The following research is a qualitative theory consuming study which investigates China's actions in Kenya regarding the postcolonialism and colonialism theory. The purpose of the essay is to understand how the theory can be used in the actions between China and Kenya by answering the following questions: How has Kenya been influenced by China's development efforts from a colonial perspective, as well as in terms of political, economic, and cultural dimensions?  In what ways has China been crucial in the development work that has impacted Kenya's political, economic, and cultural dimensions, and how can the postcolonial perspective be applied to this development work? The research established the theory where postcolonialism and colonialism is described, with a following analysis where eight people living in Kenya got interviewed to be able to understand the problem and the actions from China. The research is separated into the following perspecitves, politics, economics and culture. The study concludes with a result that proves that both theories of postcolonialism and colonialism are difficult to apply to China's actions in Kenya today due to their ongoing nature.

The concept of health should not be viewed as one-dimensional, but rather a complex interplay between physical, psychological and social factors (WHO, 2014). The Swedish curriculum highlights that the school’s responsibility is to support pupils’ knowledge and promote health. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to consider pupils understanding of and attitudes towards health in the context of the subject Physical Education and Health (PEH) at school. Data was collected through the use of focus groups, questionnaires and epistolary dialog. The pupils’ ways of describing health were analysed through Zygmunt Bauman’s (2008) consuming theory and Thomas Ziehe’s (1986, 1999) concepts of cultural liberation, cultural expropriation, the performance principle and authenticity. The result shows that the pupils in the study had a good level of understanding about health. They described health as a complex concept in physical, psychological and social terms. This understanding of health affected the pupils in different ways. For example a feeling of pleasure was described by pupils who appeared well-grounded and spontaneous, while those who experienced pressure in their daily life expressed feelings of higher expectations regarding their own health practices. PEH teachers need to consider not only knowledge content of the subject area, but also variations of self-image among the pupils in their class, and the impact this can have on the way pupils un-derstand the health messages being taught in the classroom.

L'acide furan-2,5-dicarboxylique (FDCA) a été répertorié en 2010 comme l'une des 10 principales molécules bio sourcées, pouvant servir de blocs de construction moléculaire pour remplacer l'acide téréphtalique d'origine pétrochimique, dans la production des polyesters à base de végétal. Ce composé fait partie de la famille des furanes et est obtenu après déshydratation et oxydation de sucres. Une des voies de synthèse utilise un intermédiaire clé, le 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural (HMF). Cependant, il n'existe aujourd'hui aucune production industrielle du HMF, en raison de sa réactivité intrinsèque. La formation de ce composé représente ainsi une des étapes limitantes dans la production de FDCA. Dans ce contexte, nous avons envisagé de nouvelles stratégies de synthèse du HMF économiquement favorables et respectueuses de l'environnement. L'étude de la déshydratation des monosaccharides présents en abondance dans la biomasse lignocellulosique a tout d'abord été effectuée. Les voies de synthèse ont été choisies dans la perspective d'un possible dimensionnement industriel et les coûts de production ont été minimisés afin d'obtenir le HMF à un prix compétitif. Des cristaux de HMF d'une pureté suffisante, pour une application industrielle, ont ainsi été fournis à partir de D-fructose, après une synthèse dans le diméthylsulfoxide sans catalyseur et une extraction liquide-liquide du composé. Le recyclage des solvants organiques utilisés pour la synthèse et pour l'extraction représente un réel avantage du procédé. A partir de D-glucose, la synthèse en milieu organique en deux étapes, sans purification intermédiaire, mais avec seulement une filtration, fournit un sirop de HMF concentré. Le catalyseur utilisé pour l'étape d'isomérisation du D-glucose en D-fructose a été recyclé avec succès. La conversion directe de la cellulose en HMF, dans un milieu contenant un solvant organique, a ensuite été abordée. La stratégie mise en place s'inscrit dans une démarche d'éco-conception visant à obtenir le HMF à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique, sans traitement préalable. L'accessibilité de la cellulose par sa solubilisation dans le milieu réactionnel est le premier défi à relever pour sa conversion ultérieure. La combinaison d'un catalyseur chloré et d'un système composé d'un sel d'ammonium et d'un solvant organique a été efficace pour produire le HMF. Du point de vue de la chimie durable, ce procédé