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This paper analyses the reframing strategies (Baker, 2006) and transfer of communicational functions (Nord, 2010) in some news translated by state-owned Peruvian News Agency Andina (Agencia Peruana de Noticias Andina) from Spanish to English. This media platform uses translation to expand its readership to foreigners that might be interested in visiting and investing in Peru (Andina, 2016, par. 14), thus helping the nation's economy to grow. The study is based on a bilingual corpus of 114 news articles published in the economics and tourism sections during 2019. The contrastive text analysis showed how Andina reframes the translations to adapt them into a new sociocultural context, reflecting the discourse of the Peru brand. Andina translations reveal the use of reframing strategies to recontextualize events having an impact on Peruvian economy, to herald a "patriotic" discourse that highlights government's achievements, targeting Peruvian readership, and to provide information related to Peruvian tourist attractions. The changes in communicative functions inform change in text type focus in a set of translated news towards a tourism genre.

No description available.

When the covid-19 pandemic started, managers were only able to lead their employees through digital communication. During the subsequent telework a completely new research area, in need of new knowledge, was created. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of opportunities and challenges of remote leadership, experienced by managers. This at a time of only digital communication with employees, with no physical meetings or interactions. The study will answer the following two issues, “What factors are important for managers to take into account when applying a leadership style to teleworking employees?” and “Which internal communication functions in the organization have worked better or not according to managers, when remotely managing employees?”. This exploratory study has its theoretical starting point in situational theory, as well as in Richmond, McCroskey and Powell’s six functions in organizational communication. Through semi-structured interviews, empirical data has been collected and then analyzed through coding, thematization and summation. The result of this study indicates that future managers, conducting digital leadership, will need to take each employee's needs and personal situation into account. Managers need to adopt a functioning leadership style, while keeping important factors regarding employees in mind. This in order to successfully lead each teleworking employee through digital communication.

Os fóruns de discussão na internet apresentam características de língua falada, entre as quais a alta freqüência do uso de partículas modais (PMs). As PMs têm diversas funções complexas que só podem ser analisadas do ponto de vista pragmático ou conversacional. Nesta dissertação, são analisadas as funções comunicativas e conversacionais das partículas modais em oito excertos de um fórum alemão de discussão sobre política, economia e meio ambiente. As 26 PMs presentes no corpus e suas funções comunicativas foram identificadas, descritas e interpretadas com base na classificação de Helbig (1990), sendo as mais freqüentes ja1 (18% do total), also (11%) e eben (6%), que respondem juntas por 35% das ocorrências no corpus. As PMs foram também agrupadas de acordo com suas funções conversacionais. Propõe-se que as PMs atuam em 13 procedimentos específicos, aqui denominados ações conversacionais, níveis intermediários entre as funções comunicativas próprias de cada PM e as funções conversacionais propostas por Helbig (1990). Cinco funções conversacionais foram identificadas no corpus, a saber: indicadora atitudinal, indicadora ou modificadora de ilocução, articuladora conversacional, realizadora de estratégia interacional e conectora. Apenas a função definidora situacional não apresenta ocorrências, possivelmente porque a situação comunicativa já é fortemente definida. A função conversacional mais utilizada foi a articuladora conversacional (35,05%), seguindo-se a indicadora atitudinal (22,68%), a conectora (22,16%), a realizadora de estratégia interacional (12,89%) e a indicadora ou modificadora de ilocução (7,22%). Os resultados do estudo demonstram que as PMs podem ser utilizadas ativamente na organização e manutenção da conversação, não apenas para expressar a atitude do falante (como costuma ser indicado na literatura sobre o tema), mas também com fins argumentativos e para manter e direcionar a interação. / Discussion forums in the Internet present characteristics from spoken language, among those marks is a high frequency of modal particles (Modalpartikeln). Modal particles have several complex functions that only can be analyzed from a pragmatic or conversational point of view. In this dissertation, communicative and conversational functions of modal particles are analyzed in eight interactions in discussion forums about politics, economics and environment. The 26 modal particles present in the corpus and their communicative functions were identified, described and analyzed according to HELBIGs classification (1990), the most frequent being ja1 (18%), also (11%) e eben (6%), which together account for 35% from all events in the corpus. The modal particles were also classified according to their conversational functions. It is proposed that modal particles act in 13 specific procedures, named here conversational actions, intermediate levels between the characteristic communicative functions of each modal particles and the conversational functions proposed by Helbig (1990). Five conversational functions were identified in the corpus: attitude indicator; illocution indicator or modifier; discourse articulator, interactional strategist, discourse connector. Only the situational qualifier function was not present in the corpus, probably because the communicative situation is already clearly defined. The most frequent conversational function was the discourse articulator (35,05%), followed by the attitude indicator (22,68%), the discourse connector (22,16%), the interactional strategy marker (12,89%) and the illocution indicator or modifier (7,22%). The results show that modal particles play a important role organizing and maintaining the discourse, not only to express the speaker attitude (as commonly found in the literature), but also to reach argumentative aims and to maintain and to manage the interaction.

