Non prévue par les textes, l'actualisation de la Constitution ravive le plus souvent la crainte d'un gouvernement des juges. Il faut dire que selon une acceptation classiquement répandue, le Conseil constitutionnel excéderait le cadre général de sa mission à chaque fois qu'il s'écarterait de la signification originaire des énoncés constitutionnels. Il appartiendrait au Conseil constitutionnel d'examiner seulement un rapport de conformité au regard d'une norme constitutionnelle qui s'imposerait à lui. Cette approche de l'office du juge constitutionnel est réductrice, elle néglige les rapports entre le temps et la Constitution. L'étude comparée des expériences espagnole, italienne et française amène ainsi à repenser l'office du juge constitutionnel à l'aune de la variable temps. En cela, l'adaptation de la norme constitutionnelle à la réalité sociale, permise par la liberté d'interprétation du juge constitutionnel, contribue à la préservation de la longévité de la Constitution. La longévité requiert en effet en sus de la stabilité, soit de la continuité de la Constitution, la mutabilité de la substance constitutionnelle. Or, garantir la suprématie de la Constitution implique, dans une perspective d'intemporalité, de préserver sa longévité. L'actualisation de la Constitution constitue dès lors une fonction implicite du juge constitutionnel visant à garantir la longévité de la Constitution par le biais de l'interprétation de la Constitution. Une fonction que le juge constitutionnel s'efforce d'encadrer afin de respecter l'équilibre des pouvoirs inhérent à un État de droit. / Not planned by law, the updating of the Constitution often revives the fear of a government of the judges. In fact, according to a widespread acceptance: the Constitutional Council would exceed the general framework of its mission every time it deviates from the original meaning of constitutional statements. The sole duty of the Constitutional Council would be to examine a relationship of compliance with regard to a constitutional standard, which would be imperative upon him. This approach of the office of the constitutional judge is reducing and neglects relationships between time and the Constitution. The comparative study of Spanish, Italian and French experiences leads to rethink the office of the constitutional judge by considering it in light of the time variable. In that respect, adaptation of the constitutional standard to social reality, allowed by the freedom of interpretation of the constitutional judge, contributes to the Constitution's preservation and longevity. Indeed, longevity requires, in addition to stability, which ensures the Constitution's continuity, mutability of the constitutional substance. Now, ensuring the Constitution's supremacy implies, in a perspective of timelessness, to preserve its longevity. From then on, updating the Constitution is an implicit duty of the constitutional judge, aiming to en sure the Constitution's longevity through its interpretation. A duty that the constitutional judge endeavours to supervise strictly in order to respect the balance of powers inherent to a State subject to the rule of law.

O objetivo dessa dissertação de Mestrado é examinar os poderes institucionais de controle da agenda legislativa dos Presidentes nas Constituições latino-americanas e analisar a importância das mudanças constitucionais determinantes para cada prerrogativa legislativa dos presidentes. A pesquisa empírica buscou entender a influência dessas mudanças para o relacionamento entre os poderes e para o processo legislativo. Os dados dos poderes institucionais abrangem uma amostra de 17 países em seus períodos democráticos entre 1945 e 2003. O trabalho adota uma perspectiva diacrônica de análise dos textos constitucionais. A análise é informada pelas hipóteses da literatura institucional acerca dos problemas enfrentados pelo presidencialismo, mais especificamente do conflito que seria inerente à separação institucional dos poderes Executivo e Legislativo e a supremacia dos presidentes com fortes poderes institucionais no processo decisório. Tal perspectiva procura enfatizar a importância das mudanças ocorridas no presidencialismo em diferentes períodos, isto é, o caráter dinâmico da estrutura institucional do presidencialismo, verificável pela análise das reformas constitucionais e a relação do contexto dessas mudanças com os presidentes legislativamente dominantes no processo legislativo. / The objective of the Master´s dissertation is to examine the institutional details of agenda setting in Latin American Constitutions and analyse the changes in constitutional provisions. Moreover, the study tries to understand the influence of those changes for the executive-legislative relations and for the legislative process. The changes in constitutional rules is the focus to reassess the commom assumptions of Latin American presidential regimes. I have studied the agenda setting institutions in 17 Latin American presidential countries since 1945 in their democratic periods. The enphasis are the constitutional provisions wich give power to Presidents. I argued that constitutional powers in presidential regimes are changing along the period, because of that the consequences for Executive-Legislative relations should not be derived from a static analyse of constitutional provisions. Accounting for the effects of political institutions and other factors, my findings suggest that demands for constitutional amendments make the executive-legislative relations a dynamic process of political changes.