présente de réels avantages tels que l'utilisation de réactifs (sel d'ammonium et catalyseur) peu onéreux et une production de HMF à partir de matières premières renouvelables. L'adaptation de cette méthode à la biomasse lignocellulosique a fourni des rendements modestes mais encourageants pour la suite des travaux. / 2,5-Furan dicarboxylique acid (FDCA) was listed in 2010 as one of the top 10 bio sourced molecules which can serve as building blocks to replace the petrochemical terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters based-plant. This compound belongs to the family of furans and can be obtained after dehydration and oxidation of sugars. One way of synthesis uses a key intermediate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). However, there is currently no commercial production of HMF because of its intrinsic reactivity. The formation of this compound thus represents one of the limiting steps in the production of FDCA. In this context, we have explored new strategies for the synthesis of HMF which could be economically and environmentally favorable. The study of the dehydration of monosaccharides which are abundant in lignocellulosic biomass was first carried out. Synthetic routes have been selected in view of a possible industrial development and in order to reduce as possible as we can the cost of production to obtain the HMF at a competitive price. Crystals of HMF with sufficient purity for industrial applications has been supplied from D-fructose after a synthesis in dimethylsulfoxide without catalyst and after a liquid-liquid extraction. Recycling of organic solvents used for the synthesis and the extraction represents a real benefit for this process. From D-glucose, a synthesis in organic medium in two steps without purification but only filtration afforded a syrup of concentrated HMF. The catalyst used for the isomerization step of the D-glucose into D-fructose was successfully recycled. The direct conversion of cellulose into HMF in a medium composed of an organic solvent was then approached. The implemented strategy is part of an eco-design approach to get the HMF from lignocellulosic biomass, without pretreatment. Accessibility of cellulose by its dissolution in the reaction medium was the first challenge for subsequent conversion. The combination of a chloride catalyst and a system composed of an ammonium salt and an organic solvent was effective to produce HMF. From the view point of sustainable chemistry, this method gathers noticeable advantages such as use of cheap ammonium additive, cheap and naturally abundant metal and allows production of HMF from renewable raw materials. The adjustment method to the lignocellulosic biomass has provided modest but encouraging yields for further work.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-02-07T16:00:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Tonon Zuanazzi_.pdf: 3244157 bytes, checksum: 7a227bcd80ccfc229abe8c5d7321d5c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T16:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Tonon Zuanazzi_.pdf: 3244157 bytes, checksum: 7a227bcd80ccfc229abe8c5d7321d5c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-20 / Nenhuma / A análise sobre o tema experiência de consumo permite identificar duas linhas de pesquisa distintas sob a perspectiva do consumidor. A primeira, defendida pelo marketing experiencial, aponta que a interação com o consumidor precisa ser preenchida com estímulos constantes que despertem surpresa e encantamento. A segunda, por outro lado, critica essa afirmação ao ressaltar que esse processo infantiliza o consumidor e que a busca atual é de liberdade na criação das próprias experiências. Especificamente no turismo, por se tratar de um setor do ramo de serviços, a elaboração da experiência por parte das empresas pode ser desenhada com características de um ou de outro cenário, residindo a dúvida de qual linha abriga a maior aceitação pelos consumidores. O objetivo desta dissertação é justamente analisar comparativamente experiências de consumo espetaculares versus espontâneas no turismo e, ainda, tentar compreender os pontos que aproximam e distanciam os dois cenários. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, inspirada na metodologia da pesquisa-ação para analisar, no momento do consumo, a reação e percepção dos consumidores em ambas as experiências. Os resultados foram divididos entre macrocategorias positivas e negativas e subcategorias específicas envolvendo as unicidades de cada cenário. Por fim, realizou-se uma análise comparativa entre as categorias que demonstrou a existência de uma linha tênue entre o que é considerado positivo e negativo em cada uma das abordagens. Este estudo instigou contribuições teóricas que criticam a existência de linhas dicotômicas e não relacionadas, sugerindo a complementação e coexistência de pontos positivos em ambos os cenários cenários para entregas de maior valor aos consumidores. Sob a perspectiva das empresas, os resultados apresentaram um conjunto de sugestões práticas que apoiam a construção de experiências de consumo positivas no setor de turismo. / The consumption