[pt] Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo compreender os discursos veiculados pelo mercado de produtos eróticos na construção de novas convenções morais. O enfoque analítico em seus processos de comercialização foi organizado através de observações exploratórias em duas edições das principais feiras eróticas brasileiras, bem como pela experiência etnográfica em um sex shop localizado no Complexo do Alemão, Zona Norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Dentre as reflexões propostas, algumas questões foram levantadas: Como o mercado erótico produz e transforma hierarquias de gênero e sexualidade? De que forma suas verdades são agenciadas nas práticas eróticas contemporâneas? Aliado ao reflexo das recentes mudanças políticas e econômicas observadas na favela em questão, os limites e trânsitos entre norma e transgressão apontaram para narrativas nas quais as classificações do erotismo se estabelecem em constante diálogo com o processo civilizador. / [en] This work intended to understand the speeches of erotic products market in the construction of new moral conventions that circulate in this context. The analytical approach in their marketing processes were organized through exploratory observations in two Brazilian editions of erotic fairs, as well as the ethnographic experience on a sex shop located in Complexo do Alemão, one of the biggest favelas located in North Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Among the reflections proposed, some issues were raised: How the erotic market produces and transforms hierarchies of gender and sexuality? How their truths transforms contemporary erotic practices? Associated with the reflection of the recent political and economic changes observed in this especially urban space, limits and movement between norm and transgression points to narratives in which the ratings of eroticism is settled in constant dialogue with the civilizing process.

[pt] Esta pesquisa disserta sobre as soluções de mobilidade urbana em favelas de encostas como parte integrante do planejamento urbano, tendo como foco a implantação do sistema de transporte teleférico e como estudo de caso, o teleférico do Complexo do Alemão. Inicialmente é apresentado um panorama histórico das intervenções do poder público nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro e como se desenvolveu a mobilidade urbana nessas áreas. Em seguida, é exposto o problema da mobilidade nas favelas e a implantação de equipamentos alternativos de transportes. Os Projetos de implantação do teleférico Metrocable em Medellín, o teleférico de San Augustín em Caracas, o teleférico do morro da Providência e o projeto para o teleférico da favela da Rocinha são expostos como exemplos desse sistema. No Estudo de caso, foram analisados os impactos da implantação do teleférico no Complexo do Alemão, sua eficiência e principalmente, os custos de execução, operação e os custos sociais. Considera-se que o impacto estudado é moldado por análises contextuais, avaliações empíricas de visitas ao local, entrevistas com os moradores e usuários do sistema em questão, conteúdos bibliográficos e análise de indicadores. / [en] This research is on urban mobility solutions in favelas (slums) on hills as an integral part of urban planning. With a focus on the implementation of cable cars as transport systems, this research examines the cable car of the Complexo do Alemão as a case study which is located on the north side of the city of Rio de Janeiro. In Chapter 1, the research outlines the problem of poverty and absence of urban planning in Brazilian cities, which has intensified since the 1950s because of the rapid influx of migrants in search for work in the great economic city centers. Currently in Rio de Janeiro, 22 per cent of the population lives in favelas. The population of the favelas grew disproportionally in the last two decades, four times more than the population of the officially recognized areas of the city. The problem of housing in the favelization process of the city is aggravated by poor sanitation, violent conflicts, problems with security and safety, a lack of public services, poor access, precarious urban mobility, irregular services like illegal connections to electricity, among other problems. Additionally, there is the overarching problem of urban mobility. Spatial segregation makes it difficult for low-income populations to move from one place to another and is mainly due to the historical selection of occupations in isolated and peripheral areas of the city. The problem of mobility is further aggravated by underdeveloped transitional areas between the rural and urban parts of the city especially when, like in the case of this research, those populations occupy areas with steep hills. The chapter continues by tracing a history of public policies affecting the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, from the first removal of tenement houses in the city center in the nineteenth century, to the developmental policies of today. The chapter follows the formation of the first favelas with an occupation organized by the people who were removed from tenement houses and who needed to live near the economic city centers, the eventual expansion to other areas, the first removal policies for temporary housing and subsequently a more rigid posture of the state in regard to favelas. The 1960s and 1970s were periods marked by the removal and political denial of favelas, it was only in the 1980s that the state began to provide public policies to improve favelas. Thus, there has been a gradual acceptance of these occupations in the landscape of the city. Beyond the social problems aforementioned, Chapter 2 points more specifically to the problems of mobility in favelas on hills because of high building density, risks of landslides and precarious road access. In Rio de Janeiro, the state started to intervene in regard to the issue of mobility in favelas during the first term of Leonel Brizola (1983-1987), with the construction of the Inclined Plane in the Pavão Pavãozinho favela. But it was not until the Favela Bairro program that mobility initiatives were executed on a much wider scale, the program initiated walkways and improved stairs which greatly increased accessibility and the flow of traffic on road networks. With an urbanization policy for favelas in motion, other urban mobility transport systems were established, like the inclined plane on the Hill of Santa Marta in 2008 and the elevator