O coping religioso/espiritual (CRE) pode ser positivo ou negativo, de acordo com os seus efeitos. A pesquisa pretendeu verificar como tal fenômeno ocorre e se apresenta em pacientes internados nas clínicas médica e cirúrgica do Hospital Universitário da USP. Em uma primeira fase foi feita uma pesquisa quantitativa com o objetivo de mensurar na amostra estudada o CRE Positivo (CREP) e o CRE Negativo (CREN) em cada paciente, permitindo assim saber: a frequência de cada um desses tipos, o cálculo da razão CREN/CREP de cada paciente e a sua frequência na amostra, bem como em quais situações clinicas os tipos de CRE seriam mais frequentes; e se buscar correlações estatísticas desses valores com características demográficas dos pacientes. O objetivo da segunda fase foi buscar compreender através do referencial teórico psicodinâmico como os pacientes estabelecem relações com a doença, o tratamento, a internação e o coping religioso-espiritual. As duas fases foram realizadas simultaneamente. A amostra da primeira fase foi composta por 120 pacientes selecionados randomicamente, sendo 60 de cada clínica, 30 homens e 30 mulheres. Para isso foram utilizados dois instrumentos: a escala CRE-Breve e um formulário geral que levantou características demográficas da amostra. Na segunda fase, a pesquisa se concentrou qualitativamente em oito casos, já participantes da etapa anterior, utilizando de entrevistas semidirigidas que foram analisadas levando-se em consideração os objetivos dessa fase da pesquisa e o método da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostraram que 88,3 % dos pacientes utilizam mais CRE Positivo, enquanto 11,7% utilizam predominantemente o CRE Negativo, contudo apenas 28,3% da amostra utilizava o CRE Positivo a ponto de ter ganhos para a qualidade de vida. Não foi possível identificar em quais situações clínicas os tipos de CRE são mais frequentes, mas existe relação significativa entre os níveis da razão CREN/CREP com as variáveis escolaridade e estado civil. A análise das entrevistas revelou como na amostra o CRE Positivo é usado como fonte de conforto contra a ansiedade, além de busca de sentido para a experiência e de ajuda divina no restabelecimento da saúde. O CRE Negativo por sua vez é difícil de ser manifestado, já que provoca culpa e vergonha. Em alguns casos foi identificado como os pacientes se relacionavam com a divindade de forma semelhante a outras relações que tinham, repetindo padrões de relacionamento / Religious coping can be positive or negative, depending on its effects and consequences. The survey sought to study the impact in patients admitted to medical and surgical clinics of the University Hospital of USP. The first stage was quantitative research with the objective of measuring the sample studied Positive Religious Coping (PRC) and the Negative Religious Coping (NRC) in each patient, allowing namely the frequency of each of these types, the ratio calculation NRC/PRC each patient and their frequency in the sample, as well as clinical situations in which the types of religious coping would be more frequent; and seek statistical relationships of these values with demographic characteristics of patients. The objective of the second phase was to seek understanding through psychodynamic theoretical framework as patients establish relationships with the disease, treatment, hospitalization and religious coping. The two components of the study were made simultaneously. The first component of the sample consisted of 120 randomly selected patients, 60 of each clinic, 30 men and 30 women . For this step, two instruments were used: the brazilian Brief RCOPE scale and a general form that lifted demographic characteristics of the sample. In the second component, the research focused on eight cases qualitatively, with participants from the previous step, using semi-structured interviews that were analyzed, taking into account the objectives of this phase of research and content analysis method. The results showed that 88.3 % of patients used more Positive Religious Coping and 11.7 % utilized predominantly Negative Religious Coping, yet only 28.3 % of the sample used Positive Religious Coping enough to have benefits for the quality of life. The study was unable to find clinical situations in which the types of religious coping are more frequent, but identified a significant relationship between levels of ratio NRC/PRC with the variables education and marital status. The analysis of the interviews showed as the Positive Religious Coping was used as a source of comfort against anxiety and seeking divine help in restoring health. The Negative Religious Coping on the other hand was difficult to be expressed, as it causes guilt and shame. In some cases it was identified that the patients relates with divinity similarly to other relationships that have, repeating relationship patterns

