Le récent développement des nanotechnologies induit des expositions potentielles aux nanoparticules dans une diversité de milieux professionnels. Une meilleure appréhension des risques et des expositions professionnelles aux nanoparticules représente alors un enjeu essentiel pour les acteurs de la prévention, ce qui nécessite d’enrichir, voire de rompre, avec les approches classiques de métrologie et de prévention. Dans ce contexte, notre thèse se centre sur le développement d’une méthodologie transdisciplinaire intégrant l’analyse de l’activité à la mesure afin de produire des connaissances sur l’exposition aux nanoparticules et sa maîtrise. A partir de la construction et de la validation d’une méthodologie par des spécialistes de la mesure des nanoparticules, de l’épidémiologie et de l’ergonomie, nos résultats s’orientent autour de trois axes. 1) La revue systématique de la littérature des préconisations actuelles pour évaluer les expositions professionnelles aux nanoparticules met en avant l’existence de 23 documents centrés sur la mesure des nanoparticules manufacturées seulement sans s’intéresser aux nanoparticules émises non intentionnellement par certains procédés industriels. Par ailleurs, ces recommandations à destination des préventeurs doivent évoluer pour une meilleure prise en compte de l’activité de travail et devenir opérationnelles. 2) La méthode d’évaluation de l’exposition produite tenant compte de ces limites, est passée par une mobilisation des acteurs de l’entreprise pour collecter des informations sur les situations potentielles d’exposition. Ensuite, des mesurages en temps réel et intégrés des aérosols, accompagnés d’enregistrements de la fréquence cardiaque et respiratoire sont synchronisés à des vidéos de situations de travail. Un découpage à différentes échelles temporelles en phase de l’activité ou en action détaillée de l’opérateur, conduit à révéler des situations d’exposition réelles aux nanoparticules, et évaluer leurs niveaux d’exposition intégrant l’intensité physique. 3) Nous montrons que les échanges avec les opérateurs lors d’entretiens de confrontation aux vidéos et mesures synchronisées, permettent de rendre visibles ces situations d’exposition et leurs déterminants, sous forme de situations d’exposition caractéristiques. Cette présentation des résultats de l’analyse de l’activité, contribue à comprendre et mettre en perspective les pratiques de sécurité formelles pour les faire évoluer. C’est par ces échanges collectifs que les déterminants de l’exposition sont découverts, ce qui permet aux différents acteurs de renforcer la maîtrise de l’exposition. L’usage des situations d’exposition est aussi un moyen d’agir sur les projets de conception en transférant des repères pour la conception et la prévention. Il devient alors possible d’enrichir les évaluations de l’exposition aux nanoparticules et contribuer à la construction collective de la sécurité dans l’innovation. / The recent development of nanotechnologies has led to potential exposures to nanoparticles in a variety of workplaces. A better understanding of occupational exposures to nanoparticles represents a major stake for prevention stakeholders. These exposures require an overhaul of, and perhaps a break from traditional metrology and prevention approaches, as they are challenged by the particular characteristics of nanoparticles. In this context, this thesis focuses on the development of a transdisciplinary methodology integrating work activity analysis with measurement in order to produce knowledges on exposure to nanoparticles and its control.From the construction and the validation of a methodology between specialists in nanoparticle measurement, epidemiology and ergonomics, our results follow three axes. 1) The systematic review of the literature on current recommendations for assessing occupational exposures to nanoparticles highlights the existence of 23 documents focusing on the measurement of manufactured nanoparticles only, excluding nanoparticles emitted unintentionally by some industrial processes. In addition, these recommendations for preventionists must evolve to take better account of work activity and become operational. 2) The exposure assessment method developed in this thesis work is based on the mobilization of the company's stakeholders to gather information on potential exposure situations. Then, real-time as well as time averaged aerosol measurements, accompanied by heart rate recording, were synchronized with videos of work situations. A breakdown at different time scales, at the work activity stage or in more detailed action carried out by the operator, revealed real exposure situations to nanoparticles, and characterized the associated exposure levels, taking into account the physical intensity of the work. 3) We show that discussions with operators during confrontation interviews involving real-time measurement synchronized to videos of the work activity, made it possible to make these exposure situations and their determinants visible, in the form of “typical exposure situations”. Presenting the results in association with the work activity analysis in the companies contributes to understanding and questioning the regulated safety practices to make them change. It is through these collective exchanges that the determinants of exposure are discovered, allowing to the company’s stakeholders to improve exposure control. The use of exposure situations is also a means of influencing design projects by transferring requirements for conception or prevention. It therefore becomes possible to expand exposure assessment to nanoparticles and contribute to collectively build safety within innovation.

