Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3071922 bytes, checksum: 48d46b8aebf39c5cd1a3b7b837b070fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The research objective was to develop a resource management proposal based on wood fuel usage. Relied on the classic resource management science and its principles, presuppositions and hypothesis from biological science, the research aimed to overcome theoretical vulnerabilities from developed frameworks of this science resulted of lack of prediction and explanation of empirical problems. It also aimed to introduce elements from the social science which could explain better the wood fuel usage dynamics. The analysis started with the evaluation of concepts and their relationships in the classic resource management science. After the identification of some vulnerability in the classic model, the research exposes a way that could overcome some of these by the usage of systems basic thinking and the New Institutional Economics approach. These theories showed how difficult is to comprehend collective human behavior and this evidence directed the research to new concepts and proposals which helped the process of understanding collective human behavior with wood fuel use. The application of the framework was based in Lavras Novas, district belonged to Ouro Preto city, MG, which has a complex dynamic of wood fuel usage. This application allowed a comparison of the framework with the usage pattern in the locality which allowed the analysis of the theoretical and empirical viability of the framework and made possible the suggestion of utilities of the framework to future researchers in resource management area. / O presente trabalho objetivou desenvolver uma proposta de manejo de recursos tendo como referência empírica o uso da madeira energética. Sendo orientado pela ciência clássica do manejo de recursos apoiada pelos princípios, pressupostos e hipóteses das ciências biológicas, a proposta da pesquisa consistiu em superar as vulnerabilidades teóricas dos modelos desenvolvidos por essa ciência, resultantes de anomalias empíricas não previstas e não explicadas, e introduzir elementos explicativos aos modelos por meio da identificação de alternativas teóricas nas ciências sociais. Desta maneira, a análise inicial recaiu sobre conceitos e relações entre esses conceitos, conforme apresentados pela proposição clássica de manejo de recursos. A partir dessa apresentação e da identificação das suas vulnerabilidades, houve a exposição de como a abordagem sistêmica e a teoria da nova economia institucional podem suprir, pelos conceitos, pressupostos e relações entre os conceitos, algumas daquelas vulnerabilidades. Não obstante, a partir dessas teorias, identificou-se, ainda, a complexidade da compreensão do comportamento grupal entre seres humanos, o que direcionou a investigação teórica para conceitos e proposições que permitiram apreender o comportamento coletivo em um ambiente estruturado pelo uso energético da madeira para diversos fins. A delimitação do ambiente, representado pelo distrito de Lavras Novas por apresentar uma complexa dinâmica de uso socioeconômico do recurso, permitiu a comparação do sistema teórico desenvolvido com o padrão de utilização do recurso na localidade. Isso permitiu analisar a viabilidade teórica e prática do sistema desenvolvido em relação ao padrão de utilização encontrado empiricamente e sugerir possíveis aplicabilidades do modelo para a pesquisa em manejo de recursos.

Access to basic water and sanitation services, the local public health goods, is a human right and a public health necessity. Provision of these services is typically devolved to Local Governments to ensure they correspond to the local needs. In rural India, such a correspondence is sub-optimal, with high local needs and poor provision by the Local Governments (Panchayats). The citizen participation in Panchayat's public deliberative meetings (Grama Sabha) is weak. The community context is characterised by social fragmentation and high socio-economic inequality. This research examined, whether and how better deliberative participation in Panchayat meetings was associated with better provision of these services by the Panchayats. The research used a three-staged systematic sampling method. Using correlational field survey design it gathered primary data from 99 panchayats in Karnataka State, and from 99 villages and 396 individuals within these Panchayats. Factor analytic and multivariate regression techniques were used to analyse the data in the statistical software, Stata® v.13. Results suggest, better Grama Sabha meetings (that were convened more frequently, attended by a higher number of people with better representativeness, where discussions approximate to the deliberative norms: reciprocal, pro-social and accountable; and decisions taken have a common good orientation) were associated with better provision of water and sanitation services by the Panchayat. Further analysis suggested two possible explanations for this association: First, the individuals who participated more frequently in deliberative meetings of the Panchayat and where discussions approximated to the deliberative norms; were associated with: • Better information on availability and accessibility to services; • Better external political efficacy, a perception of greater responsiveness of the Panchayat to their needs and their efforts to influence it; and hence engage evenly in discussions; • Better sense of community, a greater willingness to cooperate and coordinate, to find mutual needs and seek convergence when they are heterogeneous. Above findings suggest, in a participatory setting, these individuals can be associated with better capability to collectively engage; to articulate, communicate and identify the mostii common of their service needs and frame it as a collective demand, through policy objective, for provision by the Panchayats. Second, better Grama Sabha meetings were associated with better rule of law in policy administration at the Panchayat level. This suggests, rule-bound conversion of policy objectives into actual service outputs; a reflection of responsiveness and accountability of the bureaucratic action in achieving administrative commitment to the legislative goals. In conclusion, better deliberative participation can be associated with better capability of the individuals to engage in collective action. This can improve the correspondence between the needs and the provision; by strengthening individuals' collective demand for the services and by improving the responsiveness of the Panchayat in the supply of these services.

