As a business becomes dependent on knowledge and intellectual capabilities, human resource management is undoubtedly a key driver of an organization’s success. In the same vein, the importance of managing human resources for the multinational enterprise (MNE) cannot be overstated (Dowling, 1999; Hiltrop, 1999; Tung, 1984). Since a large number of MNEs depend on expatriates to run their global operations despite their relatively high costs, it is essential for MNEs to develop a better understanding of expatriate management. In this regard, the psychological contract has received recent attention as an underlying mechanism for managing expatriates. However, existing psychological contract studies have paid little heed to the unique contexts of expatriate employment relationships (Ng & Feldman, 2009; Lub, Bal, Blomme, & Schalk, 2016), which are different from domestic employment relationships. Expatriates are often exposed to more complex environments than their domestic counterparts, such as different cultures. Moreover, expatriate contracts usually involve multiple parties and are directed by various interests (Kraimer & Wayne, 2004; Mendenhall & Oddou, 1985). Therefore, the current understanding of psychological contracts in the expatriation context is not well understood. This could potentially hinder the ability to manage expatriates on international assignments. Using social exchange theory and equity theory, this dissertation seeks to explore expatriates’ psychological contracts in the multi-contextual nature of expatriation. More particularly, this dissertation aims to examine the effects of psychological contract violations on attitudinal outcomes in the expatriation context and also discover potential moderators of that relationship at the individual, organizational, and national levels. Using an expatriate sample, this dissertation employs two questionnaires within a two-week interval. The findings of this dissertation contribute to a clearer understanding of expatriate management by answering essential questions of what impact perceived psychological contract violations have on expatriate attitudes and how individual, organizational, and national factors influence the effects of perceived psychological contract violations.

La mise en œuvre de programmes de santé publique complexes est particulièrement délicate en milieu scolaire. Des différences sont fréquemment observées entre ce qui était attendu du programme et ce qui en résulte en réalité. Ces différences sont dues à un certain nombre de facteurs contextuels, en lien avec les caractéristiques propres du milieu, de la communauté et des acteurs concernés. Développer des programmes de prévention efficaces, implique de prendre en compte l’impact de ces facteurs sur le processus d’implantation des projets. Par conséquent, il convient de s’intéresser à deux questions majeures : la première est celle de la transférabilité des programmes, dont les effets sont difficiles à prévoir dans une telle variabilité contextuelle. La seconde question concerne la généralisation à l’échelon régional ou national de la mise en œuvre de tels programmes de prévention en milieu scolaire qui, loin d’être une évidence, est également sujette à de nombreux déterminants variables en fonction des situations. Alors que l’implantation et la mise en œuvre des programmes est un champ largement investigué dans le soin comme dans le management, il s’agit d’un champ de recherche en expansion dans le domaine de la prévention, de l’éducation à la santé et de la promotion de la santé. Cette thèse propose de s’intéresser aux modalités d’implantation des programmes avec un objectif double : une visée épistémique par une réflexion théorique sur les concepts à mobiliser, puis une confrontation empirique de cette approche dans trois études ; une visée transformative s’appuyant sur des propositions d’opérationnalisation de notre approche. Chaque étude contribuera à explorer et expliciter un aspect de l’implantation : des processus générés, aux effets observés, en prenant en compte les facteurs déterminants en jeu. Les résultats de ce travail mettent l’accent sur le fait que les caractéristiques initiales des différents contextes ont un impact majeur sur le processus d’implantation, à différents niveaux de mise en œuvre. Les interactions entre les facteurs sont complexes, elles s’inscrivent dans des boucles d’action-rétroaction. L’introduction d’un programme dans un contexte peut agir comme un révélateur de certaines conditions favorables ou défavorables, un élément perturbateur imposant de nouvelles contraintes, ou, au contraire, un nouvel élan stimulant la motivation des équipes. Il apparaît que les programmes sont « instrumentalisés » par les acteurs pour servir leurs propres objectifs en fonction des conditions de départ. Il s’agit par conséquent de questionner le statut et le potentiel des programmes implantés au sein de contextes d’une extrême complexité. Nous ne prônons pas un changement de paradigme, mais plutôt un déplacement du curseur d’une focalisation sur l’amélioration de la fidélité avec laquelle les programmes sont mis en œuvre, vers un ancrage fort dans les différents contextes. Cette stratégie nous semble particulièrement adaptée à une démarche de réduction des inégalités sociales de santé. Dans cette perspective, nous proposons l’élaboration de « patterns » d’implantation sur la base d’une analyse détaillée des éléments déterminants préexistant dans les contextes considérés. Pour développer cette approche, il est nécessaire de poursuivre les recherches afin d’analyser les combinaisons de facteurs contextuels dans différents types d’écoles comme dans d’autres milieux. / Implementing health-related interventions is challenging in school settings. Discrepancies, between expected and actual programme outcomes, are often