El presente trabajo de investigación está orientado a desarrollar un proyecto inmobiliario de una urbanización conformada por módulos de vivienda unifamiliares, ubicada en una zona periurbana del distrito de La Joya, provincia de Arequipa. El predio se caracteriza por tener un gran potencial debido al costo oportunidad del precio del terreno, que permite realizar un proyecto de este tipo. En años recientes, en el sector, se ha venido dando habilitaciones urbanas destinadas, en su totalidad, a casas de campo para los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, soslayando a familias del nivel socioeconómico D; por esta razón el proyecto representa una interesante propuesta al no contar con competencia en la oferta del sector. Este se iniciará con la habilitación urbana de un terreno de 40 896.00 m², teniendo como resultado un área útil de 25 056.00 m², distribuidos en 261 lotes de 96.00 m². En cada uno de estos lotes se edificará un módulo de vivienda unifamiliar básico de 38.29 m² de área techada. Asimismo, comprende un estudio de mercado que marcará las pautas para la definición del producto adecuado a las preferencias y necesidades del cliente objetivo. El estudio de mercado, incluso, presenta un interesante déficit entre la oferta y demanda de este tipo de vivienda en la población de la ciudad de Arequipa, el cual es redituado por el proyecto. El trabajo incluye, además, un análisis de diferentes sistemas constructivos teniendo en cuenta los siguientes indicadores: eficiencia, eficacia, mercado y normatividad. El planeamiento del proyecto se realiza tomando herramientas de Lean Construction para asegurar el cumplimiento de plazos. El trabajo culmina con un flujo de caja, el cual refleja, en sus indicadores, el atractivo académico del proyecto para potenciales inversionistas. / This research work is aimed at developing a real estate project of an urbanization formed by single-family housing modules, located in a peri-urban area of the district of La Joya, province and region Arequipa. The property is characterized by having great potential due to the opportunity cost of the land price, which allows to carry out a project of this type. In recent years, in the sector, it has been giving urban habilitations destined, in its entirety, to houses of country for the socioeconomic levels A and B, bypassing to families of the socioeconomic level D; For this reason the project represents an interesting proposal by not having competition in the supply of the sector. This will begin with the urban habilitation of a field of 40896.00 m², resulting in a useful area of 25056.00 m², distributed in 261 lots of 96.00 m². In each of these lots a basic single-family housing module of 38.29 m² of covered area will be built. It also includes a market study that will mark the guidelines for the definition of the product appropriate to the preferences and needs of the target customer. The market study, even, presents an interesting deficit between the supply and demand of this type of housing in the population of the city of Arequipa, which is hoax by the project. The work also includes an analysis of different constructive systems taking into account the following indicators: efficiency, efficiency, market and regulation. Project planning is done by taking Lean Construction tools to ensure deadlines. The work culminates in a cash flow, which reflects, in its indicators, the academic appeal of the project for potential investors. / Trabajo de investigación

O presente trabalho aborda as deformações por encurtamento dos pilares durante a fase construtiva. Deformações, estas, devidas à progressão das cargas, devidas à fluência e devidas à retração. Os encurtamentos provocam deslocamentos que são parcialmente corrigidos pelo processo construtivo, seja a obra executada com os pavimentos no nível de projeto ou com o piso-a-piso fixo. Dessa forma, o deslocamento final é inferior àquele obtido por um modelo de passo único que considera todas as ações ocorrendo após a finalização da estrutura. Uma metodologia para a estimativa dos encurtamentos e das correções é proposta e os resultados obtidos a partir dessa metodologia são validados por meio de comparações com modelos computacionais. Além disso, um carregamento fictício de temperatura é proposto para simular as correções construtivas no modelo de passo único. A variação de temperatura mostrou-se simples, precisa e útil nas análises de edificações de múltiplos pavimentos. Por fim, são discutidos os possíveis danos em elementos não-estruturais e maneiras de se mitigar esse problema. / The present study adress the issue of column shortening during the construction. These deformations are due to the progression of loads, due to creep and due to shrinkage. Shortenings cause displacements, that are partially compensated by the construction process, either the construction is performed with the floors executed at the design level, or the construction executed with fixed floor-to-floor dimension. Thus, the final displacement is lower than the displacement obtained by a single-step model, that considers all actions taking place after the structure is finished. A methodology for the estimation of shortenings and corrections is proposed and the results obtained from this methodology are validated through comparisons with computational models. In addition, a fictitious temperature load is proposed to simulate the constructive corrections in the single-step model. The temperature variation proved to be simple, accurate and useful in the analysis of multi-storey buildings. Finally, the possible damages in non-structural elements and ways to mitigate this problem are discussed.