Os fóruns de discussão na internet apresentam características de língua falada, entre as quais a alta freqüência do uso de partículas modais (PMs). As PMs têm diversas funções complexas que só podem ser analisadas do ponto de vista pragmático ou conversacional. Nesta dissertação, são analisadas as funções comunicativas e conversacionais das partículas modais em oito excertos de um fórum alemão de discussão sobre política, economia e meio ambiente. As 26 PMs presentes no corpus e suas funções comunicativas foram identificadas, descritas e interpretadas com base na classificação de Helbig (1990), sendo as mais freqüentes ja1 (18% do total), also (11%) e eben (6%), que respondem juntas por 35% das ocorrências no corpus. As PMs foram também agrupadas de acordo com suas funções conversacionais. Propõe-se que as PMs atuam em 13 procedimentos específicos, aqui denominados ações conversacionais, níveis intermediários entre as funções comunicativas próprias de cada PM e as funções conversacionais propostas por Helbig (1990). Cinco funções conversacionais foram identificadas no corpus, a saber: indicadora atitudinal, indicadora ou modificadora de ilocução, articuladora conversacional, realizadora de estratégia interacional e conectora. Apenas a função definidora situacional não apresenta ocorrências, possivelmente porque a situação comunicativa já é fortemente definida. A função conversacional mais utilizada foi a articuladora conversacional (35,05%), seguindo-se a indicadora atitudinal (22,68%), a conectora (22,16%), a realizadora de estratégia interacional (12,89%) e a indicadora ou modificadora de ilocução (7,22%). Os resultados do estudo demonstram que as PMs podem ser utilizadas ativamente na organização e manutenção da conversação, não apenas para expressar a atitude do falante (como costuma ser indicado na literatura sobre o tema), mas também com fins argumentativos e para manter e direcionar a interação. / Discussion forums in the Internet present characteristics from spoken language, among those marks is a high frequency of modal particles (Modalpartikeln). Modal particles have several complex functions that only can be analyzed from a pragmatic or conversational point of view. In this dissertation, communicative and conversational functions of modal particles are analyzed in eight interactions in discussion forums about politics, economics and environment. The 26 modal particles present in the corpus and their communicative functions were identified, described and analyzed according to HELBIGs classification (1990), the most frequent being ja1 (18%), also (11%) e eben (6%), which together account for 35% from all events in the corpus. The modal particles were also classified according to their conversational functions. It is proposed that modal particles act in 13 specific procedures, named here conversational actions, intermediate levels between the characteristic communicative functions of each modal particles and the conversational functions proposed by Helbig (1990). Five conversational functions were identified in the corpus: attitude indicator; illocution indicator or modifier; discourse articulator, interactional strategist, discourse connector. Only the situational qualifier function was not present in the corpus, probably because the communicative situation is already clearly defined. The most frequent conversational function was the discourse articulator (35,05%), followed by the attitude indicator (22,68%), the discourse connector (22,16%), the interactional strategy marker (12,89%) and the illocution indicator or modifier (7,22%). The results show that modal particles play a important role organizing and maintaining the discourse, not only to express the speaker attitude (as commonly found in the literature), but also to reach argumentative aims and to maintain and to manage the interaction.