reported. They are, at least partly, due to contextual factors in the setting, the community and the stakeholders involved. The impact of these factors sets two challenges for the development of successful health promotion programmes: first, transferability and generalization, as end effects are in reality difficult to predict; second, the scaling up of interventions cannot be taken for granted, as the determinants involved are numerous and variable, depending on situations. While implementation research is substantial in healthcare or management, it is an emerging and growing field in health promotion. This work proposes to produce knowledge on implementation in health promotion, with a twofold approach based on a theoretical reflection, and its confrontation with three empirical studies. Each study contributes to understand a different aspect of implementation, namely the processes involved, the outputs resulting from the process and the influential factors in play. Findings put forward that specific characteristics of the context, which exist prior to implementation, influence the implementation process greatly, on various levels and according to complex loops of interactions. The new programme introduced sometimes acts as a revealer, a constraint, or a motivator. It is used as a tool, a guideline or a vision, depending on initial conditions, expectations and potentiality of the context of implementation. This work also discusses the way in which school stakeholders tend to “instrumentalize” programmes and guidelines for their own purpose. Questioning the design, status and potentiality of programmes is essential. Rather than proposing a paradigm shift, our suggestion is to move towards implementation research and programme design that focus on interactions between contexts and programmes, to reduce health inequities. It is about moving the cursor from evidence-base and fidelity, to a focus on contextual influencing implementation. Implementation patterns, based on a detailed understanding of contextual factors, could serve as guiding directions to support the implementation process, in a transformational change perspective. More research is needed on combinations of contextual factors in different types of school, and other types of settings, to further develop the approach presented in this work.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como os determinantes socioeconômicos contextuais influenciaram na produção e no fortalecimento de tendências criminogênicas, entre os municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, mediante a utilização de análises multivariadas entre anos de 1991 e 2000. Buscamos construir um modelo empírico causal para avaliar as questões indicadas e também captar em que medida as transformações qualitativas que a criminalidade vem sofrendo - em decorrência de mudanças macro-estruturais de caráter mais amplo - têm penetrado nos municípios da RMPA. Para tanto, nos servimos de técnicas estatísticas de análise de regressões múltiplas para captar nexos causais entre as variáveis independentes e dependentes em modelos longitudinais. Também utilizamos alguns modelos transversais para os referidos anos, com o objetivo de perceber as covariações entre as variáveis selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos nas regressões foram interpretados a partir de uma série de perspectivas teóricas que tratam do fenômeno da criminalidade. Para avaliar os dados obtidos utilizamos, principalmente, a perspectiva da transição etiológica da criminalidade. A análise tem como suas variáveis dependentes às taxas de apenados por delitos selecionados. Dentre os resultados que alcançamos podemos indicar a constatação da relação entre uma forma nova da desorganização social e o avanço de grupos criminosos. Contudo, os resultados obtidos devem servir principalmente para a ampliação de estudos de mesmo perfil teórico e metodológico. / The goal of this research is to examine the influence that contextual socioeconomic factors had in producing and strengthening criminogenic tendencies among municipalities in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, by means of multi-varied analyses for the years between 1991 and 2000. We sought to build a causal empirical model to evaluate the issues listed and also to determine the extent to which the qualitative changes that crime has been undergoing - as a result of macro-structural changes of a broader nature - have penetrated the municipalities in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area. To this end, we employed statistical techniques of multiple regression analysis to determine causal links between independent and dependent variables in longitudinal models. We also used some transversal models for the years in question in order to perceive the covariations between the selected variables. The results obtained in the regressions were interpreted from a number of theoretical perspectives that address the phenomenon of crime. To evaluate the data we mainly used the perspective of the etiological transition of crime. The dependent variables of the analysis are the conviction rates for selected crimes. Among the results we came to, we can confirm the relationship between a new form of social disorganization and the advancement of criminal groups. However, the results obtained should serve mainly to increase further studies of the same theoretical and methodological profile.