The aim of this study was to examine the effects of social support, perceived control, locus of control and demand on adopting coping strategies to deal with workto- family conflict (WFC) and family-to-work conflict (FWC). A questionnaire was administered to Turkish dual-career couples with diverse occupational backgrounds (N = 300). Results suggested that (a) those who received social supported adopt problem-focused coping strategies through the effect of having high perceived control, (b) those with external locus of control adopted emotion-focused coping strategies which in turn increased family-to-work conflict, but not such relationship was observed on work-to-family conflict, and (c) work/home demands moderated the relationship between perceived control and coping strategies only when it was measured as a combination of both self-reports and objective demand indices. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with the limitations of the study.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the link between shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, attributional styles, and coping strategies, and then to determine which of these variables are significantly related to depressive symptomatology in the sample of Turkish undergraduates. Moreover, the association between shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and depressive symptomatology through attributional styles and coping strategies is examined. Four hundred undergraduates from different universities completed the Ways of Coping Inventory, Attribution Styles Questionnaire, Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 and Beck Depression Inventory in addition to the questionnaire surveying sociodemografic variables. The findings of the analyses have revealed that shame- and guiltproneness have a significant effect on coping strategies, attributional styles, and depressive symptomatology. The attributional styles also have predictive effects on the use of coping strategies. However, contrary to the researcher&#039 / s predictions, no relationship between attributional styles and depressive symptomatology has been found. In order to test the mediation model, mediation analyses have been conducted and the results of the analyses have been tested by structural equation modeling, which have confirmed the mediation effect of problem-focused coping only between shame- and guilt-proneness and depressive symptomatology. In conclusion, shame- and guilt-proneness are the strongest predictors of depressive symptomatology and their significant effect on depressive symptoms are above and beyond the other variables. The findings of the present study have suggested that the analysis of shame-proneness, frequency, and duration of feelings of shame and related occasions are crucial in psychotherapy process. The results of the study have emphasized the importance of taking shame-proneness into account and dealing with it in the psychotherapy process.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the path of parental acceptancerejection/ control, personality traits, coping strategies and psychological distress consequently. For the purpose of this study, 444 adults (134 male, 308 female, and 2 unknown) between the ages of 17 and 35 (M = 21.60, SD = 2.77) participated in the current study. The data was collected by a questionnaire battery including a Demographic Variable Sheet, Mother and Father Forms of Parent Acceptance- Rejection/Control Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Ways of Coping Inventory, and Basic Personality Traits Inventory. The three sets of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to reveal the significant associates of psychological distress. As expected, the results of the current study revealed that parental rejection, different personality traits and different coping strategies had associated with psychological distress as depression and trait anxiety. Following findings and the relevant literature, the limitations, therapeutic implications of the current study, and the suggestion for future research were discussed.

Grieving is a normal reaction to the loss of a loved one. According to the attachment theory, individual&rsquo / s attachment style plays an important role in determining individual differences following loss. Firstly, in the present study, it was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Two Track Model of Bereavement Questionnaire (TTBQ). With this aim, the data was collected from 206 individuals who lost a significant one. It was found that Turkish version of the TTBQ(TTBQ-T) had a Cronbach Alpha of .91, which indicates that TTBQ-T has a good internal consistency. Also, factor analysis yieded a 5 factor solution. Secondly, in the main study the mediation role of coping styles and affect regulation strategies were examined. The sample consisted of 200 bereaved individuals who lost a significant loved one. In this study,the role of attachment style on bereavement was supported. However, only anxious attachment style significantly predicted poor social functioning. Also, fatalistic coping style was found to lead to more intense grief, whereas helplessness coping style was found to be related to poor social functioning.Moreover, it was shown that difficulties in affect regulation mediated the relationship between anxious attachment style and poor social functioning.