of Cantagalo in 2010. While these transport systems assert the presence of the state in marginal communities, the daily transportation of the residents are mainly local options like vans and motorcycle taxis which continue to play a fundamental role and also contribute to the local economy. This generates income for residents because many of the people working with this type of transport also live in the favelas. The chapter then describes cable car technology and looks at specific examples of cable cars built or planning to be built in the favelas of Latin America. The lines of Medellin are used as an example because they inspired so many others like San Agustín in Caracas, Complexo do Alemão in Rio de Janeiro, Providencia in Rio de Janeiro and the cable car project of Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro. The city of Medellin for many years suffered from violence generated by drug trafficking and came to be known in the early 90s as one of the most violent cities in the world. The high murder rate and violence receded after a series of investments that occurred in the city, mainly investments towards urbanization, education and security. The urban planning of Medellin was based on major public interventions through specific projects in the poorest sectors of the city. Initially structured around the cable cars, called Metrocables, and spatially articulated with other projects extended to formal sectors of the city, known as Urban Integral Projects (Proyectos Urbanos Integrales-PUIs), the aim of these initiatives was to connect various urban spaces. One of the characteristics of these projects was the emphasis on aesthetics as an engine for social change. This aesthetic quality to the new cable cars resulted in an increase of residents self-esteem but was also criticized for its stark contrast with poor local reality. In 2004, the Line K of the cable car was constructed in Comunas 1 and 2, and initiated an urban planning of the city based on the theory of Social Urbanism, with several projects aimed at improving infrastructure and education in favelas. In 2010, Line K was supplemented by a transfer to the Line L, which goes to the Arvi Park, an ecological park created on the border of a green area to Comuna 1, stimulating tourism. There is also Line J which meets Comunas 7 and 13, inaugurated in 2008. Medellín has become a model for other cities to adopt the cable car system for transportation in favelas. One example was the cable car of San Agustín in Caracas, designed as an important integrator between the favela and the rest of the city. In January 2010, the system started was connected to the subway. In contrast to Medellin, the Metrocable system in Caracas is characterized with large stations that integrate cultural facilities, sports arenas, and shopping centers together in one convenient location. The estimated daily demand during the planning stages of the project was 15 thousand passengers. Approximately 40,000 people live in San Augustin which means that the demand estimate would amount to 37.5 per cent of the residents. The data in 2012 showed that only 4,500 passengers use the system daily, about three times less than expected, showing that the cable car, which cost 318 million dollars, is being underutilized. In Rio de Janeiro, in the favela Morro da Providência, there is a cable car built and because the favela is considered the first favela in Rio, current projects by the municipal government show that there is interest in promoting tourism and to integrate it with the dynamics of cultural and historical revitalization of the port area and the cable car is the vehicle proposed for this purpose. However, the Hill of Providence (Morro da Providência) is suffering from forced evictions, mainly due to the Morar Carioca project, an urban program of the city government. These interventions have not been discussed with the residents and involve the demolition of nearly half of the residences. The idea is to replace the residences with a historical and cultural center in the favela. According to the city administration, about 42 houses block, in the context of urban landscape, the view of the chapel located at the highest point of the hill and thus those 42 houses would have to be removed. Although the construction of the cable car has also caused the removal of a few houses, its implementation is linked more with tourism in the favela. Various resident led protests organized with activists and supported by critical news sources released in Brazil and abroad, put the Hill of Providence in the spotlight as an example of the negative impact of mega-events on the poor. Consequently, after the injunction obtained in a lawsuit, the projects in the community are at a standstill and the houses that were scheduled to be removed remain standing. In Rocinha, the PAC 2 (Accelerating Growth Program is a federal program that has as the main objective the development of the country through the planning and execution of large urban infrastructure, works in the transportation sector and the energy sector) provides for the cable car installation, an elevator, escalators, and other mobility infrastructure. This project is very controversial because the cable car project has an estimated budget of 700 million reais, an amount that would consume approximately 44 per cent of the total amount available for the PAC 2. Most debate is on the residents priorities, which if considered would require that the funds be applied to the sanitation of the favela, which the current project does not guarantee. In the project under study, the cable car will connect to the future subway station of Line 4 in São Conrado to the top of the favela and have 6 stations distributed in two lines, 2,500 meters long. This would be the third cable car built in the favelas of the city, reflecting a state trend to adopt this transportation method in favelas. It seems that cable cars are more than a modal of mass transport, but also as a way to enter favelas as a new tourist attraction of the city. In Chapter 3, the case study is presented about the cable car of Complexo do Alemão, an integral part of PAC. The cable car was built with 3.4 km in length, 152 cabins half of which are in regular operation, while the other half is parked. The system has six stations and the capacity to carry 30,000 passengers daily. The path between the first transfer station with the train, the Bonsucesso Station, and the last stop, the Palmeiras Station, is