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como os determinantes socioeconômicos contextuais influenciaram na produção e no fortalecimento de tendências criminogênicas, entre os municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, mediante a utilização de análises multivariadas entre anos de 1991 e 2000. Buscamos construir um modelo empírico causal para avaliar as questões indicadas e também captar em que medida as transformações qualitativas que a criminalidade vem sofrendo - em decorrência de mudanças macro-estruturais de caráter mais amplo - têm penetrado nos municípios da RMPA. Para tanto, nos servimos de técnicas estatísticas de análise de regressões múltiplas para captar nexos causais entre as variáveis independentes e dependentes em modelos longitudinais. Também utilizamos alguns modelos transversais para os referidos anos, com o objetivo de perceber as covariações entre as variáveis selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos nas regressões foram interpretados a partir de uma série de perspectivas teóricas que tratam do fenômeno da criminalidade. Para avaliar os dados obtidos utilizamos, principalmente, a perspectiva da transição etiológica da criminalidade. A análise tem como suas variáveis dependentes às taxas de apenados por delitos selecionados. Dentre os resultados que alcançamos podemos indicar a constatação da relação entre uma forma nova da desorganização social e o avanço de grupos criminosos. Contudo, os resultados obtidos devem servir principalmente para a ampliação de estudos de mesmo perfil teórico e metodológico. / The goal of this research is to examine the influence that contextual socioeconomic factors had in producing and strengthening criminogenic tendencies among municipalities in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, by means of multi-varied analyses for the years between 1991 and 2000. We sought to build a causal empirical model to evaluate the issues listed and also to determine the extent to which the qualitative changes that crime has been undergoing - as a result of macro-structural changes of a broader nature - have penetrated the municipalities in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area. To this end, we employed statistical techniques of multiple regression analysis to determine causal links between independent and dependent variables in longitudinal models. We also used some transversal models for the years in question in order to perceive the covariations between the selected variables. The results obtained in the regressions were interpreted from a number of theoretical perspectives that address the phenomenon of crime. To evaluate the data we mainly used the perspective of the etiological transition of crime. The dependent variables of the analysis are the conviction rates for selected crimes. Among the results we came to, we can confirm the relationship between a new form of social disorganization and the advancement of criminal groups. However, the results obtained should serve mainly to increase further studies of the same theoretical and methodological profile.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como os determinantes socioeconômicos contextuais influenciaram na produção e no fortalecimento de tendências criminogênicas, entre os municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, mediante a utilização de análises multivariadas entre anos de 1991 e 2000. Buscamos construir um modelo empírico causal para avaliar as questões indicadas e também captar em que medida as transformações qualitativas que a criminalidade vem sofrendo - em decorrência de mudanças macro-estruturais de caráter mais amplo - têm penetrado nos municípios da RMPA. Para tanto, nos servimos de técnicas estatísticas de análise de regressões múltiplas para captar nexos causais entre as variáveis independentes e dependentes em modelos longitudinais. Também utilizamos alguns modelos transversais para os referidos anos, com o objetivo de perceber as covariações entre as variáveis selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos nas regressões foram interpretados a partir de uma série de perspectivas teóricas que tratam do fenômeno da criminalidade. Para avaliar os dados obtidos utilizamos, principalmente, a perspectiva da transição etiológica da criminalidade. A análise tem como suas variáveis dependentes às taxas de apenados por delitos selecionados. Dentre os resultados que alcançamos podemos indicar a constatação da relação entre uma forma nova da desorganização social e o avanço de grupos criminosos. Contudo, os resultados obtidos devem servir principalmente para a ampliação de estudos de mesmo perfil teórico e metodológico. / The goal of this research is to examine the influence that contextual socioeconomic factors had in producing and strengthening criminogenic tendencies among municipalities in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, by means of multi-varied analyses for the years between 1991 and 2000. We sought to build a causal empirical model to evaluate the issues listed and also to determine the extent to which the qualitative changes that crime has been undergoing - as a result of macro-structural changes of a broader nature - have penetrated the municipalities in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area. To this end, we employed statistical techniques of multiple regression analysis to determine causal links between independent and dependent variables in longitudinal models. We also used some transversal models for the years in question in order to perceive the covariations between the selected variables. The results obtained in the regressions were interpreted from a number of theoretical perspectives that address the phenomenon of crime. To evaluate the data we mainly used the perspective of the etiological transition of crime. The dependent variables of the analysis are the conviction rates for selected crimes. Among the results we came to, we can confirm the relationship between a new form of social disorganization and the advancement of criminal groups. However, the results obtained should serve mainly to increase further studies of the same theoretical and methodological profile.