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heritable and highly debilitating condition with antidepressants, first-line treatment, demonstrating low to modest response rates. No current biological mechanism substantially explains MDD but both neurostructural and neurochemical pathways have been suggested. Further explication of these may aid in identifying subgroups of MDD that are better defined by their aetiology. Specifically, genetic stratification provides an array of tools to do this, including the intermediate phenotype approach which was applied in this thesis. This thesis explores genetic overlap with regional brain volume and MDD and the genetic and non-genetic components of antidepressant response. The first study utilised the most recent published data from ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-analysis) Consortium's genome-wide association study (GWAS) of regional brain volume to examine shared genetic architecture between seven subcortical brain volumes and intracranial volume (ICV) and MDD. This was explored using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), polygenic risk scoring (PRS) techniques, Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis and BUHMBOX (Breaking Up Heterogeneous Mixture Based On Cross-locus correlations). Results indicated that hippocampal volume was positively genetically correlated with MDD (rg= 0.46, P= 0.02), although this did not survive multiple comparison testing. Additionally, there was evidence for genetic subgrouping in Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) MDD cases (P=0.00281), however, this was not replicated in two other independent samples. This study does not support a shared architecture for regional brain volumes and MDD, however, provided some evidence that hippocampal volume and MDD may share genetic architecture in a subgroup of individuals, albeit the genetic correlation did not survive multiple testing correction and genetic subgroup heterogeneity was not replicated. To explore antidepressant treatment resistance, the second study utilised prescription data in (GS:SFHS) to define a measure of (a) treatment resistance (TR) and (b) stages of resistance (SR) by inferring antidepressant switching as non-response. GWAS were conducted separately for TR in GS:SFHS and the GENDEP (Genome-based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression) study and then meta-analysed (meta-analysis n=4,213, cases=358). For SR, a GWAS on GS:SFHS only was performed (n=3,452). Additionally, gene-set enrichment, polygenic risk scoring (PRS) and genetic correlation analysis were conducted. No significant locus, gene or gene-set was associated with TR or SR, however power analysis indicated that this analysis was underpowered. Pedigree-based correlations identified genetic overlap with psychological distress, schizotypy and mood disorder traits. Finally, the role of neuroticism, psychological resilience and coping styles in antidepressant resistance was investigated. Univariate, moderation and mediation models were applied using logistic regression and structural equation modelling techniques. In univariate models, neuroticism and emotion-orientated coping demonstrated significant negative association with antidepressant resistance, whereas resilience, task-orientated and avoidance-orientated coping demonstrated significant positive association. No moderation of the association between neuroticism and TR was detected and no mediating effect of coping styles was found. However, resilience was found to partially mediate the association between neuroticism and TR. Whilst the first study does not indicate a genetic overlap between regional brain volumes and MDD, it demonstrates the utility of the intermediate approach in complex disease. Antidepressant resistance was associated with neuroticism both genetically and phenotypically, indicating its role as an intermediate phenotype. Nonetheless, larger sample sizes are needed to adequately address the components of antidepressant resistance. Further work in antidepressant non-response may help to identify biological mechanisms responsible in MDD pathology and help stratify individuals into more tractable groups.

This study aimed at finding the associates of social deviance and violence by using the variables of self-esteem, coping styles, social support, family relations, and life events in Turkish prisoner sample. The prisoners were a hundred male prisoners who are under arrest for different crimes, in istanbul Special Type Prison. Preceding the main analyses, Factor Analyses for Multidimensional Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Ways of Coping Scale (WOCS) were conducted. These analyses yielded three factors for MSPSS, as social support from friend, social support from a significant other, and social support from family / and two factors for WOCS, as problem focused and emotion focused coping. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to examine the type of crime differences for the measures of the study. The offenders were separated into two groups according to their crimes: violent and nonviolent crimes. The prisoners who acted nonviolently scored significantly higher in self-esteem scores. Prisoners that acted violent crimes were significantly more depressed and they show significantly more antisocial behavior than the prisoners that acted in nonviolent crimes. There was no significant difference found between the two groups in terms of their anxiety levels. Results indicated a main effect for social support, coping style, and family relations. To understand social deviance through the variables of the present study, a hierarchical regression was performed. The results indicated that presence of previous suicide attempts, unhealthy relations in the family, physical violence in the family towards the subject, the scores gathered from depression and paranoia subscales of MMPI, anxiety scores on BAI, hypomania scores on MMPI were found to account for 59% of the total variance in social deviance in terms of higher scores on psychopathic deviate subscale of MMPI.