traversed in about 20 minutes. Using other means of transport, the time to travel the distance between these two places is about 40 minutes. The six stations are located on the tops of hills that form the intricacies of the favelas and therefore, many residents complain about the accessibility of the system. For those who live far away and do not see advantage in climbing the hill to use the system, it is more common to use van or motorcycle taxis to move around. This is the main reason that the cable car is underused even though residents are entitled to two free trips per day. According to the Supervia, which operates the system, the daily movement of people is about 10,000 to 11,000 people, but, as we reported, the equipment has been design for a capacity of 30,000 passengers per day. The construction of the cable car cost the government R$ 210 million, equivalent to 22.35 per cent of the total PAC work in Complexo do Alemão, and the operating cost is about 50.1 million reais a year. What we can conclude is that the cable car has a relatively high operating cost for low use by residents, and it is also expensive to build. The high investment in the cable car is not justified when there are still major problems to be solved in favelas. One of the main complaints made by residents is the lack of investments in priority areas, such as basic sanitation. As part of this research a survey was given to 50 residents. When asked if the resources used to cable car execution, being very high, could be implemented in other areas, 74 per cent said yes. Among the responses on areas where resources should be invested, they pointed mainly to sanitation, health and education. Some health problems in the favelas worsened while tourism has increased with the use of the cable car. Also according to the data from the Supervia, the percentage of passengers with gratuities, i.e. registered residents using the cable car during the week is 75 per cent and the percentage of those who paid the fare, mostly tourists, is 25 per cent. On weekends, the number of visitors almost doubled: 54 per cent of gratuities and 46 per cent of tourists. The cable car has always had a tourist appeal due to its comfort and excitement by offering the experience of getting a suspended adventure of great heights with a privileged view of the favela landscape. This also happens with the cable car of the Complexo do Alemão, but in another context, within a patrimonialization effort of those spaces. The research makes clear that even with the difficulties within a space precariously built, mobility solutions that were initially created by the residents are still the most used, for example, the alternative transport system like vans and motorcycle taxis. To establish that the cable car is the solution for urban mobility on slopes of slums is quite questionable, as each case requires a specific and detailed study. In the case of the Complexo do Alemão, for example, both positive and negative factors were found. On the one hand the cable car considerably reduced the Bonsucesso travel time to some community points and provided connection with the train, on the other, the number of users contained does not justify its high cost. It is also clear that the general population in favelas want more primary rights met like access to health care, the installation of sewer systems, and competent schools as their priority.

A Leishmaniose visceral é uma doença parasitária crônica em homens e cães, causada por protozoários da espécie L. (Leishmania) chagasi. O diagnóstico parasitológico é confirmado pelo achado do agente em aspirados de medula óssea, linfonodo, baço e fígado, enquanto que a sorologia IgG especifica é usada em geral para estudos epidemiológicos, apesar dos altos níveis séricos de anticorpos IgG anti-Leishmania. Existem relatos anedóticos de resultados sorológicos negativos em doença ativa, atribuído à formação de imunocomplexos. Dado que imunocomplexos podem ser dissociados por tratamento ácido, nós buscamos a padronização de um teste simples de dissociação ácida dos imunocomplexos de amostras de soro, por tratamento ácido e neutralização em poços adsorvidos com antígenos de Leishmania, seguida de ELISA (ELISA dissociativo). A confirmação da presença de antígenos foi realizada pela detecção após adsorção ácida por DOT-ELISA, usando soro de coelho hiperimune anti-Leishmania. Amostras de hamsteres infectados experimentalmente com L. (L.) chagasi mostraram a presença e interferência de imunocomplexos na sorologia principalmente nas fases iniciais da infecção, por ELISA dissociativo e DOT-ELISA. Em amostras maiores de áreas endêmicas, o ELISA dissociativo aumentou a soropositividade em 10% em amostras de cães negativas e 3,5% de amostras humanas negativas, com confirmação por DOT-ELISA. Os resultados mostram que este teste poderia ser usado no diagnóstico da LV, como abordagem alternativa para a identificação sorológica de casos assintomáticos e para indicação de métodos parasitológicos invasivos confirmatórios. / Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, is a chronic parasitic disease of humans and dogs. Confirmation of the protozoal agent in bone marrow, lymph node or spleen aspirate is diagnostic, while specific-IgG serology is used mainly for epidemiology despite the general presence of high levels of serum immunoglobulins. Anecdotal reports of false-negative serology in active disease cases are known and are ascribed to the formation of immune complexes. Because dissociation of immune complexes can be accomplished by acid treatment, we devised a simple, routine enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the dissociation of immune complexes in serum samples using acid treatment and neutralization in wells adsorbed with Leishmania antigen (dELISA). Confirmatory acid DOT-ELISA was also developed for antigen detection by anti-Leishmania rabbit antiserum. In experimental L. (L.) chagasi hamster models, immune complexes interfered with ELISA mostly in the early stages of infection, according to both dELISA and antigen DOT-ELISA results. In larger samples from endemic areas, dELISA increased seropositivity by 10% in negative dog samples (7/70) and 3.5% in negative human samples (3/85), showing that dELISA could be used in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Moreover, dELISA could be used as an alternative approach to screening asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis patients, instead of invasive confirmatory testing.