Par une contestation radicale du patriarcat et visant une « libération des femmes », les mouvements féministes qui se développent dans les années 1970 ont contribué à remettre en question les rapports de genre dans de nombreux domaines. À partir d’une recherche combinant travail sur archives, enquête par questionnaire et entretiens, la thèse prend pour objet l’engagement de femmes dans ces mobilisations en France. Elle vise à comprendre comment la participation à ce mouvement social – caractérisé par la politisation de la sphère privée – a transformé les trajectoires de militantes « ordinaires » et celles de leurs enfants. Au moyen d’une approche localisée et comparée, la thèse analyse d’abord les contextes militants dans lesquels les féministes ont circulé et ont été socialisées. Retraçant les mobilisations féministes qui se déploient à Lyon et à Grenoble entre 1970 et 1984, elle revisite l’histoire des féminismes français de la « deuxième vague ». Étudiant ensuite les carrières militantes des féministes, la thèse montre les effets socialisateurs durables de ces engagements et leur empreinte sur les différentes sphères de leur vie. Des analyses séquentielles permettent de mettre au jour leurs principaux devenirs jusqu’à aujourd’hui, sur le plan politique comme sur le plan personnel. Resserrant la focale d’analyse sur les féministes devenues mères, l’enquête révèle finalement par quels pratiques et processus une transmission familiale du féminisme s’est opérée et quels héritages politiques en résultent chez les enfants. Elle dégage plusieurs facteurs pour comprendre les appropriations différenciées de ces héritages parmi la deuxième génération. / The feminist movements that arose in the 1970’s, promoting a radical contestation of patriarchy and committed to “women’s liberation”, helped challenge gender relations in many areas. Built upon an empirical research that combines archival work, questionnaires and interviews, my dissertation focuses on the women who took part in these mobilizations in France. It aims to understand how the involvement in this movement, characterised by the politicization of the private sphere, transformed “common” activists’ trajectories and those of their children. Using a local and comparative approach, this work first analyses the contexts in which the feminists evolved and were socialised. By tracing the feminist mobilizations that unfolded in Lyons and Grenoble between 1970 and 1984, it also revisits the history of the “second wave” French women’s movements. The study of the feminists’ activist careers then highlights the lasting socialising effects of their commitments and the impact they had on different areas of their life. Likewise, the use of sequence analysis reveals the trajectories they followed until present day, both from a political and personal prospect. Finally, a deeper focus on the activists who became mothers uncovers how intergenerational transmission of feminism occurred and which political contents the children inherited. In particular, this dissertation proposes several factors that help understand the differentiated appropriations of this heritage among the second generation.