experience studies lie on two different streams. The first one, supported by the experiential marketing, states that the interaction with consumers must be filled with constant stimulations that generates surprise and enchantment. The second one criticizes this idea suggesting that this process infantilizes the consumer; rather, it assumes that customers look for freedom to cocreate their own experiences. Regarding the tourism context, the construction of the experience by the companies can be drew in one or other scenario, leading to the question about which one have the best acceptance by consumers. The main objective of this dissertation is to comparatively analyze spectacular experiences versus spontaneous experiences in tourism and try to comprehend what are the points that put them together or that drive them away from each other. For this purpose, a qualitative research was conducted, inspired by the action-research methodology. The goal was to analyze, during the consuming process, the customers reactions and perceptions in both types of experience. The results were divided into macro categories – positive and negative – and specific subcategories in each scenario. Lastly, a comparative analysis between the categories showed the existence of a thin line that separates the perception of positive and negative in the two different approaches. This study instigates theoretical contributions that criticize the existence of a dichotomy between both lines and argues that both paths should complement each other and coexist. Under the companies’ perspective, the results exhibited a set of practical suggestions that support the construction of positive consuming experiences in tourism.

<p>The thesis concentrates on the psychological consequences ofthe contemporary work. Two focal question of the thesis are,first, why do employees’psychological resources becomeconsumed in the contemporary working life? Second, how tocreate regenerative work enabling employees’developmentin the present situation? The latter question aims todistinguish the conditions for sustainable individual andcollective development at work. The empirical research consistsof two studies; the Empirical Study I with explorative casestudies in two »new economy« companies and theEmpirical Study II with action research case studies in apublic hospital and a tenants’union. In the EmpiricalStudy II, the case organizations defined their problemsrelating to human resources consumption. The subsequent actionresearch projects aimed to work on these problems and togenerate ideas for regenerative work.</p><p>The case studies indicate that many contemporary workinglife problems relate to fundamental changes at work. Confinedbureaucratic work is gradually changing into more complex andboundaryless work. Instead of bureaucratic impersonality, suchwork requires comprehensive personal presence from employees.However, organizational arrangements have not followed thedevelopment. Organizational structures and practices are stillaimed at controlling and guiding compartmentalized, stablework. Consequently, post-bureaucratic work realities exist inbureaucratic work organizations; the clashes between the twooperation logics lead to negative consequences at individualand organizational levels.</p><p>The thesis studies the reasons for the gap betweenbureaucratic organizational logic and post-bureaucratic worklogic. Furthermore, organizational and individual approachesleading to more comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful workare explored. When it comes to organizational approaches, theredoes not seem to exist a certain structure for apost-bureaucratic organization; such an organization is a stateof collective and individual mind rather than a fixed solution.At individual level, bureaucratic thinking has to grow intopost-bureaucratic thinking at all hierarchical levels.Responsibility taking and complex thinking are needed. Mentalmodels enabling versatile functioning within an organizationare required.</p><p><b>KEY WORDS:</b>good work, personal development, professionaldevelopment, stress, human resources, regenerative work,consuming work, bureaucracy, post-bureaucracy, actionresearch.</p>

The thesis concentrates on the psychological consequences ofthe contemporary work. Two focal question of the thesis are,first, why do employees’psychological resources becomeconsumed in the contemporary working life? Second, how tocreate regenerative work enabling employees’developmentin the present situation? The latter question aims todistinguish the conditions for sustainable individual andcollective development at work. The empirical research consistsof two studies; the Empirical Study I with explorative casestudies in two »new economy« companies and theEmpirical Study II with action research case studies in apublic hospital and a tenants’union. In the EmpiricalStudy II, the case organizations defined their problemsrelating to human resources consumption. The subsequent actionresearch projects aimed to work on these problems and togenerate ideas for regenerative work. The case studies indicate that many contemporary workinglife problems relate to fundamental