In neuro surgery, the expression awake surgery generally refers to tumour surgery in the brain while the patient is concious. At Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, it is today standard to perform awake surgery on tumours located in the dominant left hemisphere while awake. However, regarding awake surgery in the non-dominant right hemisphere it is not clear what functions should be tested and how this should be done. A test battery for awake surgery in the right hemisphere should be developed like the test that are used in awake surgery in the left hemisphere. Science recommends awake surgery in the right hemisphere which already being done around Europe. As patients with brain tumours have a good prognosis post operative it is important to retain, or ameliorate, their quality of life. This literature study’s main purpose is to present which functions, important for language and communication, are located in the right hemisphere. The study also intends to account for testing of these functions intraoperatively, after rightsided stroke and on persons with right hemisphere lesions. The functions are many in number, essential for maintaining the quality of life but some are difficult to test. According to the literature study, the functions that appeared most significant are neglect and pragmatic with its functional, social and communicative effects. More research on the right hemispherical functions and how they are organized is necessary. The work intends to be the basis for continued development of awake surgery tests in the right hemisphere in Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala. / Inom neurokirurgin avser uttrycket vakenkirurgi oftast tumörkirurgi i hjärnan samtidigt som patienten är vid fullt medvetande under ingreppet. Vid Akademiska Sjukhuset i Uppsala är det standard att operera tumörer belägna i den språkligt dominanta vänstra hemisfären i vaket tillstånd medan man vid en del andra centra även förespråkar vakenkirurgi i den icke-språkligt dominanta högra hemisfären. Det är emellertid inte klarlagt vilka funktioner som i så fall bör testas och hur detta ska gå till. Ett testbatteri vid vakenkirurgi i höger hemisfär skulle behöva utvecklas likt det test som används vid tumörer i vänster hemisfär. Vakenkirurgi i höger hemisfär genomförs i dag på enstaka center i Europa. Då patienter med hjärntumörer kan ha en god prognos postoperativt är det angeläget att behålla, eller förbättra, deras livskvalitet. Denna litteraturstudies huvudsakliga syfte är att presentera vilka funktioner, viktiga för språk och kommunikation, som är lokaliserade i höger hemisfär. Studien redogör också för testning av dessa funktioner intraoperativt, efter högersidig stroke och på personer med högerhemisfäriska skador. Funktionerna är många till antalet, viktiga för att bibehålla livskvaliteten men en del även svårtestade. Enligt vår litteraturgenomgång är de funktioner som framstått som mest betydelsefulla neglekt och pragmatik med dess funktionella, sociala och kommuniktiva påverkan. Mer forskning om höger hemisfärs funktioner och hur dessa är organiserade behövs. Arbetet ämnar ligga till grund för fortsatt utveckling av vakenkirurgitest i höger hemisfär på Akademiska Sjukhuset i Uppsala.