This study aimed to examine the role of secondary appraisal of the event, cognitive appraisal of the situation, emotions experienced and coping styles used after a real life stressful event that university students experienced. Five hundred and sixty students (271 females and 289 males) from Middle East Technical University voluntarily participated in the study. A pilot study which consisted of two stages, interviews and survey was conducted before the main study in order to test the appropriateness and applicability of the appraisal and emotion measures. Cognitive Appraisal of the Situation Scale (CASS), Emotions Checklist, Cognitive Appraisal of the Emotion Scale (CAES) and Coping Styles Scale (CSS) were used to assess cognitive appraisals, emotions and coping styles. Stress level, harm/loss and threat appraisals of the stressful events, cognitive appraisal of situation, emotions experienced by the individuals after the stressful event, cognitive appraisal of the emotions and coping strategies used by the participants were the variables used in the structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the analysis revealed that, problem focused coping was predicted by positive emotions and cognitive iv appraisal of emotion. Emotion focused coping was predicted by negative emotions, stress level and secondary appraisal. The results also yielded that cognitive appraisal of emotion was a moderator variable between positive emotions and problem focused coping. Findings of the research were discussed in the framework of Cognitive Theory of Emotions and Interactional Model of Stress and Coping.

Neste trabalho realizou-se a avaliação de pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII) - doença de Crohn (DC) e retocolite ulcerativa idiopática (RCUI) quanto às variáveis psicológicas estresse e modos de enfrentamento utilizado frente à situação de doença. Investigaram-se, ainda, as relações entre estas variáveis e diferentes aspectos clínicos das DII. Os grupos de pacientes com DC e RCUI foram compostos por 25 integrantes cada, que foram comparados com igual número de controles doentes (CD) e saudáveis (CS), sendo estes últimos selecionados dentre os acompanhantes dos pacientes. Empregaram-se instrumentos padronizados e validados de avaliação psicológica: escala de eventos vitais e inventário de enfrentamento. Os resultados mostraram que proporções elevadas e semelhantes (64 80%) dos integrantes dos quatro grupos apresentaram-se sob estresse intenso, ocorrendo, porém, diferenças entre os grupos quanto aos tipos de eventos vitais estressantes experimentados. O estresse intenso se mostrou maior e associado significativamente à idade mais avançada na DC e à doença em atividade na RCUI. Quanto aos modos de enfrentamento, na DC e na RCUI, verificaram-se proporções semelhantes e significativamente superiores à do grupo CD de casos utilizando a estratégia de confronto (40% vs. 12%; p=0,01). Na DC, a proporção de pacientes utilizando a estratégia de resolução de problemas foi significativamente maior que na RCUI (96% vs. 80%; p=0,05). Na RCUI, a proporção de pacientes utilizando a estratégia de fuga/esquiva (96%) foi significativamente maior (p=0,05) que nos grupos CD (80%) e CS (76%). A utilização das várias estratégias de enfrentamento parece ser afetada, na DC, por sexo, escolaridade e estado de atividade da doença. Na RCUI, houve efeito das variáveis: escolaridade, estado de atividade e duração da doença e estresse intenso. Estes dados indicam a ocorrência de estresse intenso nos pacientes, independente do tipo de doença e, também nos acompanhantes. A DC e a RCUI se diferenciam quanto às estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas e pelos fatores que as afetam, o que deve ser levado em consideração no estabelecimento de medidas de intervenção psicológica necessárias ao cuidado integral ao paciente. / This work aimed at assessing emotional stress and coping strategies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Cohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as studying the relationships between this psychological variables and demographical and clinical characteristics. Groups of patients with CD and UC (N=25) were compared with equal number of subjects from two control groups: healthy caregivers (HC) and patients with other digestive diseases (DC). Validated and standardized psychological tools, such as a stressful live events scale and a ways of coping questionnaire were utilized. Results showed that substantial proportions (64 80%) of subjects pertaining to each of the four groups were under severe stress, with a number of inter-group differences regarding the most quoted stressful event. Severe stress was associated with older age in CD patients, and with disease activity in UC patients. Regarding coping strategies, IBD patients showed an increased proportion of utilization of confrontation (40% vs. 12%; p=0.01), when compared to the DC group. In the CD group, there was a higher proportion of patients utilizing the problem solving strategy, than in the UC group (96% vs. 80%; p=0.05). In the UC group, the proportion of patients utilizing the avoidance strategy (96%) was significantly greater (p=0.05) than in both DC (80%) and HC (76%) groups. In IBD patients, coping styles seemed to be affected by sex (only in the CD group), educational level and disease activity, as well as by disease duration and severe stress (only in the UC group). Our data therefore show that severe emotional stress occurs not only in IBD and other digestive disease patients but also in their caregivers. CD and UC patients show different coping styles, which seems also to be affected by distinct demographical and clinical variables. These findings should be taken into account when designing psychological interventions, which are needed for a more comprehensive health care.

