The legal nature of the bill of lading as a negotiable document of title has allowed it to provide the basis of a system in which bankers provide credit for the financing of international sales contracts on the strength of the security afforded by the goods represented in the bill. The sea waybill has appeared as a substitute for the bill of lading and, despite its nature as a nonnegotiable document, it can be employed in a manner which allows it to provide collateral security to banks. Multimodal transport documents which may be issued in negotiable or non-negotiable form assume the same legal role as the bill oflading or sea waybill respectively. The inclusion of specific articles in the 1993 Revision of the UCP relating to non-negotiable sea waybills and multimodal transport documents affirms their acceptability to banks financing international sales contracts under documentary letters of credit. / Law / LL.M.

本研究以不動產估價技術規則第19條第7項與第20條之規定，引用相似無關迴歸模式、多變量迴歸模式與典型相關分析等計量模式，對金融機構所做的擔保品估價進行驗證、預測及控制分析。 擔保品估價中會產生兩價，即擔保品的評估市場價格與評估擔保值（價），大部分的人都認為兩價存在一個比率關係。傳統的迴歸分析估價模式係由一組價格影響因素影響一個不動產價格，上述情形是否可能由同一組價格影響因素影響兩個不動產價格？本研究實證結果顯示，在95％統計信賴水準下，有兩個不動產價格受同一組價格因素影響的結果。既然驗證存在同一組價格影響因素影響兩個不動產價格，是否有更具效率的計量估價模式呢？典型相關分析係透過兩組變項之相關關係建構計量模式，除可再度驗證同一組價格影響因素影響兩個不動產價格，並可如同因素分析或主成份分析的功能，對兩組變項各做變項縮減的工作，達到對變項去蕪存菁的效果。 / This thesis is based on Article 19 No 7 and Article 20 of the Real Estate Appraisal Regulation. Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model, Multivariate Regression Model and Econometric Model and so on econometric model are applied. In addition, collateral valuations done by financial institutions are verified, predicted and analyzed. In collateral valuations, there are two-value references: assessed market value and assessed accommodation value. Majority believe that there is a ratio between these two values. The traditional regression analysis of the valuation model is having one set of pricing factors to have impact on the real estate price. However, is it possible that one set of pricing factors will affect two real estate prices? The findings approve that, under statistical confidence level with 95%, more than two real estate prices can be influenced by one set of pricing factors. Further more, this thesis also examines if there are other econometric valuation models to be applied? The canonical correlation analysis is to build a calculation model to analyze correlation between two variables. Other than examining one set of pricing factors can influence two real estate prices, this analysis also provides a similar function of the factor analysis or principal analysis to reduce variables caused by two sets of variable.

Collateral blood flow is the compensatory flow of blood to the tissue through secondary channels when the primary channel is compromised. It is of vital importance in cerebrovascular disease where collateral flow can maintain large regions of brain tissue which would otherwise have suffered ischaemic damage. Traditional x-ray based techniques for visualising collateral flow are invasive and carry risks to the patient. In this thesis novel magnetic resonance imaging techniques for performing vessel-selective labelling of brain feeding arteries are explored and developed to reveal the source and extent of collateral flow in the brain non-invasively and without the use of contrast agents. Vessel-encoded pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling (VEPCASL) allows the selective labelling of blood water in different combinations of brain feeding arteries that can be combined in post-processing to yield vascular territory maps. The mechanism of VEPCASL was elucidated and optimised through simulations of the Bloch equations and phantom experiments, including its sensitivity to sequence parameters, blood velocity and off-resonance effects. An implementation of the VEPCASL pulse sequence using an echo-planar imaging (EPI) readout was applied in healthy volunteers to enable optimisation of the post-labelling delay and choice of labelling plane position. Improvements to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and motion-sensitivity were made through the addition of background suppression pulses and a partial-Fourier scheme. Experiments using a three-dimensional gradient and spin echo (3D-GRASE) readout were somewhat compromised by significant blurring in the slice direction, but showed potential for future work with a high SNR and reduced dropout artefacts. The VEPCASL preparation was also applied to a dynamic 2D angiographic readout, allowing direct visualisation of collateral blood flow in the brain as well as a morphological and functional assessment of the major cerebral arteries. The application of a balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) readout significantly increased the acquisition efficiency, allowing the generation of dynamic 3D vessel-selective angiograms. A theoretical model of the dynamic angiographic signal was also derived, allowing quantification of blood flow through specified vessels, providing a significant advantage over qualitative x-ray based methods. Finally, these methods were applied to a number of patient groups, including those with vertebro-basilar disease, carotid stenosis and arteriovenous malformation. These preliminary studies demonstrate that useful clinical information regarding collateral blood flow can be obtained with these techniques.