[pt] A dissertação é resultado de pesquisa teórica sobre a temática da mutação constitucional. Pretende-se resgatar as origens do conceito de mutação constitucional, que surgiu em finais do século XIX e princípios do XX, na Alemanha. Constatou-se que a doutrina constitucional não trata de maneira uniforme o fenômeno da mudança informal da Constituição. As primeiras investigações a tratar do tema da mutação constitucional foram produzidas no marco da Constituição do Império Alemão de 1871, sob um prisma especificamente formalista, nas obras de Laband e Jellinek. O trabalho também descreve e analisa as divergências no tratamento teórico da mutação constitucional, já sob a República de Weimar (1919-1933). Autores como Smend e Heller explicam o fenômeno sob um prisma antiformalista, trabalhando com a idéia de constituição dinâmica. Hsü Dau-Lin (1932) contribui com um estudo mais completo e sistemático do tema da mutação constitucional. Para entender os pressupostos do conceito de mutação constitucional, dedicaram-se algumas linhas à exposição de diferentes conceitos de constituição. A parte final aborda as modalidades de mutação constitucional não só com base na doutrina clássica, mas também apresentando a contribuição de autores contemporâneos. A metodologia utilizada é bibliográfica. Viu-se que sob o ângulo estritamente formalista da Constituição não é possível explicar de forma satisfatória o fenômeno da transformação informal da Constituição. / [en] The dissertation is resulted of theoretical research on the theme of the constitutional mutation. It is intended to rescue the origins of the concept of constitutional mutation, that appeared in the ends of century XIX and principles of the XX, in Germany. It is evidenced that the constitutional doctrine does not deal equally with the phenomenon of the informal change of the Constitution. The first inquiries to deal with the subject of the constitutional mutation had been produced in the landmark of the Constitution of the German Empire of 1871, under a prism specifically formalist, in the workmanships of Laband and Jellinek. The work also describes and analyzes the divergences in the theoretical treatment of the constitutional mutation, already under the Republic of Weimar (1919-1933). Authors as Smend and Heller explain the phenomenon under a prism antiformalist, working with the idea of dynamic constitution. Hsü Dau-Lin (1932) contributes with a more complete and systematic study of the subject of the constitutional mutation. To understand the requisites of the concept of constitutional mutation, some lines had been dedicated to the exposition of different concepts of constitution. The final part does not only approaches the modalities of constitutional mutation on the basis of the classic doctrine, but also presents the contribution of contemporaries authors. The used methodology is bibliographical. It is the conclusion that under the angle strictly formalist of the Constitution is not possible to explain properly the phenomenon of the informal transformation of the Constitution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Luisa Walter de Santana Daniele.pdf: 466731 bytes, checksum: 897d749098400984ff7421303691bf3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / This work has the objective to discuss the constitutional interpretation as a factor of constitutional rules actualization. The theme is justified by successives constitutional amendments that cause loss of authority and prestige to the Constitution. The constitutional change has the objective to fit social reality to the constitutional rules. The Constitutional interpretation, with principles aid, presents some specifities due to own characteristics of the constitutional rules. Its open character rules allow an interpretation that actualizes Constitution without changes in its text. The species of constitutional changes are: legislative, administrative, judicial and resulting from customs / O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir a interpretação constitucional como fator de atualização das normas constitucionais. Justifica-se a escolha do tema diante das sucessivas emendas ao texto constitucional, que levam a perda da autoridade e prestígio da Constituição. A mutação constitucional tem por objetivo adequar às normas constitucionais a realidade social. A atividade interpretativa da Constituição, com auxílio dos princípios, apresenta algumas especificidades em razão de características próprias das normas constitucionais. Suas normas de caráter aberto permitem uma interpretação que atualize a Constituição sem alteração de seu texto. São espécies de mutação constitucional: legislativa, administrativa, judicial e decorrente dos costumes

This dissertation analyses the coup d’état and the instrument of government of 1809 as an interpretative framing process. By close examination primarily of official sources it focuses on how political actors utilized the components of the existing political culture in order to legitimise their actions. The results show that the regime transition of 1809 was a contingent process. Actors competed to define concepts such as “citizen”, “patriotism” and “public opinion” in order to legitimise different political claims. This process served to strengthen the role played by the concept of public opinion as a source of authority in the language of politics. The dissertation also addresses how the regime transition of 1809 relates to the historical epoch known as the Age of Revolution. Experiences from the French Revolution in particular were crucial to the debate on the prospects for constitutional change in Sweden. The study shows that the constitutional committee took a reformist stance based on the concepts of civic virtue and enlightenment, thereby rejecting demands for an enhanced national representation. Instead they argued for gradual constitutional change and believed that the constitution should serve as an instrument to educate the public in the virtues of citizenship. Grounded in the so-called "cultural turn" taken by studies of politics in recent decades, the analysis has borrowed from studies of social movements the concepts of interpretative framing. In analyzing differences and oppositions between various interpretative frames, concepts from discourse analysis has been used, particularly those that emphasize discourse contingency. Extra-discursive conditions in the process of interpretation have been analyzed by means of the concept of possibility structures. This has chiefly involved taking into consideration the degree of repression and actors' differing access to what Bourdieu has termed "institutional authority".