O coping religioso/espiritual (CRE) pode ser positivo ou negativo, de acordo com os seus efeitos. A pesquisa pretendeu verificar como tal fenômeno ocorre e se apresenta em pacientes internados nas clínicas médica e cirúrgica do Hospital Universitário da USP. Em uma primeira fase foi feita uma pesquisa quantitativa com o objetivo de mensurar na amostra estudada o CRE Positivo (CREP) e o CRE Negativo (CREN) em cada paciente, permitindo assim saber: a frequência de cada um desses tipos, o cálculo da razão CREN/CREP de cada paciente e a sua frequência na amostra, bem como em quais situações clinicas os tipos de CRE seriam mais frequentes; e se buscar correlações estatísticas desses valores com características demográficas dos pacientes. O objetivo da segunda fase foi buscar compreender através do referencial teórico psicodinâmico como os pacientes estabelecem relações com a doença, o tratamento, a internação e o coping religioso-espiritual. As duas fases foram realizadas simultaneamente. A amostra da primeira fase foi composta por 120 pacientes selecionados randomicamente, sendo 60 de cada clínica, 30 homens e 30 mulheres. Para isso foram utilizados dois instrumentos: a escala CRE-Breve e um formulário geral que levantou características demográficas da amostra. Na segunda fase, a pesquisa se concentrou qualitativamente em oito casos, já participantes da etapa anterior, utilizando de entrevistas semidirigidas que foram analisadas levando-se em consideração os objetivos dessa fase da pesquisa e o método da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostraram que 88,3 % dos pacientes utilizam mais CRE Positivo, enquanto 11,7% utilizam predominantemente o CRE Negativo, contudo apenas 28,3% da amostra utilizava o CRE Positivo a ponto de ter ganhos para a qualidade de vida. Não foi possível identificar em quais situações clínicas os tipos de CRE são mais frequentes, mas existe relação significativa entre os níveis da razão CREN/CREP com as variáveis escolaridade e estado civil. A análise das entrevistas revelou como na amostra o CRE Positivo é usado como fonte de conforto contra a ansiedade, além de busca de sentido para a experiência e de ajuda divina no restabelecimento da saúde. O CRE Negativo por sua vez é difícil de ser manifestado, já que provoca culpa e vergonha. Em alguns casos foi identificado como os pacientes se relacionavam com a divindade de forma semelhante a outras relações que tinham, repetindo padrões de relacionamento / Religious coping can be positive or negative, depending on its effects and consequences. The survey sought to study the impact in patients admitted to medical and surgical clinics of the University Hospital of USP. The first stage was quantitative research with the objective of measuring the sample studied Positive Religious Coping (PRC) and the Negative Religious Coping (NRC) in each patient, allowing namely the frequency of each of these types, the ratio calculation NRC/PRC each patient and their frequency in the sample, as well as clinical situations in which the types of religious coping would be more frequent; and seek statistical relationships of these values with demographic characteristics of patients. The objective of the second phase was to seek understanding through psychodynamic theoretical framework as patients establish relationships with the disease, treatment, hospitalization and religious coping. The two components of the study were made simultaneously. The first component of the sample consisted of 120 randomly selected patients, 60 of each clinic, 30 men and 30 women . For this step, two instruments were used: the brazilian Brief RCOPE scale and a general form that lifted demographic characteristics of the sample. In the second component, the research focused on eight cases qualitatively, with participants from the previous step, using semi-structured interviews that were analyzed, taking into account the objectives of this phase of research and content analysis method. The results showed that 88.3 % of patients used more Positive Religious Coping and 11.7 % utilized predominantly Negative Religious Coping, yet only 28.3 % of the sample used Positive Religious Coping enough to have benefits for the quality of life. The study was unable to find clinical situations in which the types of religious coping are more frequent, but identified a significant relationship between levels of ratio NRC/PRC with the variables education and marital status. The analysis of the interviews showed as the Positive Religious Coping was used as a source of comfort against anxiety and seeking divine help in restoring health. The Negative Religious Coping on the other hand was difficult to be expressed, as it causes guilt and shame. In some cases it was identified that the patients relates with divinity similarly to other relationships that have, repeating relationship patterns