Trabalhos recentes de genética, morfologia e biologia conduzidos nas Américas, demostraram que Amblyomma cajennense é um complexo de pelo menos seis espécies distintas, cada espécie associada a uma área biogeográfica. Neste contexto, o presente estudo conduzido no Brasil realizou análises morfológicas e moleculares de carrapatos adultos, previamente identificados como A. cajennense e depositados nas coleções de carrapatos Coleção Nacional de Carrapatos, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, e na Coleção Acarológica do Instituto Butantan do Instituto Butantan de São Paulo. Amostras adicionais de carrapatos foram obtidos através de trabalhos de campo. Os carrapatos foram coletados em vida livre, animais domésticos (equinos, suínos) e silvestres atropelados (anta, tamanduá), durante três expedições de coleta, sendo uma no nordeste do país entre os municípios de Bequimão/MA e Estrela do Norte/GO; uma no noroeste do país entre os municípios de Presidente Médici/RO e Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade/MT; e uma terceira no centro-norte do país entre os municípios de Sinop/MT e Cuiabá/MT. Os resultados morfológicos e moleculares obtidos demonstraram a ocorrência de pelo menos duas espécies distintas de carrapatos (A. cajennense sensu stricto e Amblyomma sculptum) do complexo A. cajennense ocorrendo no território nacional. De modo geral, a distribuição da espécie A. cajennense s. s. está confirmada no Brasil em três estados da região Norte (Pará, Rondônia e Tocantins), em um estado da região Nordeste (Maranhão) e do Centro-Oeste (Mato Grosso). Salienta-se um único encontro de uma fêmea de A. cajennense s. s. em uma propriedade rural do município de Porangatu, no extremo norte do estado de Goiás, na divisa com o estado de Tocantins. A ocorrência de A. sculptum está confirmada nos seguintes estados brasileiros da região Norte: Pará, Rondônia e Tocantins; Nordeste: Bahia, Maranhão, Pernambuco e Piauí; Centro-Oeste: Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul; Sudeste: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo; e Sul: Paraná. Estes dados indicam que o papel de cada uma destas espécies na transmissão de patógenos deve ser reavaliado de acordo com seu novo status taxonômico. / Recent genetic, biological and morphological studies have demonstrated that Amblyomma cajennense is a complex of at least six distinct species, each species linked to a biogeographic area in the American continent. In this context, the present study aimed to perform morphological and molecular analyzes of adult ticks, previously identified as A. cajennense, deposited in the collections of ticks \"Coleção Nacional de Carrapatos\", the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny of the University of São Paulo and in the \"Coleção Acarológica do Instituto Butantan\" the Butantan Institute of São Paulo. Adicional tick specimens were obtained through fieldwork. Ticks were collected in the vegetation, domestic animals (horses, pigs) and road-killed wild animals (tapir, anteater) during three field expeditions, one in the northeast of the country between the municipalities of Bequimão/MA and Estrela do Norte/GO; one in the northwest of the country between the municipalities of Presidente Médici/RO and Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade/MT; and a third one in the center-north of the country between the municipalities of Sinop/MT and Cuiabá/MT. The morphological and molecular results demonstrated the occurrence of at least two distinct species of ticks (A. cajennense sensu stricto and Amblyomma sculptum) of the A. cajennense species complex occurring in the Brazilian land. In general, the distribution of the species A. cajennense s. s. is confirmed in Brazil in three northernern states (Pará, Rondônia and Tocantins) one Northeast state (Maranhão) and one Midwest state (Mato Grosso). It is note worthy the findings of a single female of A. cajennense s. s. on a farm in the municipality of Porangatu, in the far north of the state of Goiás at the northern end of the state of Goiás, at the border with the state of Tocantins. The occurrence of A. sculptum is confirmed in the following Brazilian states Northern region: Pará, Rondônia and Tocantins; Northeastern region: Bahia, Maranhão, Piauí and Pernambuco; Midwester region: Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeastern region: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; and Southern region: Paraná. These data indicate that the role of each of these species in pathogen transmission should be re-assessed according to its new taxonomic status.