Au croisement de la sociologie de l’action et de l’anthropologie de la communication et du langage, la thèse entend vérifier l’hypothèse de la co-construction d’un outillage collectif de la fabrique de la ville. Elle s’appuie sur une ethnographie de quatre processus participatifs sur des projets urbains franciliens de différentes natures : projet de rénovation et éco projet. La première partie montre comment se dessine un cadre d’action dans lequel la fabrique de la ville devient un projet participatif qui met les acteurs en situation d’enquête collective. Le face à face devient un double espace de projétation - projection des transformations urbaines - et de fabrique des modalités et ressources participatives. Saisir ce double espace nécessite une approche socio-anthropologique.La seconde partie s’intéresse aux contraintes avec lesquelles les participants doivent conjuguer : elle insiste sur les différents cadrages qui contribuent très fortement à la définition d’une offre participative (mises en place dans le cadre de commande public ou encore d’une recherche-action). Les contraintes se situent dans les trois niveaux de l’activité participative (interactionnelle, organisationnelle et politique), ce qui rend l’exercice collectif très complexe. Dans une perspective pragmatiste, la troisième partie s’attache à regarder comment la participation remodèle les ressources de l’échange en face à face et comment elle construit des façons de (faire) participer. Elle insiste sur les obstacles et les leviers d’un outillage collectif. L’étude ethnographique dégage un contraste dans les possibles redéfinitions de la situation qui sont laissées aux acteurs. / Situated between sociology of action and anthropology of communication and language, the thesis intends to verify the hypothesis of a collective tooling for building the city. It is based on the ethnography of four participatory processes in different urban projects situated in the Paris metropolitan area, ranging from the eco-project to the urban renewal project. The first part of the thesis retraces the history of the emergence of the participation, mainly from the point of view of the understanding and the recognition of the city and its inhabitants. It shows how a framework for action when building the city becomes a participative process of collective investigation. The face-to-face becomes a double space of “projétation”. Understanding this needs to develop a socio-anthropological approach.The second part analyses the constraints that the inhabitants have to deal with: it insists on the various framings that contribute very strongly to the definition of the participative offer (organized within the framework of a public order or a research action). These constrains are situated (and can be read) at the same three participative activity levels (interactional, organizational and political), with further complexity for the collective process. Using a pragmatist analytical frame, the third part attempts to describe how the participation process remodels the resources of the face-to-face exchange, and how it builds ways to devise/engage in the participation process. It insists on the obstacles and the levers of a collective tooling of the process. The ethnographical study allowed to identify different possible redefinitions of the situation available to the actors.

No description available.

Au croisement des courants de recherche sur l’étude du travail et sur celle de l’organisation, la thèse analyse la transformation de la main d’œuvre dans l’entreprise via la généralisation du recours à des formes d’emploi qualifiées d’atypiques. La littérature fait état d’une tendance à la déconnexion entre, d'une part, des pratiques de travail dans l’entreprise mêlant des individus aux statuts juridiques différents et, d'autre part, des théories de l’organisation reposant sur une relation d’emploi uniforme entre l’entreprise et ses travailleurs. Sur le terrain, les travailleurs réalisent l’activité de l’entreprise qu’ils soient salariés ou extérieurs, tout en conservant la représentation d’une main d’œuvre constituée de salariés. L’observation directe de la collaboration entre des salariés et des travailleurs extérieurs sur le lieu de travail de l’entreprise permet de comprendre les mécanismes à l’œuvre dans la réalisation commune d’activités sur le lieu de travail de l’entreprise. Pour décrire cette catégorie d’action, qui se situe entre l’étude du travail et celle de l’organisation (au sens de structure formelle représentée par l’entreprise), on proposera la notion d' « équipe composite ». L’équipe composite s’envisage comme une entité modulaire dont les statuts juridiques des travailleurs constituent les interfaces. L’entreprise intègre l’équipe composite au sein de sa structure légitime par des mécanismes bureaucratiques atténués. Quant aux acteurs, ils composent leur rôle de travailleur sur le lieu de l’entreprise au-delà de leur statut juridique et en fonction d’un répertoire construit à partir de leur expérience professionnelle. / Bridging work and organization studies, the dissertation analyzes changing workforce in the workplace due to the rising use of nonstandard arrangements. Previous research shows that the current organizational theory is based on inadequate conceptions of work inherited from industrial era. Today, the use of nonstandard work arrangements is very common. This leads to a blend of regular workers and nonstandard workers in the same work situation. As individuals don’t formulate the blending way of performing activities, we observe that a collective action remains possible even if the workers' legal statuses are different. As a consequence, a direct observation is needed to sort out the issue of the collaboration of regular workers and nonstandard workers in a firm’s workplace in order to understand how collective action happens. The “composite team” expression could describe this kind of collective action occurring in a specific organization involving people whose statuses differ. The firm does not disappear by integrating people from other organizations; it acts as an integrator of modular units composed by a composite team. The individuals play a role beyond their legal status in the workplace, depending on a repertoire built from professional experience.