Introduction In Senegal, as in many countries, physicians are unevenly distributed. This situation leads to health inequalities, but the solutions adopted to distribute physicians equitably do not give satisfactory results. This situation pushes decision-makers and researchers to look for other solutions such as telemedicine. This technology-based solution is considered to be a good means to improve physician recruitment and retention in underserved areas, thus improving access to healthcare in these areas, but it is still underused in Senegalese health facilities. Objective This study aimed to identify the determinants of the use of telemedicine in Senegal. More specifically, it aimed to identify the individual (micro) and contextual (meso and macro) factors that influence the use of telemedicine in Senegal. Method The study involved mixed methods: a descriptive qualitative study involving individual interviews and a cross-sectional quantitative study involving questionnaires. The first method was used to study the individual (micro) factors such as physicians’ beliefs on the use of telemedicine and physicians’ perception of the impact of telemedicine on their recruitment and retention in underserved areas. It was also used to study the contextual meso (technical, organizational and ethical) and macro (financial, political, legal and socioeconomic) factors that influence the use of telemedicine. The second method was used to study participants’ intention to use telemedicine in their professional activities, another individual (micro) factor. This study included physicians working in public hospitals, those working in district health, and telemedicine projects managers. Qualitative data was collected through individual interviews, transcribed and imported into NVivo 10 where they were coded thematically. Quantitative data was collected by administering questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS 23. Results The results showed that telemedicine could contribute to, but could not guarantee the recruitment and retention of Senegalese physicians in underserved areas. It was found that physicians in Senegal have both positive and negative behavioural, normative and control beliefs that can encourage or discourage them from using telemedicine in their professional practice. The most salient behavioural beliefs were that telemedicine makes experts’ opinions accessible across distances (positive behavioural belief), but could lead to medical errors (negative behavioural belief). The most common normative beliefs were that their patients would most probably approve the use of telemedicine (positive normative belief) while their colleagues working in the public sector might disapprove of it (negative normative belief). The most reported control beliefs were that the use of telemedicine is easy (positive control belief), but could be time-consuming (negative control belief). For physicians in Senegal, the findings also demonstrate that the probability that they will use telemedicine in their professional activities is moderate and influenced by their perceived behavioural control which, in turn, is influenced by their positive and negative control beliefs. Finally, the results demonstrate that many contextual meso (technical, organizational and ethical) and macro (financial, political, legal and socioeconomic) factors influence the use of telemedicine in Senegal. Conclusion The results of this study can inform the choice of telemedicine development strategies. These strategies can help to promote the use of telemedicine in Senegal, which in turn can help to increase physician recruitment and retention in underserved areas, resulting in better access to healthcare and, and as a result improved population health.

The main purpose of the study was to examine the significance of contextual factors from a patient / support person perspective in order to be able to achieve quality experiences in health care for patients with an autism diagnosis. The research study was based on a member survey of the interest group Autism and Asperger's Association, whose questions mainly concerned experiences of contact with health care. From the survey, free text responses from respondents have been processed with a qualitative thematic analysis where the results show that contextual factors such as competence, attitude, accessibility and continuity according to the respondent group can contribute to quality experiences in health care. The results from the analysis also showed a correspondence between these factors and the fundament on which the thesis' theoretical starting point, the theory of person-centered care, rests. This means that tools to meet the needs of autism patients are already available for professionals within the line of health care, but that these probably need to be complied to a greater extent and adapted to a greater extent to this patient group.This research study is relevant for the line of social work because as a professional in this widespread working area you often come across individuals which has an autism spectrum disorder. This may involve work with users and patients in areas such as health care, social psychiatry or social welfare. Regardless of the profession in which professionals meet people with autism, a general knowledge of associated disabilities and the related needs that may arise is needed. / Studien hade som sitt huvudsakliga syfte att ur ett patient/stödpersonsperspektiv undersöka kontextuella faktorers betydelse för att skall kunna uppnå goda vårdupplevelser inom hälso- och sjukvård för patienter med en AST-diagnos. Studien utgick från en medlemsundersökning av intresseorganisationen Autism- ochAsperger förbundet vars frågor främst berörde upplevelser av kontakt med hälso- och sjukvård. Från undersökningen har fritextsvar från respondenter bearbetats med en kvalitativ temaanalys där resultaten visar att kontextuella faktorer som kompetens, bemötande, tillgänglighet och kontinuitet enligt respondentgruppen kan bidra till goda vårdupplevelser. Resultaten från analysen visade även en överenstämmelse mellan dessa faktorer och de fundament som uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt, teorin kring personcentrerad vård vilar på. Detta innebär att verktyg för att tillgodose AST-patienters behov redan finns att tillgå för vården men att dessa troligtvis behöver efterlevas i högre grad och anpassas i högre utsträckning efter den aktuella patientgruppen. Studien är relevant för socialt arbete då man som yrkesutövare inom detta breda yrkesområde ofta kommer i kontakt med individer som diagnostiserats med AST. Det kan handla om arbete med brukare och patienter inom områden som exempelvis hälso- och sjukvård, socialpsykiatri eller biståndshandläggning. Oavsett inom vilken profession som professionella möter personer med AST behövs en generell kunskap om tillhörande funktionsnedsättningar och till dessa kopplade behov som kan uppstå.