O pólen além de ser a principal fonte de alimento não líquido, para as abelhas, tem sido utilizado como um suplemento da dieta humana. Apesar de muitos autores afirmarem que os produtos apícolas são ricos em nutrientes, pouco se sabe sobre a composição do pólen apícola especialmente em relação à presença das vitaminas do complexo B. De forma original este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas do complexo B (B1, B2, B6 e PP) incluindo seus vitâmeros, durante o período de um ano de estocagem, em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado. Verificou-se também o efeito do processamento sobre o conteúdo dessas vitaminas além da possível influência dos tipos polínicos sobre a composição centesimal e conteúdo vitamínico. Foram analisadas concentrações das vitaminas no tempo zero e após 4, 8 e 12 meses, estocadas sob três condições distintas: em temperatura ambiente (com e sem exposição à luz) e em freezer. As vitaminas, após a extração simultânea, foram quantificadas por CLAE, com detecção por fluorescência. Todas as vitaminas propostas foram encontradas nas amostras analisadas e o processo de desidratação não interferiu no conteúdo das mesmas (p<0,05). As variações foram (base seca): 0,59 a 1,09 mg/100g para vitamina B1; 1,73 a 2,56 mg/100g para a vitamina B2; 6,43 a 15,34 mg/100g para a vitamina PP e 0,33 a 0,68 mg/100g para a vitamina B6 . Todas as amostras foram classificadas como pólen heterofloral, em função da grande variabilidade dos tipos polínicos presentes. Após um ano de estocagem pode-se afirmar que a concentração da vitamina B1 se manteve constante enquanto que para as demais vitaminas o decaimento da concentração foi dependente do tempo de armazenamento e não da condição de estocagem das amostras (p<0,05). Todas as amostras foram consideradas fonte da vitamina B2. Foi possível explicar matematicamente, através de equações de regressão linear oriundas da análise multivariada, a influência do tempo de armazenamento nas concentrações das vitaminas B6 e PP, com explicabilidade de 76 e 60% respectivamente. / Pollen is the main source of non liquid food for bees and it has been used as a supplement for human diet. Although many authors cited that bee products are rich in nutrients, it is known a little about the composition of bee pollen and, in particular, the presence of the B vitamin complex in this product. This original study has the objective of evaluate the stability of B complex vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and PP), including its vitamers for a period of one year of storage in dried samples of bee pollen. It was also analyzed the effect of processing on vitamin content and the possible influence of polinic types on proximate composition and vitamin content. Samples were analyzed at time zero, after 4, 8 and 12 months. They were storaged under three different conditions: room temperature (with and without exposure to light) and freezer. The vitamins were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection after simultaneous extraction. All proposed vitamins were found in the analyzed samples and the dehydration process did not interfere in vitamin content (p<0.05). The variations were (dry basis): 0.59 to 1.09 mg/100g for vitamin B1; 1.73 to 2.56 mg/100g for vitamin B2; 6.43 to 15.34 mg/100g for vitamin PP and 0.33 to 0.68 mg/100g for vitamin B6. All samples were classified as heterofloral pollen, according to the big variability of polinic types. After one year of storage, it can be stated that vitamin B1 concentration remained constant, while for the other vitamins, the concentration loose was dependent on time and not on the storage condition (p<0.05). All samples were considered Vitamin B2 source. It was possible to explain mathematically, through linear regression equations of multivariate analysis, the influence of storage time in the concentrations of vitamin B6 and PP, they were explained as 76 and 60% respectively.

A hanseníase é um importante problema de saúde pública nas cidades de Cuiabá e Várzea Grande. O coeficiente de detecção para as duas cidades, em 2010, era de 6,97 casos por 10.000 habitantes, o que caracteriza a forte presença endêmica da doença nesta área. A hipótese é de que os casos de hanseníase estariam agrupados, formando focos de contato e disseminação relacionados ao ambiente geográfico e fatores sociais e econômicos. Com isso, se objetiva analisar a distribuição espacial e os aspectos epidemiológicos da doença sob a perspectiva da Geografia. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, tanto do ponto de vista da metodologia proposta por Maximilien Sorre quanto pelo seu delineamento epidemiológico, utilizando técnicas baseadas em Análise Espacial de Dados Geográficos e Análise Multivariada de Dados. Foram georreferenciados os casos de hanseníase registrados em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande entre os anos de 1999 a 2010, e posteriormente submetidos a testes estatísticos de dependência espacial entre casos, de existência de focos espaciais e de áreas de risco, e da possível influência de fatores sócio-econômicos e ambientais na presença ou ausência deste risco. Os resultados indicam a formação de focos endêmicos durante o período do estudo, cuja distribuição está condicionada a fatores sócio-econômicos e às formas de uso-ocupação da terra no ambiente urbano, mas esses fatores têm graus de influência diferentes dependendo da escala de análise. Na escala do bairro, o risco relativo esteve relacionado com a existência de domicílios com muitos moradores em áreas com média a alta densidade de casas, baixos percentuais de cobertura de saneamento básico e baixa renda. Nesta escala, o saneamento básico é o principal fator com maior poder de explicação entre as variáveis estudadas, e já na escala do setor censitário, não é um fator com grande poder explicativo