REŠOVSKÁ Radka: Participants of the civil proceedings. [Graduation theses] / Radka Rešovská - Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Law, Department of Civil Law. - Head of the Graduation theses: doc. JUDr. Alena Macková, Ph.D, Prague: PrF UK, 2011. The graduation theses deal with contemporary legal regulations of the civil proceeding participants. A big attention was dedicated to particular definitions of the participants within contentious and non-contentious proceedings. The presumptions are being analysed of which a certain person can become the participant in proceedings and the presumptions of which the participant in proceedings is legitimated to act on his/her own behalf in the trial. Object of theses are also different kinds of representation of the participants, i.e. representation at law, representation at judicial decision or representation under the power of attorney. A relevant part of theses is characteristics of the principle of equality which is reflected in status of participants of the civil proceedings and is a part of the right of due process. A body of the fundamental procedural rights and duties of participants is being presented which constitute the content of procedural relations realized by this way. Attention is concentrated on joinder of participants which are being...

La thèse traite de differents aspects des crises financières et de leur gestion par les régulateurs. Les systèmes financiers complexes, tel le réseau interbancaire, peuvent être modélisés par une approche de type réseau, pour calculer la propagation des faillites et modéliser le risque systémique. Partant d'un réseau d'agents identiquement capitalisés, l'impact d'un ratio de capitalisation est testé selon l'horizon de maximisation des profits des agents. Performante lorsque les agents optimisent en horizon infini, la prévention du risque systémique par ce ratio peut créer d'importants problèmes de liquidité lorsque les agents sont myopes. L'effet des taux d'intérêts sur les bulles de crédit est analysé en partant d'un modèle basé sur une économie de production, dans laquelle les entreprises font face à de rares opportunités d'investissement. Lorsqu'elles investissent, ces entreprises ont recours à de la dette court-terme, limitée à une partie de leur valeur boursière. Dans ce modèle générant des bulles sur les prix des firmes, les taux d'intérêts sur la dette n'ont que peu d'effets sur les prix des firmes. En outre, des réserves sont émises concernant la présence de véritables bulles dans les prix vis-à-vis des concepts historiques. Le précédent modèle est étendu en introduisant une part de dette à long-terme dans le capital des firmes. Dans ce cadre, les valeurs boursières des firmes sont très réactives au taux d'intérêt, étant même discontinues lors de chocs de taux persistants. Par ailleurs, l'économie de production peut atteindre un état bullier: les prix des firmes reflètent les gains de capital uniquement dus à la dette. / Complex financial systems, such as the interbank network, can be naturally captured using a network approach. This allows to calculate contamination of defaults and to model systemic risk. Our network is composed of identically capitalized agents. The effect of a capitalization ratio is determined depending on the maximization horizon of the agents: short-term, myopic or long-term. When agents optimize their payoffs in the long-run, the capitalization ratio is fully effective and prevents systemic risk. However, when agents adopt a myopic behavior, the capitalization ratio may trade systemic risk for liquidity scarcity. Starting from a production economy, in which firms face stochastic investment opportunities, we study the impact of the interest rates on bubbles in firms' prices. Capital of firms is exclusively made of equity, but when facing an investment opportunity, firms may borrow. Precisely, firms access short-term debts, and the amount of the debt is limited to a fraction of the price of their equities. This model seems to recreate bubbles on firms' prices. Unfortunately, interest rates do not affect prices to a large extent, and we may question whether prices of firms include a bubble component, with respect to the standard definition of bubbles: the discounted sum of the incoming cash flows. This previous model is extended by allowing firms to have a permanent debt. Actually, capital of firms is composed of equity and debt. In this case, firms' prices are very sensitive to interest rates, and may be discontinuous when interest rate shocks last over the periods. This model also exhibits a purely bubbly state: prices of firms only represent capitals profits generated by debts, there is no equity.