Este artículo se propone la comprensión de los cambios en lac omunidad de Catac como resultado de la acción colectiva ante los desafíos del contexto que se configuran como oportunidades y restricciones, y frente a las exigencias internas que se expresan como demandas de los grupos de interés o facciones que conforman la comunidad. En una comunidad heterogénea como Catac, la acción colectiva no es algo que se da por supuesto sino una acción deliberada; sin embargo, tiende a ser frágil y generalmente se rompe ante las presiones externas y las relaciones de poder definidas en términos de facciones al interior de la comunidad. / This article proposes a comprehension of social changes in the peasant community of Catac as results of collective action in a context where challenges present themselves as political opportunities and social contentions as well as internal demands of interest groups or factions. In an heterogeneous community as Catac, collective action is not something that is taken for granted but it is deliberately created and constituted. However, it tends to be fragile and usually breaks because of outside pressures and the power relations defined as relations among factions that exist in community.

No description available.

El crecimiento económico agroexportador en el valle de Ica se ha llevado a cabo concentrando la tierra y las fuentes de agua subterránea. Este proceso ha dado mayor poder a las empresas agroexportadoras, las cuales responden individualmente a la demanda del mercado internacional. El incremento en la demanda externa de los productos del valle genera importantes beneficios privados, pero inhibe la acción colectiva para la conservación del acuífero. Cada empresa decide la cantidad de pozos a perforar y el volumen de agua subterránea que debe extraer, dados los requerimientos técnicos de los cultivos; y ante una débil regulación pública. La mayor extracción con respecto a la reserva y disponibilidad de agua lleva a un descenso del volumen del acuífero y a un deterioro del recurso común y consecuente escasez. / The economic growth experienced in the agricultural export sector in the Ica Valley has gone along with the concentration of land and groundwater sources. This process has given more power to the exporting companies, which respond individually to demand from international markets. The external demand increase of Ica valley’s products generates significant private gains, but inhibitscollective action towards the conservation of the aquifer. Each company decides the number of wells to be drilled and the volume of groundwater to be drawn, given the technical requirements of the crops and the weak government regulation. The increased extraction compared to the reserve and availability of water, leads to a decrease in the volume of water in the aquifer and to the degradation of the common and consequent scarcity.The research has followed the institutional economy approach to analyze the inter-relations between the social, the technological and the public policies in Ica’s Valley looking for an interdisciplinary perspective.