e sem significância estatística, tendo na alfabetização e uso da terra os principais fatores explicativos. / The Hansens disease is an important public health problem in the cities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande. The detection rate for the two cities in 2010 was 6.97 cases per 10,000 inhabitants, which characterizes the strong presence of endemic disease in this area. The hypothesis is that Hansens disease cases were grouped together, forming foci of contact and dissemination related to the geographical environment and social and economic factors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution and epidemiological aspects of the disease from the perspective of the Geography. It is an ecological study, both from the standpoint of the methodology proposed by Maximilien Sorre as for its epidemiological design. The techniques used are based on Spatial Data Analysis and Multivariate Data Analysis. The Hansens disease cases registered in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande from 1999 to 2010 were geocoded, then submitted to statistical tests for spatial dependence among cases, existence of spatial foci and risk areas, and the possible influence of socio-economic and environmental factors in the presence or absence this risk. The results indicate the formation of endemic foci during the period of study, and the distribution is conditioned by socio-economic factors and forms of land-use in the urban area, however these factors have different grades of influence depending on the scale of analysis. In neighborhood scale relative risk was related to the existence of houses with many residents in areas with medium to high density of houses, low coverage of basic sanitary services and low income. In this scale, basic sanitary services is a major factor with the greatest explanatory potential between the studied variables, however in the census tract scale, it is not a factor with great explanatory potential and it is not statistically significant, being the literacy and land use, the principal factors of explanation.

Análogos da timidina têm sido marcados com diferentes radioisótopos devido ao seu potencial em monitorar a proliferação incontrolável de células. Considerando que o radioisótopo tecnécio-99m mantém ainda uma posição privilegiada devido às suas propriedades químicas e nucleares, este trabalho constituiu-se do desenvolvimento de uma nova técnica de marcação da timidina com o 99mTc, mediante o emprego de complexos organometálicos. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: a síntese do complexo organometálico carbonil-tecnécio-99m; marcação da timidina com este complexo precursor; avaliação da estabilidade; e avaliações radioquímicas e biológicas com animais sadios e portadores de tumor. A preparação do complexo precursor, utilizando o gás CO foi de fácil execução, assim como a marcação da timidina com este precursor, obtendo-se uma pureza radioquímica &ge; 97% e &ge; 94%, respectivamente. Sistemas cromatográficos com bons níveis de confiabilidade foram utilizados, podendo qualificar e quantificar as espécies radioquímicas. O resultado do estudo in vitro da lipofilicidade revelou que o a timidina radiomarcada é hidrofílica, com um coeficiente de partição (log P) de -1,48. O complexo precursor e a timidina radiomarcada apresentaram boa estabilidade radioquímica em até 6 h em temperatura ambiente. A estabilidade com soluções de cisteína e histidina apresentaram perdas entre oito e onze pontos percentuais para concentrações de até 300 mM. Os ensaios de biodistribuição em camundongos sadios indicaram que a timidina radiomarcada apresentou uma rápida depuração sangüínea e baixa captação nos demais órgãos, com predominância de excreção da droga pelo sistema urinário e hepatobiliar. A captação tumoral foi baixa, apresentando valores de 0,28 e 0,18 %DI/g para tumor de pulmão e mama, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem mais investigações em outros modelos tumorais ou a modificação da estrutura da molécula orgânica que atua como ligante. / Thymidine analogs have been labeled with different radioisotopes due to their potential in monitoring the uncontrollable cell proliferation. Considering that the radioisotopes technetium-99m still keep a privileged position as a marker due to its chemical and nuclear properties, this dissertation was constituted by the developed of a new technique of labeling of thymidine analog with 99mTc, by means of the organometallic complex. The aims of this research were: synthesis of the organometallic complex technetium-99m-carbonyl, thymidine labeling with this precursor, evaluation of stability, and radiochemical e biological evaluation with healthy and tumor-bearing animals. The preparation of the organometallic precursor, using the CO gas, was easily achieved, as well as the labeling of thymidine with this precursor, resulting itself a radiochemical pureness of &ge; 97% and &ge; 94%, respectively. Chromatography systems with good levels of trustworthiness were used, ensuring the qualification and quantification of the radiochemical samples. The result of in vitro testing of lipophilicity disclosed that the radiolabeled complex is hydrophilic, with a partition coefficient (log P) of -1.48. The precursor complex and the radiolabeled have good radiochemical stability up to 6 h in room temperature. The cysteine and histidine challenge indicated losses between 8 and 11% for concentrations until 300 mM. The biodistribution assay in healthy mice revealed rapid blood clearance and low uptake by general organs with renal and hepatobiliary excretion. The tumor concentration was low with values of 0.28 and 0.18 %ID/g for lung and breast cancer, respectively. The results imply more studies in other tumor models or the modification of the structure of the organic molecule that act like ligand.