ABCB1 (ou P-gp pour “glycoprotéine-P”), ABCC1 (ou MRP1 pour “Multidrug Resistance Protein 1”) et ABCG2 (ou BCRP pour “Breast Cancer Resistance Protein”) sont les trois transporteurs ABC humains les plus impliqués dans la chimiorésistance de certaines cellules cancéreuses. Deux stratégies sont possibles pour éradiquer cette résistance : 1) l'élimination ciblée des cellules surexprimant ces transporteurs, grâce au talon d'Achille qu'elles ont développé comme conséquence de leur chimiorésistance : la sensibilité collatérale (ou hypersensibilité), et 2) l'identification et l'optimisation d'inhibiteurs spécifiques. Lors de ce projet, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés au transporteur ABCG2. Dans un premier temps, comme la sensibilité collatérale avait été décrite dans le cas de la surexpression d'ABCB1 ou d'ABCC1, nous voulions vérifier son implication éventuelle dans le cas de la surexpression d'ABCG2. Sans pouvoir finalement conclure sur son existence, nous avons démontré que le mécanisme d'action ne pouvait pas impliquer un efflux massif de glutathion par la protéine, comme c'est le cas pour ABCC1, contrairement à certaines données de la littérature. Dans le cadre de la seconde approche, nous avons criblé différentes séries de composés, apparentés aux flavonoïdes, pour identifier des inhibiteurs spécifiques d'ABCG2. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence des relations structure-activité démontrant l'importance de certains substituants, notamment des groupements méthoxy, non seulement pour l'inhibition de l'activité du transporteur mais aussi pour la cytotoxicité des molécules. Ces études nous ont également permis de classer les inhibiteurs identifiés en 4 familles distinctes, quant à leur mécanisme d'action à la fois sur l'efflux de drogues comme la mitoxantrone et l'activité ATPasique d'ABCG2. Enfin, le meilleur inhibiteur spécifique d'ABCG2 décrit à ce jour, la chromone 6g (ou MBL-II-141) a été caractérisé plus en détails. Son efficacité in vivo pour empêcher la croissance de tumeurs humaines xénogreffées chez la souris nous incite à être optimistes sur la possibilité de proposer un inhibiteur d'ABCG2 comme candidat médicament pour de futures études précliniques / ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 are the 3 human ABC transporters mainly involved in chemoresistance of some cancer cells. Two strategies may eradicate such a resistance: 1) by selectively killing cells overexpressing these transporters thanks to the Achille’s heel they develop consequently to chemoresistance: the so called collateral sensitivity; 2) by the identification and optimization of specific inhibitors. This project has focused on the ABCG2 transporter. Firstly, since collateral sensitivity had already been described in ABCB1- and ABCC1-overexpressing cells, we wanted to verify if it might occur in cases of ABCG2 overexpression. Finally, we could not conclude on its occurence, but we demonstrated that the mechanism could not imply glutathione efflux as it is known to be the case for ABCC1, by contrast with some literature data. Concerning the second approach, we screened different flavonoid compounds to identify new specific ABCG2 inhibitors. We could propose some structure-activity relationships highlighting substituents critical role, particularly concerning methoxy groups, toward both inhibition of the transporter activity and intrinsic cytotoxicity of the molecules. These studies allowed us to propose a classification of the inhibitors into 4 families, thanks to their action mechanism on both inhibition of drug efflux and ATPase activitiy. Finally, the best specific ABCG2 inhibitor, chromone 6g (or MBL-II-141), has been further investigated. Its efficacy to prevent the growth of human tumors xenografted in mice, make us quite optimistic on the possibility to propose an ABCG2 inhibitor as a new drug candidate for future preclinical studies