O objetivo dessa dissertação de Mestrado é examinar os poderes institucionais de controle da agenda legislativa dos Presidentes nas Constituições latino-americanas e analisar a importância das mudanças constitucionais determinantes para cada prerrogativa legislativa dos presidentes. A pesquisa empírica buscou entender a influência dessas mudanças para o relacionamento entre os poderes e para o processo legislativo. Os dados dos poderes institucionais abrangem uma amostra de 17 países em seus períodos democráticos entre 1945 e 2003. O trabalho adota uma perspectiva diacrônica de análise dos textos constitucionais. A análise é informada pelas hipóteses da literatura institucional acerca dos problemas enfrentados pelo presidencialismo, mais especificamente do conflito que seria inerente à separação institucional dos poderes Executivo e Legislativo e a supremacia dos presidentes com fortes poderes institucionais no processo decisório. Tal perspectiva procura enfatizar a importância das mudanças ocorridas no presidencialismo em diferentes períodos, isto é, o caráter dinâmico da estrutura institucional do presidencialismo, verificável pela análise das reformas constitucionais e a relação do contexto dessas mudanças com os presidentes legislativamente dominantes no processo legislativo. / The objective of the Master´s dissertation is to examine the institutional details of agenda setting in Latin American Constitutions and analyse the changes in constitutional provisions. Moreover, the study tries to understand the influence of those changes for the executive-legislative relations and for the legislative process. The changes in constitutional rules is the focus to reassess the commom assumptions of Latin American presidential regimes. I have studied the agenda setting institutions in 17 Latin American presidential countries since 1945 in their democratic periods. The enphasis are the constitutional provisions wich give power to Presidents. I argued that constitutional powers in presidential regimes are changing along the period, because of that the consequences for Executive-Legislative relations should not be derived from a static analyse of constitutional provisions. Accounting for the effects of political institutions and other factors, my findings suggest that demands for constitutional amendments make the executive-legislative relations a dynamic process of political changes.

Soll Verfassung nicht nur in alt-konstitutionalistischer Manier Politik und Staat einhegen und begrenzen, sondern Letzteren auch Ziele und Orientierung verleihen, im Idealfall sogar gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen adäquat verarbeiten, dann kann sie nicht als bloß statisches Normengefüge begriffen und interpretiert werden. Vielmehr müssen unter von der Verfassung selbst gesetzten Bedingungen Änderungen möglich sein. In diesem dialektischen Spannungsverhältnis, in dem Wandel eine spezifische verfassungsrechtlich begründete Ordnung voraussetzt und Verfassung dauerhaft nur Akzeptanz finden kann, wenn sie Wandel verfassungskonform verarbeitet, bewegt sich die Verfassungspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht der Frage nach, inwieweit dieses Wechselverhältnis von Politik und Recht die Entwicklung des Grundgesetzes geprägt hat. Welche auf Ordnung angelegte Normen wurden verändert? Lassen sich Trends des gestalterischen Wandels der Verfassung erkennen? Um diese Fragen beantworten zu können, skizziert der Beitrag zunächst die zentralen Ordnungsprinzipien des Grundgesetzes, wie sie 1948/49 gefasst wurden. Im zweiten und dritten Teil schildert er die Charakteristika der Verfassungsänderungen, die entweder durch Gesetz oder infolge Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts stattfanden. Abschließend resümiert der Aufsatz die Reichweite des Verfassungswandels, diskutiert dessen Legitimation und die Fähigkeit des Grundgesetzes, politisches Handeln zu ordnen.

There is a large and diverse body of empirical research on constitutional change and "new constitutionalism" in contemporary societies, yet a general theory of constitutional change is still lacking. Researchers interested in democratic constitutionalism are confronted with various competing assumptions and explanations regarding particular, often unrelated, cases. In order to facilitate cross-referencing and conceptual consistency in the study of new constitutionalism in Latin America, this chapter provides an overview of the main theoretical perspectives on constitutional change beyond the specific regional context of Latin America, classifies the existing studies on constitutional change, and discusses their individual advantages and shortcomings.

