Culture involves the handing down of information, traditions, knowledge and skill, views and ideals from one individual to another and across generations by means of social transmission expressed in manufactured objects and behaviour. The evolution of cumulative culture, a human specific capacity, makes possible an inheritance system that is governed by the same Darwinian principles as biological evolution. Cumulative culture has made possible the build-up or ratcheting effect of knowledge and traditions that when put together allow for advanced technology, medicine, education and other highly advanced cognitive processes that characterise humans from non human animals. This dissertation dedicates the first chapter to review the literature pertaining to this topic; describing various types of social learning processes and methodological approaches that are used to query and broadly describe the process of culture in various animals. The following two chapters (2 and 3) present three experiments that provide methodical and systematic exploration of the social transmission process which occurs in chimpanzees; using 3 artificial foraging devices, the 3 studies systematically demonstrate that chimpanzees have the capacity to transmit culture from one individual to another and serially across neighbouring communities- providing laboratory evidence of behavioural variation analogous to that observed in the wild. Chapter 4 then goes on to describe an experiment that tests a number of hypothesised biases in cultural transmission. Looking specifically at social dynamics at play during the transmission of skill within ape groups - I systematically analyse the effects of directed social learning; focusing on kin and status based strategies that are characteristic of group living apes. Chapter 5 is an original, empirical and methodically comparative analysis of hierarchically organized behaviour in human children and chimpanzees using a hierarchically organized artificial fruit. The final chapter (6) discusses the findings of each of the five experiments and compares the results to findings at other captive and wild research sites. I then broaden the topic to explore how the findings relate to broad issues in literature and provide a framework for future research and for understanding the complex mechanisms of intelligent systems.

重動句一直是語言學家感興趣的議題，也因此對於此句型語言學家提出了各種不同的解釋。文獻中強制性的理論描述重動的產生，一些和重動句相關的句式可能使這些理論上產生疏漏，這可能代表文獻中的研究還不夠全面，同時對於何時該使用重動句或是其他相關句式，卻未有研究加以說明。所以本論文從形式、意義、用法討論重動句句型，尤其著重於重動句用法層面的探討，試圖更全面地了解重動句語法。而從三大面向中我們歸納出結論： 觀察重動句形式，當重動句裡的動詞為述賓形式時，無論其動詞為詞組、離合詞或詞，一定要使用重動句。 從意義方面來說，重動句的補語指向以指向動詞為大宗，證明重動句主要用於描述句中的動詞。並且，重動句裡的動詞語意根據句中的補語顯現其不同的語意內容，我們推測也許重動句句型本身不帶有意思。 就用法而言，重動句主要用於「客觀描述事件中的動詞」，而從變換句式中得知傾向使用重動句的情況為：為了描述人所參與的事件裡的動詞，而此動詞又造成某種結果，此時我們就會使用重動句。 最後，本文檢視了台海兩岸所出版的華語教材，討論「重動句」的教材編寫，且根據前述的語法規則提出建議，如，教師需特別提醒學習者：動詞的構詞方式、 「得」字的位置、形容詞為補語或是狀語。 / Linguisticians are always interested in this topic, the construction of the verb copying, so many researchers have studied this topic and proposed theoretical framework . However, there are some data that might cause the theories incomprehensive, and also in the decades there are no theses which focus on the transformation constructions from verb copying in Taiwan. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make a comprehensive study for verb copying construction. This paper discusses the construction of verb copying in structure, meanings and usages three aspects, especially focuses on usages aspect. In the structure aspect, observing the construction in the corpora, when the verb in the sentence is composed of one verbal component and one nominal component, no matter that is classified as verb phrase, separable word, or word, using the construction of verb copying is necessary. In the meaning aspect, the meaning of construction is derived from the complements of sentences. Maybe the construction of verb copying itself does not have meanings. In the usages aspect, the construction of verb copying is mainly used when the speakers describe the verb in the event objectively. Furthermore, speakers tend to use the verb copying construction when they try to describe the situation that people are involved in the event and the action causes some kind of results. Finally, this research makes an overview of two main current Mandarin pedagogical materials, and provides some suggestions for teaching. There are some key points that teachers could remind their students, which are the way of verb composing, the position of “de” and distinguish between complement and adjunct.