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o financiamento da política no Brasil por pessoas jurídicas, a fim de evocar os riscos que gera para o processo de escolha dos governantes e a fase governamental. A análise dessas questões dá-se por meio de quatro chaves. A primeira trata da capitalização dos partidos políticos e candidatos, a qual demanda fixação de limites por meio de ferramentas de regulação que buscam equilíbrio nas campanhas eleitorais e no financiamento das atividades dos partidos. A segunda versa sobre os dados de eleições nacionais e de pesquisas empíricas sobre o resultado da participação de pessoas jurídicas, correlacionando-o com os efeitos colaterais do financiamento, quais sejam, a corrupção e a influência do poder econômico. O exame de alguns escândalos tem relevância na atualidade, sobretudo diante da possibilidade de subsidiarem reformas que se apresentam necessárias. A terceira aborda soluções encontradas em outros países para equacionar os efeitos da participação das pessoas jurídicas, com destaque para o debate da questão atinente à liberdade de expressão. A pesquisa revela que a Justiça Eleitoral e a jurisdição constitucional brasileira tiveram papel decisivo na conformação do financiamento da política. A quarta consiste na análise crítica das regras do ordenamento brasileiro, inclusive as decorrentes da reforma política, que visam equacionar os problemas diagnosticados no estudo, e das decisões da jurisprudência que lidaram com o princípio da igualdade. Ao final, alinham-se vantagens e desvantagens do financiamento da política por pessoas jurídicas. / The present work aims to analyze the political financing by legal entities in Brazil in order to evoke the risks for the process of choosing the rulers and the period of governorship. The analysis of the issues considers four keys. The first is about the capitalization of the political parties and the candidates, which demands the fixing of limits through regulation tools to seek the balance in the electoral campaigns and in the financing of the parties activities. The second one concerns the data of the national elections and the empirical researches on the result of the participation of legal entities, correlating it with the side effects of financing, in other words corruption and the influence of the economic power. The exam of some scandals is relevant in the present time mainly considering the possibility of subsidizing reforms that are presented as necessary. The third point considers the other countries solutions to balance the effects of the legal entities contributions especially the discussion of the issue pertaining to freedom of expression. The research reveals that the Electoral Courts and the Brazilian constitutional jurisdiction had a decisive role shaping the political financing. The fourth key is the critical analyses of the Brazilian legal system, including the rules resulting from the political reform, which intended to solve the problems identified in the study, and the case law which dealt with principle of equality. In the end, there is an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of political financing by legal entities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Eisenhower Farias.pdf: 721147 bytes, checksum: bbdac49c9e74cb536cbc1eb10d5b90b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-25 / Access to small credit is becoming increasingly difficult to get and one of the most important reasons to this is the absence of guarantees offered to the financial institution by the borrower. Microcredit has arisen as a solution to the hindrance of credit access through the use of the co-signers mechanism, in which a group takes responsibility over paying the obtained funding. In Brazil, the main source of funds of the national program of productive microcredit (PNMPO) comes partly from demand deposits of commercial banks which provide credit operations requiring some kind of collateral to solve the problem of conflicting information. What we see in the microcredit program of the country is that a significant amount of the resources which should be addressed to the microcredit is found idle. Thus, the primal aim of this study is to identify and discuss ways of improving guarantees which could be used in the microcredit program of Brazil. To investigate the proposed theme, a bibliographical research was conducted revising the main concepts of the microfinance theory and the guarantee systems. A research on experiences in microcredit programs was also developed, as well as the types of guarantees used in these places, mainly in Latin America and the Caribbean. This study also includes the experiences of some countries which make use of mutualist guarantee systems, with its origin in Europe. Through this study we have identified that we have few guarantee programs in Brazil, instead of a national system of guarantees, as in other countries, such as Chile, where the guarantee fund FOGAPE provides guarantees to financial institutions upon part of the credit operations made by these institutions, including microcredit operations / O acesso ao crédito de pequeno porte enfrenta enormes dificuldades, e uma das mais importantes é a