Denna studie är en samverkansuppsats med SUF – kunskapscentrum i region Uppsala.SUF arbetar gentemot professionella och bidrar med information om föräldrar som har kognitiva svårigheter. Dessa familjer är en grupp som ofta är mer missgynnade än andra familjer. Föräldrar som har kognitiva svårigheter förekommer i barnavårdsutredningar och är ofta i behov av mer och långvarigare stöd från socialtjänsten.Professionellas förhållningssätt kan påverka omfattningen och kvaliteten på det stödföräldern erbjuds. Studien utgick ifrån att se hur professionella förhåller sig till olika kontextuella faktorer vid bedömningen av föräldraförmåga i barnavårdsutredningar där en förälder har kognitiva svårigheter. Detta görs utifrån Feldmans kontextuella –interaktionella modell som kompletteras med Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiskamodell och BBIC (Barns behov i centrum). Metoden är kvalitativ halvstrukturerad forskningsintervju med tematisk analys. Modeller som BBIC och Signs of safety kan ha betydelse för socialsekreterarens förhållningssätt. Resultaten visar att förhållningssättet till tidigare nämnda modeller är flexibelt. Skillnader i förhållningssättet framträder utifrån vilken betydelse förälderns egna behov och välmående ges i utredningen och synen på kärlek som ett skydd för barnet. Kontextuella faktorer som ses som viktiga varierar från familjens unika fall och avgörs utifrån om de ses påverka förälderns förmåga att tillgodose barnets behov och på så sätt utgöra en risk eller ett skydd. Förälderns egenskaper, förälderns historia, livskriser i familjen och sociala nätverket är kontextuella faktorer som generellt ses som extra viktiga. Studien visar att det sociala stödets kvalitet har stor betydelse. Socialsekreterarens förmåga att beakta flera kontextuella faktorer och förälderns kognitiva svårigheter för att utifrån dessa samverka med andra professionella, släkt och vänner omkring föräldern har potential att skapa stöd av hög kvalitet för föräldern och barnet.

Introduction: Unhealthy diets are significant contributors to chronic diseases. Variations in CVD rates across ethnicities in Canada could be attributable to diverse dietary habits and nutrition environmental influences. The extent to which individuals’ food environment perceptions influence dietary intake is also understudied. Methods: This cross-sectional study, utilizing data from 7,077 of the 10,100 adults in the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds (CAHHM) cohort, assessed associations of elements of the nutrition environment (food prices, advertisements, and availability) and ethnicity with dietary intakes. Results: Self-reported intakes of carbohydrates, junk foods, meat, and cholesterol varied significantly across Asians and White Europeans (p<0.0001). Rural/urban differences were also observed in carbohydrate, fat, protein, cholesterol, vegetable, meat, and sweet drink intakes (p<0.0001), excluding junk foods, and fruits. Interestingly, while individuals' perceptions of their food environment did not correlate with objective measures of the same environment, a 1$ increase in vegetable prices was significantly associated with a decrease in vegetable consumption by 0.0078 In(servings/day) (p= 0.0233), after adjusting for rural/urban living, ethnicity and BMI. No associations were found between fruits, meat, bread, eggs, cola, chocolate, poultry, rice, and milk prices and respective intakes. No association was also found between fruit/vegetable availability and consumption; nor between junk foods, sweet drinks and fruit/vegetable ads and consumption. Notably, alcohol advertisement was associated with alcohol intake. Discussion/Conclusion: The price-inelastic nature of foods like milk and eggs due to their perceived essentiality, implies the superimposing effects of other factors on consumption aside, price. While food advertisements undoubtedly impact eating behaviours, their influence might be subtle considering factors like price which could pose barriers to healthy eating. These findings emphasize the intricate interplay between prices, availability, advertisement, and other factors and dietary choices. Policymakers, food industries, and health advocates can leverage these insights to create healthier food environments for improved health. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Unhealthy diets are significant contributors to chronic diseases. Diverse influences from the nutrition environment also impact consumption. To better inform public health strategies promoting healthy eating, it is imperative to ascertain whether modifying the food environment of individuals would be more effective in transforming their eating behaviours. This cross-sectional study, utilizing data from 7,077 adults from the CAHHM cohort, assessed the influence of elements of the nutrition environment and ethnicity on dietary intake. Differences in carbohydrate, junk food, meat, and cholesterol intake were found among Asians and White Europeans. Carbohydrate, fat, protein, vegetable, meat, and sweet drink intakes varied between rural and urban settings. Increased vegetable prices were associated with reduced consumption, while food advertisements were not associated with dietary intake. This study shows that the costs of healthy foods impact dietary choices more than advertisements. Policymakers can utilize these findings to promote healthy food environments in Canada.