No presente trabalho, é abordada a operação de transporte de cargas fracionadas, especificamente a determinação de quais linhas de transporte deverão ser ofertadas dentro de uma rede de terminais, de maneira a atender toda a demanda no nível de serviço desejado ao menor custo possível. Para tanto, é feita inicialmente uma descrição do problema de transporte de carga fracionada, seguido de uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos anteriores que já tenham abordado o tema. É então realizada a delimitação do escopo do estudo e a proposição de um modelo matemático em programação linear inteira-mista. Em seguida, é apresentado um algoritmo de resolução, consistindo na aplicação de uma heurística construtiva e uma heurística de melhoria, ambas embasadas na aplicação de caminhos mínimos com janelas de tempo a partir de custos marginais. O método é delineado para três versões do problema, estipuladas a partir de diferentes tratamentos à restrição de caminhos em formato de árvore dentro do sistema. Primeiramente, o algoritmo é aplicado a pequenas instâncias fictícias, realizando a comparação com a modelagem em programação linear inteira-mista proposta. Na maioria dos casos, não houve diferença nos valores de função objetivo encontrados, embora tenham sido identificados gaps grandes no processamento. Posteriormente, é realizada a aplicação a dados reais de uma transportadora brasileira. Para as três versões do problema, a redução de custos potencial identificada é significativa, com tempos de processamento similares ou menores do que o encontrado na literatura. Por fim, os resultados obtidos são discutidos sendo apresentadas considerações finais acerca do trabalho realizado e possíveis melhorias para pesquisas futuras. / At the present work, the operation of less-than-truckload (LTL) will be studied, more specifically the determination of which lines will be offered in a network of terminals. The service network design must attend all demands, respecting their deadlines while aiming cost reductions. The objective of this work is to propose algorithms to solve the service network design problem of LTL operations, reducing operation costs while respecting specified service levels. First, a brief introduction to the problem is made, and similar research is reviewed. Then the scope of the research is determined and a mathematical model of the problem in mixed-integer programming is presented. Next, an algorithm is proposed, consisting in a constructive heuristic followed by a local search. Both phases are based on finding minimum paths with time windows using marginal costs along the network. Three different versions of the problem are analyzed, shifting the approach given to the constraint of in-tree structure that shipments should follow in the network. The algorithm is firstly tested to small fictional instances, allowing comparison to the mixed programming model proposed earlier. No relevant differences between objective functions were found, even though substantial gaps values were identified during processing. A second test used a real dataset of a Brazilian LTL carrier. In all versions of the problem the operation cost reduction was promising, with processing times similar to the ones found in literature. The conclusion provides a discussion of the obtained results and recommendations for future research.