Com o objetivo de investigar as partículas modais da língua alemã presentes em materiais didáticos de ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira (ALE) destinados a aprendizes iniciantes, realizamos uma pesquisa empírica a partir das séries Deutsch als Fremdsprache 1A Stufen International, Studio D e a fim de verificar: quais partículas são apresentadas e quais funções comunicativas (com base em Helbig, 1990) elas exercem nas interações representadas nos materiais em questão. As ocorrências foram também analisadas com relação aos tipos de foco propostos por Long (1989; 1991). Verificamos, ainda, quais os tipos de atividades e/ou exercícios propostos nesses materiais em que tais partículas estão inseridas. No corpus, foram identificadas 17 partículas modais ou conjuntos de partículas, com um total de 617 ocorrências. As cinco partículas com maior número de ocorrência são: denn (32%), doch (19%), mal (15%), ja (10%) e eigentlich (7%). A partir da análise das situações comunicativas propostas nos materiais do corpus, desenvolvemos um elenco de 31 funções, no qual destacam-se aquelas expressas por denn, doch, mal e ja, evidenciando sua importância desde os primeiros passos na língua. No corpus, as partículas modais são utilizadas principalmente para expressar cortesia e atenuação, para fazer valer a vontade do falante diante de seu interlocutor, ou, ainda, para direcionar o interlocutor ao consenso desejado pelo falante. No que se refere aos tipos de exercícios nos quais as partículas estão inseridas, a totalidade deles é mecânica/reprodutiva nos volumes relativos ao nível A do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência (QECR) para Línguas. Dessa forma, fica clara a importância da exposição às partículas modais desde o início da aprendizagem do alemão como LE, ainda que não de forma produtiva. Os resultados da análise mostram que tanto materiais comunicativos quanto não comunicativos abordam o tema a partir do foco no significado, no qual a atenção do aprendiz é deslocada para esse significado sem se deter na forma, excluindo-se o ensino formal da gramática, que é aprendida implícita e incidentalmente. A partir dessa constatação, pode-se inferir que os três materiais, em princípio, reconhecem que as partículas modais são importantes para a comunicação autêntica, mas que não necessariamente precisam ser trabalhadas pelo professor. / In order to investigate the modal particles of the German language presented in teaching materials of German as a foreign language for beginners, we conducted an empirical research on the series Deutsch als Fremdsprache IA, Stufen international and Studio D, in order to verify which particles are presented and which communicative functions (based on Helbig 1990) they exert on the interactions represented in the materials in question. The occurrences were also analyzed in relation to the types of focus proposed by Long (1989; 1991), as well as the types of proposed activities and / or exercises in which such particles are inserted. In the corpus, 17 modal particles or sets of particles were identified, with a total of 617 occurrences. The five particles with highest occurrence are: denn (32%), doch (19%), mal (15%), ja (10%) and eigentlich (7%). From the analysis of the communicative situations presented in the corpus materials, we developed a set of 31 functions, in which those expressed by denn, doch, mal and ja stand out, evidencing their importance from the first steps in the language. In the analyzed materials, the modal particles are mainly used to express courtesy and attenuation, to assert the will of the speaker in relation to his interlocutor, or even to direct the interlocutor to the consensus desired by the speaker. Regarding the type of exercises in which the particles are inserted, its totality is of the mechanical / reproductive type in the volumes referring to level A of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). Thus, it is clear the importance of exposure to the modal particles from the beginning of the learning of German as a foreign language, even though in a non-productive way. The results of the analysis show that both communicative and non-communicative materials approach the theme from the focus on meaning, in which the attention of the learner is shifted to meaning without dwelling on form, excluding formal grammar teaching, which is learned implicitly and incidentally. From this observation, on can infer that the three materials, in principle, recognize that the modal particles are important for authentic communication, but do not necessarily need to be actively approached by the teacher.

