtliga inkluderade studiers kvalitet.   Metod: Författarna i denna litteraturöversikt genomförde en litteratursökning i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL Plus. Projektprocessen slutade upp med sju RCT-studier som inkluderades utifrån studiens frågeställningar och syfte och vidare granskades utifrån SBU:s granskningsmallar.  Resultat: Fysiska åtgärder sågs i form av kombinerad balans och styrka i nedre extremitet samt funktionellt inriktad träning. Psykologiska åtgärder sågs i form av MI. Sociala åtgärder sågs i form av gruppträning. Kvaliteten av inkluderade studier bedömdes som måttlig och evidensstyrkan som begränsad. Slutsatser: Fysiska åtgärder visade ge positiva utfall på mängden fall. Psykologiska åtgärder visade inte ha några positiva utfall på mängden fall. Sociala åtgärder visades stödja följsamhet av träning. Funktionell träning i grupp kan vara en relevant åtgärd i förebyggande av fall för äldre individer. / Background: Reviews of fall prevention measures are mainly centered around training but inadequate regarding psychological interventions and uncertain around social interventions. The authors see this as an opportunity to compile evidence through a systematic literature review on fall prevention measures from a biopsychosocial perspective.  Objective: The objective of this study is to compile research on fall prevention measures in the elderly. Furthermore, the purpose is to review the evidence through the lens of a biopsychosocial perspective and to assess the quality of all included studies.  Method: The authors of this literature review conducted a literature search in PubMed and CINAHL Plus. The project-process ended with seven RCT-studies that were included based on the study's questions and purpose and further examined based on SBU's review templates.  Results: Physical measures were seen in combined balance and strength in the lower extremity as well as functional training. Psychological measures were seen in the form of MI. Social measures were seen in the form of group training. The quality of the included studies was assessed to be moderate and the strength of evidence to be limited.  Conclusions: Physical measures showed positive results on the number of falls. Psychological measures did not show any positive outcomes in the number of falls. Social measures were shown to support adherence to exercise. Functional training in groups can be a relevant measure in preventing falls for older individuals.

The continued use of weaponized drones in the War on Terror has stirred up a heated debate, both in the scholarly and academic world, and there is still no conclusive empirical evidence to suggest that they are effective. As such, there ought to be factors other than efficacy that impact the decision-making process. One factor that may play a significant part in how policy makers deliberate over high stakes decisions is what cognitive theorists refer to as analogical reasoning - relating the present to the past and using this comparison as a guideline in the decision-making process. This study analyzes historical analogies used in public speeches and remarks by U.S. President Barack Obama to ascertain if there is evidence to suggest that analogical reasoning has been part of the decision-making progress when it comes to drones, or if analogies mostly serve as a strategic tool to convey messages to the intended recipients. The findings suggest that in this instance, the analogies in relation to drones were used primarily in a strategic manner, but that cognitive analogical reasoning likely has been part of previous decisions in the War on Terror.

The predominately rural state of Mississippi responded to high teenage pregnancy rates by enacting a 2011 law requiring school districts to choose between an abstinence-only and an abstinence-plus program for their high schools. However, there is limited extant research on Mississippi's sex education policies, creating a research gap that inhibits developing successful programs to reduce teenage pregnancy rates. There is specifically a need to compare the two types of allowed programs with a focus on rural areas. This study compared programs by examining students' abstinent sexual attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy, sexual abstinence behaviors, and perceived effectiveness of sexual education and decision making to address whether those variables differed by program and if programs and genders interacted. The study was informed by the health belief model, social cognitive theory, and the theory of reasoned action. The study collected data from 366 students who had taken one of the two programs completed 4 surveys: a demographic survey, the Sexual Risk Behavioral Belief and Self-Efficacy scale, the Sexual Abstinence scale, and the Effectiveness of Sexual Education scale. Students who completed the abstinence-plus program had higher levels of abstinent sexual attitudes, abstinent social norms, abstinent self-efficacy, and sexual decision-making self-efficacy when compared to students who completed the abstinence-only program, with a small effect size for abstinent social norms. Sexual abstinence behavior scores did not differ by program and programs and genders did not interact. Future studies should include a pretest and posttest evaluation. Analyzing these programs facilitates social change by informing the design of effective programs that focus on at-risk youth sexual behaviors.

Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen kring läkarstudenters karriärval. Merparten av läkarstudenter på Sveriges högskolor har universitetsutbildade föräldrar. Vi finner det därmed intressant att undersöka läkarstudenter som inte kommer från hem med en akademisk studietradition. Genom att studera på akademisk nivå lämnar studenterna sin nuvarande yrkes-och utbildningsmässiga samhällsklass. För att förstå varför dessa studenter väljer att genomföra denna klassresa har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats. Detta metodval gjordes för att vi strävade efter en djupare förståelse kring deras karriärval. Empirin tolkades i huvudsak utifrån två teoretiska verktyg: Banduras (1997) begrepp self- efficacy samt Social cognitive career theory (Lent et al. 1994) som användes för att förstå individers karriärutveckling. Resultatet visar att mönster gällande faktorer som individens självtillit, studieframgångar, intressen och personliga egenskaper har varit centrala när studiens informanter gjort sina karriärval. Det framkom även att omgivningens uppmuntran är betydande vid detta val.

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