本研究主要是想了解青少年的挫折經驗與挫折容忍度之間的關係,並探討建設性思考與社會支持在其間所扮演的角色. 以臺北市及臺灣省701位國中生生為對象,採問卷調查的方式了解受試在挫折經驗、建設性思考、社會支持及挫折容忍度變項上的狀況.研究結果發現,挫折經驗與挫折容忍度之間成顯著的負相關.而當受試有較建設性的思考方式或有較高的社會支持及對社會支持有較高的滿意度時,其挫折容忍度亦較佳.至於建設性思考是否在挫折經驗和挫折容忍度之間扮演調節變項的部份,本研究只發現學業挫折經驗與積極正向性的思考之間有顯著的交互作用,而人際挫折經驗則與自我侷限性思考有顯著的交互作用;但是在社會支持部份,本研究並無發現其與學業或人際挫折經驗之間有明顯的交互作用.各變項所顯現的性別上的差異則相當符合一般人對男女的刻板印象;受試中,以國三學生的壓力最大,可能亦是輔導最可著力的ㄧ群. 上述的研究結果除可提供作為未來探究有關挫折經驗與挫折容忍度關係時的參考之外,亦可對學校教育及親職教育提供下列幾點建議:1.變化教材或教學方式,以減少學生的挫折經驗;2.提供老師建設性思考的課程,使師生在教學互動中培養建設性的思考,得以提昇挫折容忍度;3.對男女生的挫折經驗所提供的輔導方向應有所不同;4.培養師長、家長都能成為孩子遇到挫折時的社會支持來源;5.針對不同年級的學生提供預防教育課程,改變其對挫折的容忍度. / This research mainly intends to understand the relations between frustration experience and frustration tolerance of teenagers, and discuss the roles the constructive thinking and social support play in these issues.Based on questionnaire survey of 701 senior high school students, four variables-frustration experience, frustration tolerance, social support andconstructive thinking are investigated. The research results show that an obvious negative relation exists between frustration experience and frustration tolerance. Those who have more constructive thinking or receive more social support and accepted by the society have better performance on frustration tolerance. As to the question whether the constructive thinking play the role of a moderator variable between frustration experience and frustration tolerance, this research only found that obvious interactions exist between study frustration experience and positive thinking, as well as between human relation frustration experience and self-restrained thinking. However, the research did not find any obvious interaction between study/human relation frustration experience and social support. The different performance on different variables owing to sex difference complies with the stereotype. The research results also show that the graduating senior high school students suffer the highest pressure and could be the group that the assistance could really do something for.The research results mentioned above could provide useful information for further investigation on the relations of frustration experience and frustration tolerance. They also provide some advice for normal education andparents education: 1. Changing the teaching material or teaching methods in order to reduce the student's frustration experience. 2. Providing training courses with constructive thinking for teachers.It will build up constructive thinking as well as strengthen frustration tolerance both for teachers and students by way of teaching and studying - mutual responses. 3. The assistance provided for male or female students in order to conquer their frustration experience should be different. 4. Cultivating both parents and teachers the ability and willing of providing supports. Whenever teenagers face frustration, parents and teachers can become the source of social support.5. For students of different grades providing suitable preventive education courses in order to enhance their frustration tolerance.

Cette thèse, s'intéresse aux systèmes d'interaction, une notion visant à modéliser les interactions entre un système informatique et son environnement.<br /><br />La première partie développe, dans le cadre de la théorie des types de Martin-Löf, la théorie de base des systèmes d'interaction et des constructions inductives et co-inductives qu'ils permettent. On trouve dans cette partie une étude des liens entre systèmes d'interaction et topologies formelles et une formulation (en terme de systèmes d'interaction) d'un théorème de complétude vis-à-vis d'une sémantique topologique des théories géométriques (linéaires).<br /><br />Dans cette étude, la notion complètement standard de simulation, joue un rôle fondamental car elle permet de définir la notion de morphisme entre systèmes d'interaction. Ceci permet d'établir une équivalence entre la catégorie ainsi définie et une autre catégorie, beaucoup plus simple à décrire, celle des transformateurs de prédicats.<br /><br />En traduisant dans ce nouveau vocabulaire les constructions précédentes, on observe que les transformateurs de prédicats forment un nouveau modèle de la logique linéaire, qui est décrit puis étendu au second ordre.<br /><br />Enfin, les propriétés particulières des systèmes d'interaction / transformateurs de prédicats sont mises à profit pour donner une interprétation du lambda-calcul différentiel. Cela suppose d'introduire du non déterminisme, ce que les systèmes d'interaction et les transformateurs de prédicats permettent de faire.