Spending your time „nurturing what is right‟ enables people to grow and negotiate the problems of life which is more than only fixing what is wrong. The World Health Organisation also defined well-being as more than not ill-being. Flourishing is an optimal state of well-being. The question is, „what is it that flourishers do different from non-flourishers?‟ Pharmacy students prepare themselves for a profession which is being bombarded with change; they are the pharmacists of tomorrow. Among them some students flourish and the others do not. This study aimed to look at possible pathways to flourishing that flourishers utilise. In this way the study addressed several gaps in the knowledge regarding flourishing: 1) The prevalence of flourishing among pharmacy students, 2) The role of demands and resources in flourishing of students, 3) The role of antecedent factors of basic psychological need satisfaction on the basic psychological need satisfaction of students and therefore in their flourishing, and 4) The use of positive affect regulation (an internal strategy) as a pathway to flourishing. A cross-sectional design was utilised. The study population was all the enrolled pharmacy students at the North West University during 2014. A convenience sample of 779 students participated. The measuring battery consisted of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2009), the Emotional Regulation Profile-Revised (ERP-R; Nelis, Quoidbach, Hansenne, & Mikolajczak, 2011), the Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs (BMPN; Sheldon & Hilpert, 2012), statements about the antecedents of basic psychological need satisfaction and statements about demands and resources, developed for the purpose of this study, and a demographic questionnaire. Structural equation modelling, invariance testing and latent class analysis were some of the statistical techniques used to analyse the cross-sectional data. Manuscript one addressed the prevalence of flourishing among pharmacy students as well as possible differences between the year groups. The manuscript also investigated the role of workload as a study demand and the lecturer as a study resource and the possible interaction between them in the flourishing of students. Year group as a possible moderator in the respective relationships between demands, resources, the interaction between them on the one hand and flourishing on the other, were also assessed. 40% of the group flourished whilst 57% was moderately healthy and 3% languished. The different year groups negotiated the demands and resources in their study environment differently in their path to flourishing. The possible pathways to flourishing in this context were identified as the use of lecturer support (a resource), especially when the workload (a demand) is high and the successful negotiation of workload over their four years of study. Manuscript two dealt with the impact of antecedent factors of basic psychological need satisfaction of pharmacy students on their basic psychological need satisfaction and therefore ultimately the influence of these contextual factors on their flourishing. The researcher wanted to determine whether there is a difference in the role(s) that family, peers, lecturers and workload play in the satisfaction of the students‟ basic psychological needs (relatedness, competence and autonomy). Year group as a moderator in these respective relationships was also investigated. Family and peers played the most important role in need satisfaction of students. However, lecturers can actively engage in supporting the need satisfaction of students, which would increase their levels of autonomous motivation and thereby their levels of flourishing. In manuscript three the use of internal strategies as pathways to flourishing were explored. Positive emotion regulation strategies have a positive relationship with well-being. However, a person can dampen or savour his or her positive emotions. The students were clustered into distinctive groups by means of a latent class analysis. Three distinctive groups were posterior identified based on the characteristics of group members, namely flourishers, languishers and moderately healthy students. Regression analyses of the three groups revealed that flourishers are the only group that most likely will utilise savouring positive emotion regulation strategies and refrain from utilising dampening positive emotion regulation strategies. Pathways to flourishing that flourishing pharmacy students utilise are therefore the use of savouring positive emotion regulation strategies and the non-use of dampening positive emotion regulation strategies.