changes at work. Confinedbureaucratic work is gradually changing into more complex andboundaryless work. Instead of bureaucratic impersonality, suchwork requires comprehensive personal presence from employees.However, organizational arrangements have not followed thedevelopment. Organizational structures and practices are stillaimed at controlling and guiding compartmentalized, stablework. Consequently, post-bureaucratic work realities exist inbureaucratic work organizations; the clashes between the twooperation logics lead to negative consequences at individualand organizational levels. The thesis studies the reasons for the gap betweenbureaucratic organizational logic and post-bureaucratic worklogic. Furthermore, organizational and individual approachesleading to more comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful workare explored. When it comes to organizational approaches, theredoes not seem to exist a certain structure for apost-bureaucratic organization; such an organization is a stateof collective and individual mind rather than a fixed solution.At individual level, bureaucratic thinking has to grow intopost-bureaucratic thinking at all hierarchical levels.Responsibility taking and complex thinking are needed. Mentalmodels enabling versatile functioning within an organizationare required. KEY WORDS:good work, personal development, professionaldevelopment, stress, human resources, regenerative work,consuming work, bureaucracy, post-bureaucracy, actionresearch. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

The aim of the Diploma Thesis is to propose an assessment of energy-consuming criteria of wastewater treatment plant. We focus on formation of energy questionnaire that is used to evaluate the wastewater treatment plant according to the criteria, and subsequently indicate which processes increase energy consumption. Verification of proposed energy-consuming criteria was carried out with the data of an existing wastewater treatment plant.

I ett föränderligt samhälle där traditionella strukturer övergått till moderna har såväl samhället som dess invånare reformerats. Sociala relationer har blivit lika reflexiva som samhället de verkar i och växlar i en takt som gör dess innehåll likgiltigt och vidare utbytbart. I en konsumistisk kultur utlovas individen ny tillfredsställelse och förnyelse bakom varje hörn, detta har vidare skapat ett genomgripande konsumistiskt beteende hos individen. I ett reflexivt samt konsumistiskt samhälle riskerar kärleksförbindelsens innebörd bli lika reflexiv och vidare utbytbar. Studiens ambition är att undersöka ifall det finns en relation mellan individens konsumtionsbeteende och huruvida de väljer att upprätthålla sina kärleksförbindelser. Vidare intresserar sig studien för vilken roll identitetsskapandet utgör i relationen mellan dem. Studien har valt att avgränsa sig till unga vuxna för att nå en fri identitet med möjligheten till självbestämmande och som inte är lika präglad av ett familjeliv. Med en kvalitativ metod och fyra halvstrukturerade intervjuer kunde studiens forskningsfråga undersökas. För att sätta studiens resultat i en större jämförbar kontext valdes Eva Illouz, Zygmunt Bauman och Hartmut Rosas teorier. Resultatet visar att utifrån de fyra informanter empirin utgjorts av, uppvisas en likhet i deras konsumtionsbeteende samt hur de väljer att upprätthålla eller avsluta en kärleksförbindelse. Empirin visar också att informanterna präglas av individualismen där värden såsom självförverkligande, autonomi och frihet prioriteras framför en potentiell kärleksförbindelse. / In a changing society where traditional structures have become modern, both society and its inhabitants have been reformed. Social relations have become as flexible as the society in which they operate. In a consumerist culture, the individual is promised new satisfaction and renewal around every corner which has further created a pervasive consumerist behavior in the individual. In a reflexive and consuming society, the meaning of relationships risks becoming just as reflexive and replaceable. The ambition of the study is to explore whether there is a connection between the individual's consumption behavior and whether they choose to maintain their liaisons. In addition, the study is interested in how the creation of identity is affected by the connection between them.  The limitations of the study were to target young adults in order to achieve a free identity with the possibility of self-determination and which is not defined by family. With a qualitative method and four semi-structured interviews, the study's research question could be explored. To put the results of the study in a larger comparable context, the theories of Eva Illouz, Zygmunt Bauman and Hartmut Rosa were chosen. The results show that based on the four informants the empirics consisted of, a certain connection is shown in their consumption behavior and how they choose to maintain or end a liaison. The empirical material also shows that the informants are influenced by individualism where values ​​such as self-realization, autonomy and freedom are prioritized over a potential relationship.