Cette thèse, s'intéresse aux systèmes d'interaction, une notion visant à modéliser les interactions entre un système informatique et son environnement.<br /><br />La première partie développe, dans le cadre de la théorie des types de Martin-Löf, la théorie de base des systèmes d'interaction et des constructions inductives et co-inductives qu'ils permettent. On trouve dans cette partie une étude des liens entre systèmes d'interaction et topologies formelles et une formulation (en terme de systèmes d'interaction) d'un théorème de complétude vis-à-vis d'une sémantique topologique des théories géométriques (linéaires).<br /><br />Dans cette étude, la notion complètement standard de simulation, joue un rôle fondamental car elle permet de définir la notion de morphisme entre systèmes d'interaction. Ceci permet d'établir une équivalence entre la catégorie ainsi définie et une autre catégorie, beaucoup plus simple à décrire, celle des transformateurs de prédicats.<br /><br />En traduisant dans ce nouveau vocabulaire les constructions précédentes, on observe que les transformateurs de prédicats forment un nouveau modèle de la logique linéaire, qui est décrit puis étendu au second ordre.<br /><br />Enfin, les propriétés particulières des systèmes d'interaction / transformateurs de prédicats sont mises à profit pour donner une interprétation du lambda-calcul différentiel. Cela suppose d'introduire du non déterminisme, ce que les systèmes d'interaction et les transformateurs de prédicats permettent de faire.

Plusieurs méthodes ont été développées par l'Intelligence Artificielle pour reproduire certains aspects de l'intelligence humaine. Ces méthodes permettent de simuler les processus de raisonnement en s'appuyant sur les connaissances de base disponibles. Chaque méthode comporte des points forts, mais aussi des limitations. La réalisation de systèmes hybrides est une démarche courante Qui permet de combiner les points forts de chaque approche, et d'obtenir ainsi des performances plus élevées ou un champ d'application plus large. Un autre aspect très important du développement des systèmes hybrides intelligents est leur capacité d'acquérir de nouvelles connaissances à partir de plusieurs sources différentes et de les faire évoluer. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé des recherches sur les systèmes hybrides neuro-symboliques, et en particulier sur l'acquisition incrémentale de connaissances à partir de connaissances théoriques (règles) et empiriques (exemples). Un nouveau système hybride, nommé système INSS - Incremental Neuro-Symbolic System, a été étudié et réalisé. Ce système permet le transfert de connaissances déclaratives (règles symboliques) d'un module symbolique vers un module connexionniste (réseau de neurones artificiel - RNA) à travers un convertisseur de règles en réseau. Les connaissances du réseau ainsi obtenu sont affinées par un processus d'apprentissage à partir d'exemples. Ce raffinement se fait soit par ajout de nouvelles connaissances, soit par correction des incohérences, grâce à l'utilisation d'un réseau constructif de type Cascade-Correlation. Une méthode d'extraction incrémentale de règles a été intégrée au système INSS, ainsi que des algorithmes de validation des connaissances qui ont permis de mieux coupler les modules connexionniste et symbolique. Le système d'apprentissage automatique INSS a été conçu pour l'acquisition constructive (incrémentale) de connaissances. Le système a été testé sur plusieurs applications, en utilisant des problèmes académiques et des problèmes réels (diagnostic médical, modélisation cognitive et contrôle d'un robot autonome). Les résultats montrent que le système INSS a des performances supérieures et de nombreux avantages par rapport aux autres systèmes hybrides du même type.