Ces dernières années, l'Algérie a amorcé un plan national ambitieux en matière de construction de logements tous types confondus. À titre d'exemple, 1,6 millions de logements sont inscrits pour réalisation dans le programme quinquennal 2015-2019. Néanmoins, et en raison du manque de main d'œuvre qualifiée, les entreprises chargées de construire ces logements ont fait appel à une main d'œuvre venue de l'étranger : la Chine, le Japon, l'Espagne, l'Égypte, etc. Devant cette situation, il a été constaté que le secteur du BTP algérien représente actuellement environ le tiers des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles à l'échelle nationale. Cependant, aucune indication n'est fournie sur la question de l'émergence des risques psychosociaux dus à l'organisation du travail de cette filière globalisée avec importation de mains d’œuvre. C'est la raison pour laquelle une réflexion a été initiée en ce sens, dont la réalisation d'une thèse de doctorat en France sur ces questions. Cette thèse consiste donc à acquérir les théories sur les risques psychosociaux et celles des organisations. Pour ce faire, j’ai volontairement mis l'accent sur l'historique de ces risques en Europe et surtout en France, sur la mise en agenda de l'émergence des RPS, particulièrement via l'affaire des suicides et tentatives de suicide chez France Télécom fortement médiatisée et relayée syndicalement. Pour creuser sur cette question, nous avons posé deux hypothèses d'aggravation des RPS. En premier lieu, les RPS s'aggraveraient par déséquilibre entre régulation de contrôle (managériale) trop élevée, et régulation autonome (par les employés qui organisent leur activité de la façon qui semble la mieux indiquée) en référence à la théorie de J.D. Reynaud. En deuxième lieu, les RPS s'aggraveraient par déficit de démocratie organisationnelle de forme participative, ce qui complète la première hypothèse. Cela étant dit, nous soulignons que le chapitre que nous avons consacré à l'épistémologie (les six schèmes d'intelligibilité de J.M. Berthelot qui ont été repris, amendés et opérationnalisés par Pascale De Rozario dans le cadre de l'étude du phénomène du suicide) nous a permis de faire l'inventaire des théories dédiées aux RPS et de les évaluer au regard du modèle implicite (non dit) qu'elles portent sur les relations entre organisation et individu. Il faut également souligner que nous avons opté pour une approche constructiviste, objet du dernier chapitre de la thèse. En commençant d'abord par une approche « top-down » ; nous avons utilisée notre revue de littérature théorique (J.D. Reynaud, Marie-Hélène Bacqué, Yves Sintomer et autres auteurs) pour la confronter à une revue pratique et managériale de 4 observatoires (observatoires analysés au regard des contenus sur les RPS diffusés et des manières dont ils diffusent, interprètent, explicitent les rapports entre RPS, organisation et régulation managériale de l'activité) et puis nous avons suivi une approche « bottom-up ». Et c'est à ce moment-là que nous avons fait du constructivisme. Ce dernier chapitre représente notre proposition théorique, méthodologique et opérationnelle une fois de retour en Algérie pour amorcer une politique publique nationale de sensibilisation, de gestion et de prévention des RPS, notamment au travers la mise en œuvre d'un observatoire des RPS adapté au secteur du BTP. / These last years, Algeria began an ambitious national plan on housing construction of all types. For example, 1,6 million homes are registered for realization under the five-year period 2015-2019. However and due to lack of skilled labor, companies in charge to build these homes used a workforce from abroad: China, Japan, Spain, Egypt, etc. In front of this situation, it was noticed that the sector of building and public works currently represents about a third of occupational accidents and professional diseases at national scale. However, no indication is provided on the question of emergence of psychosocial risks due to the organization of work. This is why a study was initiated in this direction, of whom the realization of a doctoral thesis in France. This thesis thus consists in acquiring theories on psychosocial risks and those of organizations. To do this, it was necessary in particular to put the accent on history of these risks in Europe and especially in France, the agenda setting on the emergence of psychosocial risks, particularly via the case of suicides and suicide attempts at France Télécom. In this wake and dig on this question, we put two hypotheses of worsening of psychosocial risks. Firstly, psychosocial risks aggravate by imbalance between regulation of control (managerial) too high, and autonomous regulation (by workers who organize their activity of the way which seems the best indicated) in reference to the theory of J.D. Reynaud. In the second place, psychosocial risks aggravate by deficit of organizational democracy of participative form, which joins and completes the first hypothesis. That being said, we indicate that the chapter that we devoted to epistemology (six schemes of intelligibility of J.M. Berthelot, which were taken, amended and operationalized by Pascale De Rozario within the framework of the study of the phenomenon of suicide) allowed us to make the inventory of theories dedicated to psychosocial risks and to evaluate them taking into consideration model which they carry on the relation between organization and individual.It should also be noted that we opted for a constructivist approach, object of the last chapter of the thesis. While starting initially with a top-down approach; we took our review of theoretical literature (J.D. Reynaud, Marie-Hélène Bacqué, Yves Sintomer and others authors) and we confronted it with a practical and managerial review of 4 observatories (observatories analyzed with regard to the contents on diffused psychosocial risks and in the manners of which they diffuse, interpret, clarify the reports between psychosocial risks, organization and managerial regulation of the activity) and then we followed a bottom-up approach. And It's at this moment there that we made constructivism. This last chapter represents our theoretical, methodological and operational proposal once return in Algeria to initiate a national public policy of sensitizing, management and prevention of psychosocial risks, in particular with through the implementation of an observatory of psychosocial risks adapted to the sector of building and public works.