I föreliggande studie undersöktes kommunikativa resurser i samtal mellan tre personer med afasi och deras respektive logoped/anhörig. Syftet var att identifiera och analysera resurser som samtalsdeltagarna gemensamt använde för att uppnå intersubjektivitet. Vidare undersöktes om det, utifrån vem personen med afasi samtalade med, fanns någon inverkan på hur de kommunikativa resurserna användes. Sex dyader spelades in och samtalsanalys användes för att studera materialet. Samtalsämnen valdes fritt av samtalsdeltagarna. Analysen resulterade i identi¬fie¬ring av tre bevarade resurser hos personerna med afasi; upprepningar, gester och skratt. Det gemensamma för dessa resurser var; att de förekom i den naturliga sekventialiteten i samtalet, att deras kommunikativa funktioner uppstod i samarbetet mellan samtalsdeltagarna och att de bidrog till intersubjektiviteten. Resurserna visade även på en social kompetens hos deltagarna med afasi som ofta döljs av de språkliga hindren. Då de kommunikativa resurserna fick liknande funktioner i de olika dyaderna, är resultatet troligen generaliserbart till annan interaktion där personer med afasi deltar. Resursernas kommunikativa funktioner föreföll inte bero på vem samtalspartnern var. Slutsatsen var att språklig kompetens hos personer med afasi framför allt bör ses ur ett inter¬aktivt perspektiv och att ett sådant förhållningssätt är önskvärt i logopediskt behandlingsarbete. / Analysis of Talk-in-Interaction involving People with Aphasia and Speech and Language Pathologists/Spouses: The Use of Communicative Resources in Collaboration toward Intersubjectivity. In the present study, communicative resources in conversations involving three persons with aphasia and their speech and language pathologists/spouses were investigated. The main purpose was to identify and analyse collaboratively used resources for achieving intersubjectivity. In addition, possible changes in the use of the communicative resources depending on conversational partner were investigated. The conversations of six dyads were recorded and analysed. Conversational topics were chosen by the participants. Through the analysis three preserved resources for participants with aphasia could be identified; repetitions, gestures and laughter. All resources occurred within the natural sequentiality of the conversation, their communicative functions emerged in collaboration of the participants and contributed to intersubjectivity. The social competence of the persons with aphasia, often concealed by the language impairment, was also revealed. The results may possibly be generalised to other communicative activities where persons with aphasia participate, since similar communicative functions were achieved through the same resources in different dyads. The functions of the resources were not determined by conversational partner. To conclude, it may be argued that linguistic competence of persons with aphasia should mainly be considered in an interactive perspective and that this view is preferred in language therapy.

<p>I föreliggande studie undersöktes kommunikativa resurser i samtal mellan tre personer med afasi och deras respektive logoped/anhörig. Syftet var att identifiera och analysera resurser som samtalsdeltagarna gemensamt använde för att uppnå intersubjektivitet. Vidare undersöktes om det, utifrån vem personen med afasi samtalade med, fanns någon inverkan på hur de kommunikativa resurserna användes. Sex dyader spelades in och samtalsanalys användes för att studera materialet. Samtalsämnen valdes fritt av samtalsdeltagarna. Analysen resulterade i identi¬fie¬ring av tre bevarade resurser hos personerna med afasi; upprepningar, gester och skratt. Det gemensamma för dessa resurser var; att de förekom i den naturliga sekventialiteten i samtalet, att deras kommunikativa funktioner uppstod i samarbetet mellan samtalsdeltagarna och att de bidrog till intersubjektiviteten. Resurserna visade även på en social kompetens hos deltagarna med afasi som ofta döljs av de språkliga hindren. Då de kommunikativa resurserna fick liknande funktioner i de olika dyaderna, är resultatet troligen generaliserbart till annan interaktion där personer med afasi deltar. Resursernas kommunikativa funktioner föreföll inte bero på vem samtalspartnern var. Slutsatsen var att språklig kompetens hos personer med afasi framför allt bör ses ur ett inter¬aktivt perspektiv och att ett sådant förhållningssätt är önskvärt i logopediskt behandlingsarbete.</p> / <p>Analysis of Talk-in-Interaction involving People with Aphasia and Speech and Language Pathologists/Spouses: The Use of Communicative Resources in Collaboration toward Intersubjectivity.</p><p>In the present study, communicative resources in conversations involving three persons with aphasia and their speech and language pathologists/spouses were investigated. The main purpose was to identify and analyse collaboratively used resources for achieving intersubjectivity. In addition, possible changes in the use of the communicative resources depending on conversational partner were investigated. The conversations of six dyads were recorded and analysed. Conversational topics were chosen by the participants. Through the analysis three preserved resources for participants with aphasia could be identified; repetitions, gestures and laughter. All resources occurred within the natural sequentiality of the conversation, their communicative functions emerged in collaboration of the participants and contributed to intersubjectivity. The social competence of the persons with aphasia, often concealed by the language impairment, was also revealed. The results may possibly be generalised to other communicative activities where persons with aphasia participate, since similar communicative functions were achieved through the same resources in different dyads. The functions of the resources were not determined by conversational partner. To conclude, it may be argued that linguistic competence of persons with aphasia should mainly be considered in an interactive perspective and that this view is preferred in language therapy.</p>