<h2>Sammanfattning</h2><p><strong>S</strong>yftet med denna uppsats var att ge en bild av hur ett antal studie- och karriärvägledare inom universitet/högskola förhåller sig till begreppet breddad rekrytering.</p><p>Uppsatsen ville också visa vad en högskola och ett universitet har för strategier för att bredda sin rekrytering och om man medvetet använder sig av studie- och karriärvägledning för detta ändamål.</p><p>Metoden var kvalitativ och resultaten byggde på intervjuer av tio studievägledare fördelade på en högskola och ett universitet, samt två personer som arbetar övergripande med breddad rekrytering på dessa lärosäten. Det som framkom är att studievägledarna överlag anser att breddad rekrytering är en viktig uppgift som ingår i deras yrkesverksamhet, vidare att vägledningen är mer psykologiskt än socialt inriktad, på så sätt att vägledarna fokuserar mer på psykologiska aspekter som t ex studentens intressen, värderingar och förmågor snarare än den sociala kontext studenten befinner sig i t ex klasstillhörighet eller genus. Det finns inslag av processtänkande men fortfarande mycket av "trait and factor" tänkande.<strong> </strong>Högskolan/ universitetet anser att studievägledning är en viktig verksamhet och använder sig delvis av den för att bredda sin rekrytering, men kunskapen om vad vägledning är och kan användas till känns delvis outvecklad.</p><p>En framtidsvision är att vägledning har mer av samhällsförbättrande karaktär. Vägledaren skulle då vara en person som uppmuntrar till val utanför normen: Gränsöverskridande val.<strong> </strong></p> / <p> </p><h2>Abstract</h2><p>The purpose of this thesis was to give a picture of how a number of student counsellors at the university look on their commission in the perspective of widening recruitment.</p><p>The thesis also showed what strategies the universities have to widen their recruitment and of how to use counselling for this purpose.</p><p>The method was qualitative and the result was founded on interviews with ten student counsellors from two different universities and from two persons who work overall with widening recruitment and diversity. This study shows that student counsellors regard widening recruitment as an important task in their work. It emerged under the interviews that counselling is more psychological than social, which means that the counsellors focus more on factors like interests, values and competence rather than social context with factors like social class and gender. There are elements of trait and factor thinking as well as a great deal of<strong> </strong>process thinking. The university regards student counselling as an important activity and is using it for widening recruitment, but the knowledge of  it and its use is somewhat undeveloped.</p><p>A vision for the future is that the counsellor has more the task of a social reformer. The counsellor would then be the one who encourages the student for choices beyond the norms.</p>

<p>Organisations depend on IT for successful completion of many organisational activities. A distinction can be made between organisations with an IT-dependency of type-1, where IT-artefacts perform earlier manual routines, and organisations with an IT-dependency of type-2, where organisations utilise already digital data to enable new or radically improved organisational processes. Recognition of IT-dependency indicates that the way IT-artefacts are related to organisations is important. Moreover, the ways in which such relations are subject to change have so far seldom been subject to research. Thus, the research question asked in this thesis is: How to sustain and further develop the ways IT-artefacts and activities become and continue as related in order to effectively support changed or new organisational activities?</p><p>Within informatics we have been preoccupied with studying design of IT-artefacts. I found a design perspective inadequate to grasp the complexity of how IT-artefacts become related to organisational activities. Thus, as a secondary research question I ask: How can IT-artefacts and organisational activities they are intended to support be perceived and understood as fundamentally related? The research questions have methodological implications. Since I could not find a theory giving the answer to my complementary research question, I made it my business to produce one. Methodologically speaking this thesis to a great extent concerns theory construction. In answering the secondary research question I suggests an object of study comprising IT-artefacts and organisational agents co-producing organisational actions; informaction systems. An embryonic theory is outlined, based on Weick’s account of organising, describing mechanisms according to which ITartefacts and organisations become related.</p><p>Assuming the embryonic theory of informaction systems to be valid some initial conclusions concerning my original research question can be deduced. (1) seeing an IT-artefact and organisational agent as an action-producing unit means that no one has unilateral control over the co-produced organisational actions. (2) informaction systems become established rather than implemented. (3) sustaining relations is not a design problem, instead it is usually connected to care, so my secondary research question needs to be characterised by a shift from a design mood to a care mood. (4) guidance of an activity in which there is no unilateral control and that has a lot to do with care is characterised by a shift from management to stewardship. (5) the idea that implementation of IT-artefacts dictates organisational behaviour has to be abandoned. Instead it is paramount importance to be sensitive to how IT-artefacts actually become made sense of and hence used and utilised. This can be characterised as a shift in focus from telling to listening. These conclusions are subsumed in an approach to my original research question I have named informaction systems stewardship.</p>