The UK, traditionally one of the more fiscally centralised of OECD countries, is currently in the midst of an extensive programme of tax decentralisation. This is most evident in Scotland. Ten years ago the Scottish Government was almost wholly reliant on a block grant from the UK Government to fund its spending, and debate was focussed on how the determination of this grant should be reformed. Today the Scottish Government has far greater fiscal autonomy. Income tax was almost fully devolved to the Scottish Parliament in April 2017, and around half of VAT revenues will be assigned to Scotland by 2020. As a result, the devolved Scottish budget will in future be linked much more closely to Scotland’s economy, and Scottish politicians will be able to deviate from UK policy on the setting of income tax and various smaller taxes. The objective of this PhD is to examine the economic and political motivations for and implications of greater fiscal decentralisation, with a particular focus on the Scottish case. Its key over-arching questions include: • Which fiscal powers are more and less suitable for decentralisation, and what might constraints might a devolved government face in exercising devolved tax powers? • To what extent are the objectives of fiscal decentralisation compatible with the goal of inter-regional equity in public good provision? • To what extent is fiscal decentralisation likely to enhance the incentives faced by politicians in a devolved parliament to pursue particular types of policy? And to what extent does the answer to this question depend upon the way in which supporting fiscal institutions, notably including the design of block grant arrangements, influence this? • What factors determine regional economic performance, and to what extent can devolved governments be held accountable for (or face the budgetary consequences of) those trends? • To what extent might fiscal decentralisation assuage or accentuate demands for Scottish independence? This PhD consists of four academic papers covering aspects of regional economics and constitutional change in the UK, with a particular focus on Scotland. Each of the four papers is preceded by an abstract. An introductory chapter provides theoretical and policy context within which the four papers are situated. A concluding section to the PhD is provided in Chapter 6. The four papers cover the following topics: • Paper 1 (Chapter 2) was published in the immediate aftermath of the Scottish independence referendum of 2014, and considers the issues and constraints involved in devolving further fiscal powers to the Scottish Parliament. • Paper 2 (Chapter 3) considers the scope for replacing the Barnett Formula (used to allocate funding to the Scottish Government) with a form of spending-needs assessment, based on a comparative analysis of formulae used within England and Scotland to allocate health funding to territorial health boards. • Paper 3 (Chapter 4) examines how regional labour markets in the UK responded to the 2008/9 recession and its aftermath, and considers which factors may have influenced regional resilience to the recession. • Paper 4 (Chapter 5) examines the factors that determine differential growth in regional income tax revenues, and considers the extent to which it is reasonable to hold devolved governments wholly to account for differential economic performance. • Chapter 6 concludes.

Cette thèse est une contribution à l’analyse économique des institutions politiques et économiques dans les pays en développement. Elle s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle et de la Nouvelle Economie Politique. Précisément, nous nous intéressons aux institutions telles que la constitution, la corruption et la démocratie. Cette thèse est structurée en cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 aborde la problématique des institutions dans sa globalité. Dans ce chapitre, nous définissons le terme institutions comme : « règle et contrainte », « instrument de gouvernance » et « équilibre de jeux ». Nous discutons ensuite des théories du changement institutionnel. Enfin, nous identifions les facteurs influençant la qualité des institutions. Dans le chapitre 2, nous revisitons la théorie de la modernisation. Nos différentes analyses empiriques nous conduisent à conclure que la théorie de la modernisation, telle que définie actuellement et selon laquelle l’éducation, le revenu, l’urbanisation et l’industrialisation influencent la démocratie, n’explique pas la dynamique négative de démocratie en Afrique. Dans le chapitre 3, nous démontrons que le manque d’expérience parlementaire à l’indépendance exerce un effet négatif sur la qualité de la démocratie en Afrique plusieurs années après les indépendances. Le chapitre 4 aborde la problématique du changement constitutionnel en Afrique. Il identifie les facteurs qui influencent la tentative et la réussite du changement de l’article constitutionnel sur la limitation du nombre de mandats présidentiels, et montre qu’ils sont d’ordre institutionnel, macroéconomique, culturel et socioculturel. Enfin, le chapitre 5 met en évidence le fait que les déterminants de la corruption varient selon le niveau de développement des pays et selon les zones géographiques. / This thesis is a contribution to the economic analysis of political and economic institutions in developing countries. It is in line with the works of the new institutional economics and the new political economics. Precisely, we are interested in institutions such as constitution, corruption and democracy. This thesis is articulated around five chapters. The first chapter provides a global approach of the analysis of institutions. In this chapter, we define institutions as « rule and constraint », « governance tool » and « game equilibrium ». Then, we discuss the theories of institutional changes. Finally, we identify the key drivers of the institutional quality. In the second chapter, we revisit the modernization theory. The empirical analyses lead to the conclusion that the modernization theory according to which the democracy is mainly driven by the level of education, income, urbanization and the industrialization do not explain the negative dynamic of the democratic process in Africa. In chapter 3, we show that the lack of parliamentary experience at the independence has a negative persistent effect on the current state of democracy in Africa. Chapter 4 adresses the issue of constitutional changes in Africa. It shows that the factors which affect the attempt and the success of the change of the article limiting the number of presidential terms are of institutional, macroeconomic, cultural and sociocultural order. Finally, chapter 5 highlights the fact that the determinants of corruption vary according to the country’s level of development and according to the geographic area.