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Submitted by Ana Paula Borges Gonçalves (borgean12@hotmail.com) on 2012-10-10T20:08:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) / Rejected by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br), reason: Prezada aluna Ana Paula, Favor retirar o embargo e submeter novamente, pois as Teses e Defesas devem ficar disponíveis na Biblioteca para consulta. ÁUREA SRA on 2012-10-19T12:53:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Paula Borges Gonçalves (borgean12@hotmail.com) on 2012-10-24T14:45:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-10-24T16:32:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-10-25T17:09:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T17:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Argumentando-se que as Tecnologias da Informação Móveis e Sem Fio (TIMS) vêm ocupando um espaço, cada vez maior, na vida dos indivíduos, e que, em função desta proximidade, novas formas de interação aparecem, este trabalho procurou aprofundar a relação entre Smartphones e Gênero. Fundamentado em abordagens teóricas relativas à existência de paradoxos associados ao uso de artefatos tecnológicos e às copying strategies adotadas pelos usuários, este estudo procurou identificar a existência e a intensidade de paradoxos associados ao uso diário de smartphones por executivos brasileiros, de ambos os sexos. O trabalho também procurou avaliar a forma como os executivos lidam com as possíveis ambiguidades vivenciadas em seus dia-a-dia. O método de estudo de caso múltiplo, cujos executivos eram as unidades de análise, foi aplicado junto a executivos mulheres e homens, usuários constantes da tecnologia smartphone e ocupantes de cargos de médio e alto escalão em grandes empresas brasileiras. A partir de um método de coleta misto – questionários, diários de uso e entrevistas em profundidade –, o trabalho teve o objetivo de aprofundar e refinar os estudos sobre paradoxos tecnológicos, bem como iniciar análises quanto à relação do gênero e esses mesmos paradoxos. Após a consolidação e análise dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que apenas parte dos 14 paradoxos tecnológicos apresentados por Mick e Fournier (1998), Jarvenppa e Lang (2005) e Mazmanin et al. (2006) foram associados à interação entre executivos e smartphones. Dos 6 paradoxos identificados, 2 foram exclusivamente relacionados às mulheres, sugerindo que as executivas percebem e vivenciam os paradoxos com mais intensidade do que seus pares masculinos. Os dados também revelaram que diantes das ambiguidades, os executivos mulheres e homens procuram adotar estratégias de enfrentamento, tentando desenvolver um relacionamento positivo e de parceria com seus artefatos. Ao final, as conclusões e implicações deste estudo são detalhadamente apresentadas. / Considering that the Wireless and Mobile Information Technology have been occupying a crescent space in our lives, changing the way how we use it, this study sought to deepen the relationship between smartphones and gender. Based on theoretical approaches regarding the paradoxes associated with the use of technological artfacts and copying strategies adopted by users, this study intended to identify the existence and intensity of paradoxes associated with the daily use of smartphones by Brazilian executives of both genders. The study also aimed to assess how managers deal with the possible ambiguities experienced in their day-to-day. From a mixed collection method - questionnaires, daily use and in-depth interviews - the work was intended to deepen and refine the study of technology paradoxes and begin analysis on the relationship between gender and such paradoxes. After consolidation and data analysis, it was found that only some of the 14 technology paradoxes provided by Mick and Fournier (1998), Jarvenppa and Lang (2005) and Mazmanin et al. (2006) were associated with the interaction between managers and smartphones. Of the six paradoxes identified, two were exclusively related to women, suggesting that executives perceive and experience the paradoxes with more intensity than their male counterparts. The data also revealed that in touch with the ambiguities, both executives looking to adopt coping strategies, trying to develop a positive relationship and partnership with its artifacts. Finally, the conclusions and implications of this study are presented in detail.