ausência de garantias oferecidas para a instituição financeira por parte do tomador dos recursos. O microcrédito surgiu como uma solução para resolver o entrave na obtenção do crédito através da utilização do mecanismo do aval solidário onde o grupo formado se responsabiliza pelo pagamento do financiamento obtido. No Brasil, a principal fonte de recursos do programa nacional de microcrédito produtivo orientado (PNMPO) tem como origem parte dos depósitos à vista de bancos comerciais que realizam operações de crédito solicitando algum tipo de colateral para solucionar o problema da assimetria da informação. O que se verifica no programa de microcrédito do país é que parte significativa dos recursos que deveriam ser direcionados ao microcrédito encontra-se ociosa. Assim, o objetivo central do estudo é discutir e identificar mecanismos de aperfeiçoamento de garantias que poderiam ser utilizadas dentro do programa de microcrédito no Brasil. Para investigar o tema proposto foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica revisando os principais conceitos da teoria das microfinanças e de sistemas de garantia, bem como, pesquisas de experiências de programas de microcrédito e os tipos de garantia utilizada nestes locais, sobretudo em países da América Latina e Caribe. Inclui-se também nesta pesquisa as experiências de alguns países que possuem sistemas de garantia do tipo mutualista que teve origem na Europa. Identificamos com o estudo que no Brasil temos poucos programas de garantia e não um sistema nacional de garantias como em outros países. É o caso do Chile onde o fundo de garantia FOGAPE fornece garantia a instituições financeiras para parte de operações de crédito realizada por estas instituições, inclusive em operações de microcrédito

A presente dissertação examina a cessão fiduciária do direito do acionista aos dividendos, bem como a titularidade fiduciária (garantia real) dela resultante. A razão para a análise desses institutos deve-se ao aumento no uso desta forma de garantia em operações financeiras complexas realizadas no mercado nacional. Primeiramente, é feita uma análise das diversas acepções (perfis) que o direito do acionista ao dividendo pode assumir no contexto do ordenamento jurídico nacional, para daí concluir que tal direito é passível de cessão tanto em sua condição de crédito, presente ou futuro (a depender, justamente, da existência ou não de lucros sociais já deliberados), quanto em sua condição de direito expectativo. Isto é, de direito que o acionista detém, a partir do momento em que se torna titular de ações, de vir a adquirir direitos de créditos de dividendos a serem distribuídos pela companhia de tempos em tempos. Em razão da necessidade da imediata constituição da garantia real, especialmente diante de uma eventual falência ou recuperação judicial do devedor, este trabalho conclui que a titularidade fiduciária deve recair sobre o direito expectativo aos dividendos, visto ser ele um direito já existente e que permite ao seu respectivo titular se tornar, direta e imediatamente, proprietário dos créditos de dividendos que vierem a ser futuramente distribuídos pela companhia, desde que estes estejam limitados a certos valores e/ou períodos previamente acordados entre o credor/financiador e o devedor/acionista. Ademais, apesar de ser um direito inerente à participação social, o destaque e a cessão autônoma do direito expectativo aos dividendos não conflita com o disposto no art. 28 da LSA. O presente estudo argumenta também que o credor fiduciário pode, nos termos do art. 113 da LSA, exercer certos direitos de voto na companhia, desde que (1) o objeto da garantia seja o direito expectativo aos dividendos e (2) a sua influência nas deliberações sociais restrinja-se a estabelecer a forma como o lucro social será apurado e distribuído pela sociedade. Por fim, é argumentado também que, por ser uma garantia que recai sobre direitos patrimoniais pagos em dinheiro, duas consequências imediatas revelam- se aplicáveis: (i) durante o período em que não existe qualquer inadimplemento ou vencimento regular da dívida garantida, os dividendos que vierem a ser pagos pela companhia deverão ser destinados ao acionista devedor, podendo o credor deles se beneficiar apenas quando existir o efetivo vencimento ou inadimplemento da dívida; e (ii) durante o período de inadimplemento ou na data de vencimento regular da dívida, o credor pode reter os recursos necessários à satisfação de seu crédito, desde que restitua o eventual excedente ao acionista devedor, não havendo, por isso, razão que justifique