Glioblastoma (GBM) é caracterizado por sua agressividade e invasão infiltrativa do tecido cerebral. Mecanismos inflamatórios demonstram associação direta com processos carcinogênicos, especialmente aqueles relacionados à produção de eicosanoides através da ativação da fosfolipase A2 (PLA2). Compostos metálicos como o rutênio associado a drogas anti-inflamatórias não esteroides (AINEs) surgem como tratamentos antitumorais promissores. O objetivo foi avaliar in vitro a ação desses complexos de rutênio em linhagens celulares de GBM. Pudemos observar que todos os complexos de Rutênio utilizados apresentaram diminuição na contagem celular, aumento de apoptose e diminuição da mitose, destaque para a linhagem U87MG para o tratamento RuIBpOTf com diminuição de 65,4% e na linhagem A172 para aumento de apoptose em todos os tratamentos, especialmente RuIBpCl com 106,8% . Em ambas as linhagens celulares verificamos que houve a captação dos complexos, inclusive em suas frações celulares como o núcleo. Alterações nas enzimas PLA2 e COX 1 e 2 também foram detectadas nos ensaios realizados ELISA e RT-PCR. Através destes resultados, concluímos que os complexos de rutênio foram eficazes na diminuição do número de células de GBM em concentrações e tempos pré-determinados, aumento da apoptose e diminuição das mitoses, características que são fortemente recomendadas para novos fármacos. / Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by its aggressiveness and infiltrative invasion of brain tissue. Inflammatory mechanisms demonstrate direct association with carcinogenic processes, especially those related to the production of eicosanoids through the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Metal compounds such as ruthenium associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) appear as promising antitumor treatments. The objective was to evaluate in vitro the action of these ruthenium complexes in GBM cell lines. It was observed that all the Ruthenium complexes showed decrease in the cell count, increase of apoptosis and decrease of mitosis, highlight to the U87MG cell line for the treatment RuIBpOTf with reduction of 65.4% and in cell line A172 to increase apoptosis in all the treatments, especially RuIBpCl with 106.8%. In both cell lines we verified that there was the uptake of the complexes, including in their cellular fractions as the nucleus. Changes in PLA2 and COX 1 and 2 enzymes were also detected in ELISA and RT-PCR assays. Through these results, we conclude that ruthenium complexes were effective in decreasing the number of GBM cells at predetermined concentrations and times, increased apoptosis and decreased mitoses, characteristics that are strongly recommended for new drugs.

Os micro-organismos apresentam uma imensa diversidade genética e desempenham funções únicas e cruciais na manutenção de ecossistemas. Uma dessas funções é a produção de enzimas extracelulares, que ajudam na degradação da matéria orgânica e são cada vez mais procuradas e exploradas pela indústria. Essa propriedade aumenta a busca por enzimas que possam ser utilizadas nos diversos setores industriais com maior aproveitamento e baixo custo. A celulase pertence a essa classe de enzimas e é formada por um complexo multienzimático capaz de hidrolisar celulose por meio da quebra da ligação &beta;,1-4. A partir dessa característica da celulase, foi realizada uma expressão heteróloga relacionada com a hidrólise da celulose em biblioteca metagenômica de solo da Caatinga. Foram realizados testes de produção enzimática por meio dos quais selecionamos os clones 283/A8 e 307/E11 como melhores produtores de endoglicanases. Com o objetivo de analisar a cinética de produção de celulases pelos clones, estes foram inoculados em diferentes fontes de celulose, pH e temperatura. A faixa ideal de pH foi 5,0 e de temperatura, 50º C, verificada para as enzimas Celulase Total, Endoglicanase e &beta;-glicosidase. Quanto à termoestabilidade, as enzimas presentes mantiveram mais de 60% da atividade inicial após 2 horas de incubação a 50º C. O perfil de proteínas analisado por SDS-PAGE demonstrou que os clones secretam um conjunto de enzimas celulolíticas com 25 a 100 KDa, quando cultivado em farelo de trigo, e 30 a 60 KDa, quando cultivados em CMC. No ensaio de cromatografia para o clone 307/E11, foram selecionadas 5 frações que obtiveram melhores resultados na dosagem enzimática e testados frente ao pH e à temperatura. O resultado obtido foi que o complexo enzimático bruto, extraído do sobrenadante produzido pelo clone, possui melhor atividade frente ao pH e à temperatura do que as frações parcialmente purificadas. / Microorganisms are distinguished by a wide genetic diversity and they perform unique and crucial functions concerning the maintenance of ecosystems. One of those functions is the production of extracellular enzymes, which help in the degradation of organic matter and which are increasingly wanted and explored by industry. Such feature boosts the search of enzymes that can be exploited in several industrial sectors with improved full use and low cost. Cellulase belongs to such class of enzymes and it is composed of a multi-enzymatic complex which is able to hydrolyse cellulose through the breaking of the chemical bond &beta;,1-4. Considering such attribute of the