Abstrakt (svenska) Bakgrund: Piratkopieringen bara ökar och ökar. Program-, spel- och musikbranschen har idag stora problem. En i stort sett okunnig användare kan fixa en nyutgiven skiva innan den nått butikerna på grund av piratkopieringen. Detta problem möjliggörs genom att ingen bra lösning finns i form av fungerande kopieringsskydd samt att fildelningstjänsterna får stort spelrum. Vi går in specifikt och undersöker musikbranschen. Syfte: Fördjupa oss i begreppet piratkopiering. Vidare vill vi upplysa och informera såväl musikbranschen som användare om problemet och dess framtid. Vi hoppas att det resultat vi kommer fram till kan ge underlag för vidare forskning. Metod: Vår information har tagits från artiklar på Internet samt från litteratur vi ansett vara aktuell. Telefonintervjuer har skett med Magnus Mårtensson, IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), programjuristen Anna Burén på Sveriges Radio, Per Sandin, General manager EMI marketing samt ett flertal Internetleverantörer. Vi har dessutom sammanställt en enkät som besvarats av en mängd personer. Resultat: Många av gårdagens skivköpare anser att priset för en CD-skiva är för dyrt idag. Man har upptäckt piratkopieringen med dess obegränsade funktioner samt insett hur lätt det är att få tag på gratis musik utan repressalier, vilket beror på den idag vaga och ej alltför avskräckande lagstiftningen. Musikbolagen förlorar pengar och höjer därmed priserna för skivorna samtidigt som de aktivt arbetar för att hitta det perfekta kopieringsskyddet eller för att komma på någon annan strålande lösning. Framtiden ser oviss ut och för tillfället har piratkopierarna och fildelningstjänsterna trumf på hand. Nyckelord: Mp3, CD, Kopieringsskydd, Fildelningstjänster, Upphovsrätt och Musikintressenter. / Abstract (English) Background: Illegal copying increases rapidly. Software-, game- and music industry are experiencing troubled times at the moment. Today, a practically ignorant person would have no problems to get hold of a newly published record before it reaches the stores because of the illegal copying. This problem is made possible due to that no good solution exists. Copy protection isn’t good enough and peer-to-peer-networks are bigger than ever. In this work we will examine specifically the music industry. Purpose: We will specialize in the term of illegal copying. Further we want to enlight and inform the music industry as well as the users of the problem and it´s future. We hope the result we will achieve can be a foundation for further research. Realization: We have gathered our information from articles on the Internet and also from updated literature. Interviews were made over the phone with Magnus Mårtensson, IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), Anna Burén, lawyer of copyright at Swedish Radio, Per Sandin, General manager EMI marketing and also a lot of Internetsuppliers. We have also compilated an inquiry which has been replied to by many people. Conclusion: Many of the buyers from the past consider the cost of a CD far too high. Instead they have discovered the illegal copying and its unlimited functions. They have also realized how easy you can get new music without reprisals, which mostly depends on the vague and not to scary laws. Music companies are losing money and therefore they raise the prize of a single CD, simultaneously as they work to find the perfect copy protection. The future looks uncertain and for the moment, those who are copying along with peer-to-peer-networks have all the trumps. Keywords: mp3, CD, copy-protection, peer-to-peer-networks, copyright, illegal copying, music companies.

Choisir un partenaire est une décision importante pour les organismes à reproduction sexuée. Une possibilité est de copier le choix d'autres individus, c'est ce que l'on appelle l'imitation du choix du partenaire, phénomène bien étudié chez les vertébrés, mais peu connu chez les invertébrés. Cette thèse porte sur l'imitation du choix du partenaire chez la drosophile (Drosophila melanogaster). J'ai tout d'abord montré que les femelles pouvaient être influencées dans leur choix par l'observation d'une seule autre femelle et que ceci était corrélé avec la pression atmosphérique. J'ai ensuite étudié si la préférence pour un type de mâle pouvait être transmise au sein de la population. Enfin j'ai commencé un travail exploratoire pour identifier les molécules impliquées dans ce processus d'imitation. Ces résultats montrent que les drosophiles peuvent exprimer des comportements complexes conduisant potentiellement à la transmission culturelle, l'isolement reproductif et la spéciation. / Mate choice is a major fitness-affecting decision in sexually reproducing organisms. A form of mate choice is mate copying, in which females choose potential mates by copying the mate choice of conspecifics. While many studies documented mate copying in vertebrates, little is known about this behaviour in invertebrates. In this thesis, I studied mate copying in Drosophila melanogaster females. I showed that female flies can build a sexual preference for one male characteristic after witnessing a single mate choice event and that the efficiency of mate copying correlates with air pressure and its variations. Then I studied the characteristics of mate copying to see whether a preference for one type of male can be transmitted into the population. Finally I tried to find some molecules that could be involved in this behaviour. These results indicate that fruit flies can express complex behaviour, which can potentially lead to cultural transmission, reproductive isolation and speciation.