o enquadramento da excussão da garantia como sendo uma violação à proibição do pacto comissório, conforme prevista no Direito brasileiro. / This dissertation examines the fiduciary assignment of shareholders rights to dividends, as well as the fiduciary ownership (security interest) resulting from it. The reason for the analysis of these legal institutes comes from the increasing use of this type of security interest in complex financial transactions carried out in the local markets. Firstly, this works conducts the analysis of the various meanings (perspectives) which shareholders\' rights to dividends may have in different contexts of the Brazilian legal system, concluding that this right may be transferred either as a credit right, existing in the present or in the future (depending precisely on the existence of corporate profits already distributed or not), or as an expectance right. By this last one, we mean the right held by the shareholder as soon as he/she/it becomes the owner of the shares issued by a certain company that enables him/her/it to become the owner of the dividends distributed by the company from time to time. Due to the importance of the immediate granting of the security interest, especially in light of a possible bankruptcy or judicial reorganization process involving the debtor, this paper concludes that the fiduciary ownership should have the expectance right to dividends as its underlying asset. This is so because such right is already an existing right that allows the shareholder to become, directly and immediately, the owner of the dividends to be distributed by the company in the future, as long as those dividends are limited to certain amounts or periods previously agreed between the creditor/financier and the debtor/shareholder. Furthermore, despite being an inherent right to the equity stake, the detach of the expectance right to dividends from the shares which comes from, following by its assignment to other parties, does not conflict with the provision set forth in Section 28 of the Brazilian Corporation Act. This study also argues that the secured creditor may exercise certain voting rights in the company responsible for the payment of the dividends, pursuant to Section 113 of the Brazilian Corporation Act, provided that: (1) the underlying asset of the security interest is the expectance right to dividends; and (2) his/her/its influence in the companys decisions is limited to the manner according to which the corporate profits will be accounted and distributed by the company. Finally, it is also argued that, for being a security interest that has receivables as its underlying assets, two consequences turn out to be applicable. (i) Over the period in which there is no default or regular maturity of the secured debt, dividends paid by the company shall be allocated in favor of the shareholder/debtor. The creditor will be able to receive them in the maturity date or upon the occurrence of a default only. (ii) Over a default period or on the regular maturity date, the creditor may retain the necessary amount of dividends to satisfy his/her/its credit, provided that any excess cash shall be transferred to the shareholder/debtor, reason for which there are reasonable grounds to sustain that this foreclosure mechanism does not violate the non-retention of collateral assets convention rule (pacto comissório) provided under Brazilian law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thais Martins Sales.pdf: 1293785 bytes, checksum: 6161405c79ed51ec0c3dacacebe67ee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was an attempt to investigate possible relations between responding that is reinforced according to schedules based on a temporal parameter and performing other activities to which no reinforcement contingencies are programmed. These activities have been called adjunctive behavior, collateral behavior or interim activities. Two questions guided this study: a) is there any difference in response rate, average time between reinforcers, and percentage of reinforced responses when an FI schedule or a DRL schedule is in force, if the subject can engage in other activities; b) are typical sequential patterns developed between responses when these schedules are in force? Four male food deprived rats were subjects of this experiment. The apparatus was an experimental box with seven chambers in which subjects could perform different activities, such as bar pressing, eating, running, drinking, and wood-chewing. For two subjects, bar pressing was reinforced according to