cellulase, a heterologous expression, related to cellulose hydrolysis in a metagenomic inventory of the soil of Caatinga, was realized. Tests of enzymatic production were performed, and through them, we could elect the clones 283/A8 and 307/E11 as the best endoglicanase producers. Those clones were inoculated in different cellulose sources, pH and temperature, so that we could analyse the kinetic of cellulase production between them. The ideal pH range was 5.0 and the ideal temperature range was 50º C (122º F), verified for the enzymes Total Cellulase, Endoglicanase and &beta;-glucosidase. With regard to thermostability, the present enzymes kept more than 60% of the initial activity after 2 hours of incubation at 50º C (122º F). The proteins profile analysed with the help of SDS-PAGE proved that the clones secrete a group of cellulolytic enzymes with a weight average of 25 to 100 KDa, when cultivated in wheat bran, and of 30 to 60 KDa, when cultivated in CMC. Five fractions with the best results, regarding enzymatic dosage and tested before pH and temperature, were chosen by the chromatography research for the clone 307/E11. The achieved result proved that the raw enzymatic complex, extracted from the supernatant produced by the clone, develops a better activity before pH and temperature than the fractions partially purified.

A busca por melhores resultados nas biotecnologias reprodutivas leva a um estudo dos mecanismos fisiológicos básicos dos gametas e embriões em estágios iniciais. Entender como funciona o desenvolvimento destes, quais os nutrientes que eles precisam para se desenvolver in vitro e quais as condições ambientais necessárias permitem maiores taxas de sucesso. Tendo em vista a heterogeneidade dos complexos cumulus-oócito (COC) bovinos recuperados de ovários obtidos em frigorífico para a maturação in vitro e a relação entre oócito e células do cumulus nos resultados da produção in vitro de embriões, esse trabalho visa a identificação de fatores moleculares que possam explicar as melhores taxas de blastocistos obtidas por COCs com mais de três camadas de células do cumulus compactas e ooplasma homogêneo (COCI) quando comparados com COCs com menos de duas camadas de células do cumulus, com parte da zona pelúcida exposta e ooplasma homogêneo ou heterogêneo (COCIII). Para isso, COCI e III foram maturados in vitro separadamente, foram vortexados para retirada das células do cumulus e os oócitos foram submetidos a extração de RNA. O RNA foi amplificado em aRNA, marcado com biotina, fragmentado e hibridizado em microarray. Os arrays foram escaneados e os dados gerados analisados pelo métodos Significance Analysis of Microarrays e Rank Products em busca de genes diferencialmente expressos (DEG). A análise funcional in silico foi realizada com a ferramenta Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Os resultados mostraram que o perfil de expressão dos oócitos de COCIII é diferente do perfil dos oócitos de COCI, como pode ser observado pelos 446 DEGs identificados, sendo 24 com expressão aumentada em oócitos de COCIII. Os genes com expressão alterada estão envolvidos em processos básicos da célula, como reassumição da meiose, metabolismo do oócito e maturação molecular, o que corrobora a ideia de que uma grande quantidade de células do cumulus interagindo com o oócito é crucial para a competência de desenvolvimento. / The researches for better results in reproductive biotechnologies have leading to studies of the basic physiological mechanisms of gametes and embryos in the early stages of developmental. Understand about their development, which nutrients they need and what environmental conditions are necessary to allow higher success rates. Because of the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) heterogeneous recovered from bovine ovaries obtained from an abattoir used for in vitro maturation and the relationship between oocyte and cumulus cells in the in vitro production of embryos, this study aims to identify molecular factors which might explain the improved rates of blastocyst obtained by COCs with more than three compact layers of cumulus cells and homogeneous ooplasm (COCI) compared with COC with less than two layers of cumulus cells, with part of the zona pellucida exposed and homogeneous or heterogeneous ooplasm (COCIII). For this, COCI and III were matured in vitro separately, their cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were subjected to RNA extraction. The RNA was amplified in aRNA, biotin labeled, fragmented and hybridized on microarray. The arrays were scanned and the data generated analyzed by the Significance Analysis of Microarrays and Rank Products methods in search of differentially expressed genes (DEG). In silico functional analysis were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The results showed that the expression profile of COCIII oocytes is different from the profile of COCI oocytes. 446 DEGs were identified of which 24 presented increased expression in COCIII oocytes. Genes with altered expression are, in general, involved in the basic processes of the cell, as reassume of meiosis, metabolism of the oocyte and molecular maturation, which confirms the idea that a large amount of cumulus cells interacting with the oocyte is crucial for the development of competence.