This study investigated stereotype threat of women in petroleum engineering, a traditionally male-dominated industry. There were two main purposes to understanding communicative aspects of stereotype threat: 1) the creation of a typology of stereotype threats received and 2) the elaboration of coping strategies used to mitigate threats. This research examined contextual factors that influence women’s coping, including socialization, psychological inoculations, and memorable messages. This work is a contribution to communication research as it examines these components through the lens of scripts, which considers stereotype threat from a new perspective that suggests people are active participants in mitigating threats. To complete this study, I performed 61 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with current or former female petroleum engineers. Through constant comparison (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) I analyzed the data and produced an initial set of 13 different stereotype threats and 11 distinct coping strategies. Upon further comparison, the threats and coping strategies were each consolidated further to five core categories. This typology aligns threats on a spectrum that runs from passive actions to overt actions, and threats closely adhere to the underperformance benchmarks of previous stereotype threat research (Aronson & McGlone, 2009). The coping strategies address specific actions women take to mitigate threats, and the strategies align with the long-term responses to stereotype threat proposed by Block, Koch, Liberman, Merriweather, and Roberson (2011). In addition, the coping strategies execute problem- and emotion-based coping (Folkman and Lazarus, 1980). A distinctive feature of coping is dualistic subversions, which is when women use a subverted stereotype threat to mitigate it. Finally, this study suggests that stereotype threats and coping strategies result from childhood socialization practices, a process that writes scripts workers rely upon throughout their careers. This study is a contribution to organizational communication in how it examines ways messages are communicated in male-dominated careers and how women can use communication to mitigate negative expectations that arise in those environments. In addition, it looks at communication events that encourage women to enter male-dominated careers. Finally, it adds to communication theory because it uncovers additional ways that people use scripts to mitigate stereotyping. / text

This study explored the relationship between perceived racism and stress symptoms in a sample of Latina/o women and men. One hundred and fifty-one female and male Latina/o college students participated in this study. Resting blood pressure, weight, and height measurements were taken after which participants completed 6 questionnaires measuring experience of perceived racism, coping strategies, neuroticism, negative affectivity, symptoms of distress, and perceived stress. Questionnaires employed included the Perceived Racism Scale for Latinos (PRSL), the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), the Neuroticism subscale of the NEO PI-R, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-21 (HSCL-21), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). It was hypothesized that neuroticism, negative affectivity, and emotion-focused coping would be positively correlated with self-reports of perceived racism while avoidance coping would be negatively correlated with perceived racism. Perceived racism was hypothesized to predict increased blood pressure, symptoms of distress, and perceived stress. Other predictors included in these regression models included, task-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping strategies, neuroticism, negative affectivity, Body Mass Index, age, and gender. Emotion-focused coping, task-focused coping, and BMI were positively correlated with increased self-reports of perceived racism. Hypotheses that perceived racism would significantly predict increased blood pressure, symptoms of distress, and perceived stress were not supported. Notably, perceived racism significantly predicted frequency of visits to a physician over the past two months after controlling for variance associated with neuroticism, negative affectivity, coping strategies, BMI, age, and gender. Avoidant coping negatively predicted both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while neuroticism negatively predicted diastolic blood pressure. Argument is presented to suggest that items measuring social support rather than maladaptive avoidant coping are responsible for the significant prediction of blood pressure from avoidance coping. BMI also predicted higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Male gender was predictive of higher systolic blood pressure while age predicted higher diastolic blood pressure. Neuroticism and negative affectivity were predictive of symptoms of distress. Perceived stress was predicted by emotion-focused coping, neuroticism, negative affectivity, and BMI. Potential explanations for these results are offered as well as implications and suggestions for future research. / text