Within the area of animal ethics, there has been ongoing discussion around whether people in developed countries are justified in consuming animal based products or not, some argue that we are, and some argue that we aren't. In this paper I present a kind of middle-way position in response to the ongoing discussion, in which I argue that a decent chunk of a population in developed countries are justified in consuming certain animal products, but only so far as the exclusion of these animal based products would cause harm to the boycotter. Many of the arguments that are raised in order to defend the consumption of animal products, often rely on controversial assumptions or stances in order to make their claim. In this paper I attempt to distance myself from these types of arguments, by giving an argument that only relies on already commonly held moral beliefs that we all already take to be true, and the argument I make is therefore just an extension of a moral belief that we already have, which is that it is morally justifiable to consume animal products in order to avoid a personal harm. The claim very simply put is the following: We already believe that a person is morally justified to consume animal products from animals that yield relatively low amounts of food in order to survive, if we take this to be true, then we should also believe that a person is morally justified to consume animal products from animals that have a much greater yield of food, but where the food is used not to survive, but to avoid personal harms that stem from boycotting animal products. To give a more precise description on why the former (to survive) entails the latter (to avoid harms from boycotting) is because firstly, the amount of harm that's being done to the animal to avoid both cases is the same, and secondly, the level of harm that's being prevented by consuming the products that come from that animal are also the same. I conclude therefore, that if we want to remain morally consistent, we should accept the latter case to also be justified, which is that we are justified in consuming animal products in order to reduce a personal harm, but only so far as those harms would be prevalent if the person where to exclude animal based products from their diet.

Cette recherche se concentre sur les centres commerciaux et sur les expériences de magasinage produites et vécues au sein de ces espaces de vente dans différentes villes et régions du monde (Angleterre, Argentine, Brésil, France). Bien qu’il existe de nombreuses recherches sur ce sujet dans les économies développées, il en existe peu consacrées aux économies émergentes (Amérique Latine, notamment) et encore moins à des comparaisons inter-zones. Ce travail à caractère inductif et interculturel s'appuie, pour la discussion théorique des observations menées, sur les apports de la “Consumer Culture Theory”, en particulier sur les recherches sur l’expérience de magasinage transposées aux centres commerciaux, et tente de dégager des implications marketing. / This research focuses on shopping centers and on the shopping and consuming experiences produced and undergone within these retail spaces in different cities and in different regions of the world. Although significant work has been done on this topic in developed economies, significantly less has been devoted to emerging economies and even less has been done in comparative terms. This work builds on the existing Consumer Culture Theory related literature and it attempts to address current gaps in this body of work, as well as to provide managerial recommendations based on research findings. It differentiates itself from previous research on shopping centers on four main aspects: (1) By studying the phenomenon of shopping centers in Latin America, a largely unexplored domain; (2) By adding a multicultural perspective to the body of research on consumer and shopping experiences at shopping centers through the study of cases in five different cities; (3) By establishing a process of case selection to provide a priori variability of cases; (4) By comparing on ¨continuum¨ (Carù & Cova, 2007; Roederer, 2008) the full array of shopping experiences: produced, undergone and co-driven (Csaba and Askegaard, 1999; Tsai, 2010) and assessing whether these experiences vary across locations as well as the possible causes of variation.