three DRL schedules (DRL 4s, DRL 5s, and DRL 20s). One of the subjects was first kept in the chamber with the bar and food dispenser and then was allowed to access the other chambers, the other was first allowed to access the other chambers and then was kept in the chamber with the bar and food dispenser. For the other two subjects, bar presses were reinforced according to two FI schedules (FI 5s and FI 10s). One of the subjects first had access to all chambers and then was kept in the chamber with the bar and food dispenser, and the other was kept in the chamber with the bar and food dispenser during the whole experiment. Bar presses, reinforcement deliveries, and occupancy of chambers were recorded. Results show there was a difference in response rate, average time between reinforcers, and percentage of reinforced responses in both schedules, depending on the access condition, mainly when responses were reinforced according to schedules higher than FI 5s and DRL 4s. Higher response rates, lower average time between reinforcers and higher percentage of reinforced responses were observed for the DRL subjects when access was possible than when it was not possible, and higher response rates, higher average time between reinforcers and higher percentage of reinforced responses were observed for the FI subjects when access was possible than when it was not possible. No typical sequential patterns were observed when access was possible and either of the two studied schedules was in force. Results are discussed in terms of possible controlling variables to performing activities other than bar pressing when responding is being reinforced according to FI and DRL schedules / O presente trabalho é uma tentativa de investigação de possíveis relações entre o responder reforçado segundo dois esquemas de reforçamento que envolvem parâmetros temporais e o engajamento em atividades para as quais não há reforço programado, chamadas de atividades ínterim, comportamento adjuntivo ou comportamento colateral. Duas perguntas dirigiram a realização deste trabalho: a) há diferença na taxa de respostas, tempo médio entre reforços e porcentagem de respostas reforçadas segundo esquemas DRL e FI, caso haja possibilidade de engajamento em outras atividades? e b) alguma seqüência típica de engajamento em outras atividades é formada no intervalo entre respostas reforçadas segundo estes esquemas? Os sujeitos do experimento foram quatro ratos machos privados de alimento. Foi utilizada uma caixa experimental com sete compartimentos, nos quais era possível o engajamento em diferentes atividades: pressionar a barra, comer, beber, correr, roer madeira. Dois sujeitos tiveram as respostas de pressão à barra reforçadas segundo esquemas DRL com três valores diferentes (4s, 9s e 20s). Um deles passou, primeiro, por uma condição na qual o acesso a todos os compartimentos era permitido, chamada de aberta, e, segundo, por uma condição na qual era mantido no compartimento onde havia a barra e o comedouro, chamada de fechada, e o outro sujeito passou, primeiro, pela condição fechada e, segundo, pela condição aberta. Os outros dois sujeitos tiveram as respostas de pressão à barra reforçadas segundo esquemas FI com dois valores diferentes (5s, 10s). Um sujeito passou primeiro pela condição aberta e, depois, pela condição fechada e o outro passou apenas pela condição fechada. As pressões à barra, os reforços e a permanência nos compartimentos foram registrados. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença na taxa de respostas, tempo médio entre reforços e porcentagem de respostas reforçadas em função da condição de acesso, especialmente quando as respostas de pressão à barra foram reforçadas segundo o esquema DRL 9s e DRL 20s, para os dois primeiros sujeitos, e segundo o FI 10s, para os outros dois sujeitos. Na condição aberta com esquema DRL em vigor, observou-se uma menor taxa de respostas, menor tempo entre reforços e maior porcentagem de respostas reforçadas do que na condição fechada, com o mesmo esquema em vigor. Na aberta com esquema FI em vigor, observou-se uma menor taxa de respostas, maior tempo entre reforços e maior porcentagem de respostas reforçadas do que na condição fechada, com o mesmo esquema em vigor. Seqüências típicas de engajamento em outras atividades não foram observadas quando o acesso era possível e o responder era reforçado segundo os esquemas FI e DRL. Os resultados são discutidos em termos de possíveis variáveis que controlam o engajamento em outras atividades, quando respostas são reforçadas segundo estes dois esquemas