Näthatet uppmärksammas idag som ett växande problem. Internets utbredning har gett upphov till att hat och hot yttras mer obegränsat. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att utforska kvinnliga journalisters utsatthet av näthat samt bidra med kunskap om behovet av potentiellt stöd. Deltagarna var tio väletablerade frilansande samt redaktionsanställda kvinnliga journalister. Datainsamlingen gjordes med fokuserade kvalitativa intervjuer. Tematisk analys användes som metod för dataanalys. Resultatet visade på näthat som ett djupt etablerat mångfacetterat fenomen. Utsattheten för näthat ansågs bidra bl.a. till stress, rädsla och påverkan på det allmänna välbefinnandet. Utsattheten kunde hanteras genom olika copingstrategier samt praktiska åtgärder. Journalisterna i studien visade på en djuplodande medvetenhet om hatfenomenet och vilja att förmedla sin kunskap om näthatet och dess konsekvenser. Vidare framhölls ett behov av stöd och ansvarstagande från arbetsgivare och rättsväsende. Resultatet i föreliggande studie är i linje med befintlig forskning om hat och hot på nätet. / Internet hate is today highlighted as a growing issue. The expansion of internet hate has given rise to a more unrestricted expression of hate and threats. The present study aimed to explore female journalists’ exposure of internet hate and to contribute with knowledge regarding the need of potential support. The participators consisted of ten well established freelance and editorial female journalists. The data was collected with focused qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis was used as method for the data analysis. The result showed internet hate as a deep established multifaceted phenomenon. The exposure of internet hate was among other things considered contribute to stress and fear, and to have an impact on the general well-being. The exposure could be handled with the use of various coping strategies and practical measures. The journalists in the present study showed a profound awareness regarding the phenomena of hate and willingness to mediate their knowledge about internet hate and its consequences. Furthermore, a need of support and responsibility from employers and the judicial system was emphasized. The result in the present study is in line with existing research about hate and threats online.

Sammanfattning Syfte: Att få en fördjupad förståelse av hivsmittades erfarenheter av hur det är att leva med sjukdomen i Sverige. Bakgrund: Sedan mitten av 1990-talet definieras hiv som en kronisk sjukdom till följd av bromsmedicinernas utveckling. Detta betyder att de som drabbas måste lära sig att leva med sjukdomen samt hantera omvärldens reaktioner och värderingar som kan vara av diskriminerande/stigmatiserande karaktär. Design: En intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats som utfördes under 2009. Metod: Nio hivsmittade personer intervjuades och dessa intervjuer analyserades genom att tillämpa Grounded Theory. Resultat: Resultatet synliggör hivsmittades erfarenheter av hur det är att leva med sjukdomen. Fyra kategorier framkom ur analysen; En livssjukdom, Omgivningens förhållningssätt till sjukdomen, Reglerad och spontan diskriminering/stigmatisering samt Strategier vid diskriminering/stigmatisering. Dessa kategorier kunde samtliga relateras till en övergripande kategori; En kamp för livet. Slutsats: Studien har synliggjort att livet för hivsmittade kompliceras av psykosociala faktorer, bromsmedicinernas biverkningar och av den diskriminering/stigmatisering som de erfar. Beroende på vilka copingstrategier som de tillämpar för att hantera sin livssituation, har betydelse för deras hälsa och välbefinnande. / Abstract Aim: To get a deeper understanding of HIV-infected peoples experiences on how it is to live with the illness in Sweden. Background: HIV defines as a chronicle disease since the mid-1990s due to the medical development. As a result people that get infected have to carefully manage the illness and also cope with the surrounding world’s reactions and values that can be of discriminating/stigmatised nature. Design: A qualitative interview study undertaken during 2009. Method: Nine HIV-infected people were interviewed and the interviews were analysed using Grounded Theory. Findings: The findings visualized HIV-infected people’s experiences on how it is to live with the illness. Four categories emerge from the analyses; A lifeillness, Surrounding attitudes toward the illness, Regulated and spontaneous discrimination/stigmatisation and Strategies due to discrimination/stigmatisation. These categories could all be related to one all-embracing category; A struggle for life. Conclusion: The study has shown that psychological factors, the side effects caused by the medications and the discrimination/stigmatisation that they experience, complicate life for HIV-infected people. Depending on what kind of coping strategies they conform to handle circumstances of their life, invariably have consequences of their health and well-being.