A seemingly unexplored territory in teaching computer programming is transcription labs. With transcription referring to "transcribe" in the sense of "to make an exact copy of". In transcription labs students are given the complete code and are asked to transcribe it into their own window before they are able to run it. This approach may be interesting as it forces students to engage with the material more than if they had been given a runnable program outright, while still providing a limited, and in some sense safe, learning environment. This project focuses on creating a web application for transcription labs to serve as a jump-off point into exploration of such labs.  Additionally, this thesis contains a preliminary study that aims at gauging if further exploration of transcription labs is worthwhile. The result of the preliminary study indicates that the answer to that question is yes, it is worthwhile exploring transcription labs further.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the compilation of the business plan for the extension of the services of the Toy Shop * Stationery. This work consists of three main parts. The theoretical part contains definitions of terms forming the structure of the business plan and the definition of necessary analyzes. In the analytical part is analyzed the current state of the company. In the last proposed section is created a concrete business plan, which is aimed at the development of the company.

I denna uppsats undersöks det nationella provets skriftliga del i Svenska 1 och Svenska 3. Undersökningen syftar till att ta reda på hur elever hanterar källor för att se hur de är rustade för vidare studier och/eller ett liv i dagens informationssamhälle. Totalt har 40 elevlösningar genomsökts efter omarkerad avskrift, patchwriting, citat och källhänvisningar. Resultaten visar att många elever återanvänder språk från källtexterna genom att skriva av eller genom att göra mindre förändringar i källtextens språk. Denna tendens förekommer på samtliga betygsnivåer i både Svenska 1 och Svenska 3, även om patchwriting och antalet ord i avskrifter generellt minskar i takt med att betygsnivån stiger. I de fall eleverna använder citat är nära hälften felaktiga, främst på grund av korrekturfel. I både Svenska 1 och i Svenska 3 är källhänvisningarna dessutom många gånger ofullständiga. Detta gäller främst för de lägre betygsstegen, medan samtliga elevlösningar på A-nivå i båda kurser innehåller fullständiga källhänvisningar. Trots detta är det dock inte alltid tydligt för läsaren när information från källan presenteras, eftersom vissa elever inte skiljer mellan egna och andras tankar. Otydlig källanvändning förekommer endast på F- och E-nivå i Svenska 3, men i Svenska 1 förekommer det även på C- och A-nivå. / This paper examines the written national test in courses Swedish 1 and Swedish 3. The study aims to find out how students handle sources to learn how they are equipped for further studies and/or a life in today's information society. In total, 40 essays have been searched for copying, patchwriting, quotes and source references. The results show that many students reuse language ​​from their sources by copying or by making minor changes to the source language. This tendency occurs at all grades in both Swedish 1 and Swedish 3, although patchwriting and the number of words in copied strings generally decrease in the higher grades. In cases where students use quotes, almost half are incorrect, mainly because of proofreading errors. In both Swedish 1 and Swedish 3, the source references are often incomplete. This is especially true for the lower grades, whereas all essays that received A’s in both courses contain complete source references. Nevertheless, it is not always clear to the reader when information from the source is presented, as some students do not differentiate between their own and others' thoughts. Unclear source usage occurs only at grades F and E in Swedish 3, but in Swedish 1 it also occurs at grades C and A.

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