El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer la relación que hay entre la empatía y estilos de afrontamiento en niños de 8 a 12 años. El estudio tiene un alcance correlacional y un muestreo no probabilístico. Participaron 269 niños de primaria de colegios particulares del Callao. Se utilizó la escala de empatía para niños y adolescentes (Mestre, Pérez y Frías, 1999) y de Afrontamiento para niños (Morales, Trianes, Blanca, Miranda, Escobar y Fernández, 2012). Los resultados demuestran una relación positiva entre la empatía y el estilo de afrontamiento de búsqueda de soluciones y comunicar el problema a los demás, y una relación negativa entre la empatía y la conducta agresiva. / The objective of this study is to know the relationship between empathy and coping styles in children aged 8 to 12 years. The study has a correlational scope and a non-probability sampling. 269 primary school children from private schools in Callao participated. The empathy scale for children and adolescents (Mestre, Pérez and Frías, 1999) and the Coping scale for children (Morales, Trianes, Blanca, Miranda, Escobar and Fernández, 2012) were used. The results show a positive relationship between empathy and the coping style of seeking solutions and communicating the problem to others, and a negative relationship between empathy and aggressive behavior. / Tesis

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre los estilos de afrontamiento y adaptación cognitiva en madres de hijos con Síndrome de Down. Se tomó una muestra conformada por (N= 44) madres de entre 26 y 63 años, que cumplen un rol de cuidador y un 52% trabaja o tiene una ocupación. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo bola de nieve mediante las redes sociales, la aplicación virtual de los cuestionarios respectivos: ficha sociodemográfica, el Cuestionario de Estimación de afrontamiento (COPE) y la Escala de Adaptación cognitiva para Síndrome de Down (ACODOWN). Los resultados encontrados muestran relaciones moderadas y grandes en el área de percepción (- .32 < rw < - .62) mientras que en el área de problema y emoción se encontraron pequeñas y triviales (.02 < rw < .22), al igual que la implicación directa con el recibir apoyo que cumple un factor vital. / The present study aims to analyze the relationship between coping styles and cognitive adaptation in mothers of children with Down syndrome. The sample consisted of (N= 44) mothers between 26 and 63 years of age, who are caregivers and 52% of whom work or have an occupation. A non-probabilistic snowball sampling was used through social networks, the virtual application of the respective questionnaires: sociodemographic card, the Coping Coping Estimation Questionnaire (COPE) and the Cognitive Adaptation Scale for Down Syndrome (ACODOWN). The results found show moderate and large relationships in the area of perception (- .32 < rw < - .62) while in the area of problem and emotion small and trivial relationships were found (.02 < rw < .22), as was the direct involvement with receiving support that fulfills a vital factor. / Tesis

No description available.

The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of mothers of primary school learners diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The main determinant of parenting stress was contained in the primary symptoms of ADHD, namely, attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour, as well as in the disruptive effects on others in the immediate environment. The three primary symptoms of ADHD as listed above, often result in such secondary problems as learning deficiencies, poor self-image and inadequate social relations. Seven mothers of learners with ADHD were selected to participate in the empirical investigation. A qualitative research model was employed with specific use of a list of questions, participatory perception and unstructured interviews. Results obtained from the empirical research indicated that the symptoms of ADHD as manifested by the learners, as well as the accompanying secondary problems, impacted negatively on the mothers of these learners. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Skoolvoorligting)