Minst 500 000 av Sveriges befolkning har kroniskt obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) och ungefär 250 000 har hjärtsvikt. De två patientgrupperna hade många likartade symtom och en sjuksköterskeledd gemensam primärvårdsmottagning för dessa patienter kunde innebära många vinster. Ett av distriktssköterskans kompetensområde var att ha stödjande samtal om hur den enskilde patienten hanterade sin sjukdom. Syftet med uppsatsen var att jämföra copingförmåga och copingstrategier mellan patienter med KOL och patienter med hjärtsvikt, samt att undersöka eventuella skillnader av grad av ångest, depression, påverkan på funktion av fatigue och andfåddhet utifrån copingförmåga och användande av olika copingstrategier.  Metoden var en beskrivande och jämförande tvärsnittsstudie. Patienter med KOL respektive hjärtsvikt från primärvården i tre landsting ingick i studien och de fick svara på en hemskickad enkät. De instrument som användes i denna studie var flera, bland annat Orientation to Life Questionnaire och Ways of Coping Questionnarie. Resultat: Patienter med hög KASAM skattade de olika symtomen lägre och patienter med låg KASAM skattade de olika symtomen högre. Patienter med KOL använde sig i högre grad av olika copingstrategier än vad patienter med hjärtsvikt gjorde.  Patienter med hög grad av de olika copingstrategierna skattade de olika symptomen högre än de med låg grad av de olika copingstrategierna, med vissa undantag. Konklusion: Resultaten är intressanta och bör tas i beaktande i mötet med dessa patienter i gemensamma primärvårdsmottagningar genom råd och stöd för att minska att symtomen från KOL respektive hjärtsvikt har en negativ inverkan på deras liv. / At least 500 000 of the Swedish population have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and about 250 000 have heart failure. The two patient groups had many similar symptoms and a joint nurse-led primary care clinic for these patients could have many benefits. One of the district nurse's competences is supportive conversations with the individual patient about how they cope with their situation. The aim of this study was to compare coping ability and coping strategies among patients with COPD and patients with heart failure, and to investigate possible differences of degree of anxiety, depression, impact on the function of fatigue and breathlessness based on coping ability and the use of coping strategies. The method used was quantitative and comparative cross-sectional. Patients with COPD and patients with heart failure from three county primary care clinics were included in the study and they were asked to answer a questionnaire sent to their homes. The instruments used in this study were several, including Orientation to Life Questionnaire and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Results degree of SOC affected patients' estimation of the different symptoms. The conclusion was also that patients with COPD used in higher levels of different coping strategies than patients with heart failure did and the higher the degree of the different coping strategies, the higher the various symptoms were estimated, with some exceptions. Conclusion, the results are interesting and should be considered in the care of these patients in joint primary care clinics through advice and support to reduce the negative impact that COPD and heart failure have on their lives.

Adequate assessment of the needs of HIV-positive individuals in the South African context is essential, as it may provide insight concerning limitations in healthcare. This study focuses on the subjective experience of nine HIV-positive individuals, in order (a) to investigate their needs; (b) to gain knowledge and understanding of the strengths available to them; (c) to investigate their coping strategies; and (d) to generate a set of guidelines for the development of a secondary prevention programme to improve their psychological well-being and immune functioning. This article employs a qualitative research method, utilising hermeneutic thematic analysis to gain a greater understanding of the subjective psychological functioning of HIV-positive individuals in the South African multicultural context. To a great extent, this research focuses on the salutogenic/fortigenic perspective, where the focus is on strengths, capacities and emotional/psychological well-being. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals. The needs identified during this study involved the psychological, economical, informational and social categories. The strengths available to HIV-positive individuals in order to make sense or construct meaning in their lives, consisted of four themes, namely internal, social, self-regulative and spiritual strengths. The study further indicates that the psychological strengths utilised by HIV-positive individuals are closely related to the concept of meaningfulness, the mechanisms of coping and psychological resilience. A broad range of coping strategies was identified that participants employed in the management of the disease and in dealing with the negative emotions associated with an HIV-positive diagnosis. These strategies could be conceptually grouped into five categories based on the functions these strategies served, namely self-management coping strategies, cognitive coping strategies, social support coping strategies, religious coping strategies, and avoidance coping strategies. The implications of this study are that the various identified concepts related to needs, strengths and coping strategies, may contribute to the development of a secondary prevention programme, in order to improve HIV-positive individuals' psychological well-being and immune functioning. The concept of "Sense of Coherence" which consists of three elements, namely Comprehensibility, Manageability and Meaningfulness, could be successfully incorporated into an intervention programme in order to achieve a positive redefinition of participants' subjective feeling that life is meaningful, as well as to improve their comprehensibility and manageability of their illness. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.