This study was conducted within two forensic settings, the high security correctional facility Saltviksanstalten, and the forensic psychiatric institution Karsudden hospital. 66 staff members from Saltvik and 39 from Karsudden participated by answering a questionnaire about threat and physical violence perpetrated towards them by inmates/patients. The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the prevalence of threat and physical violence and related factors perpetrated by inmates/patient towards staff within these two forensic settings with the objectives to compare and analyse the prevalence, characteristics, situations and consequences of the threat and physical violence. The results showed that a higher percentage of participants were exposed to threats and physical violence within the forensic psychiatric setting. As regards to the intentions behind the threats and physical violence, inmates within high security correctional facilities was to a higher degree instrumental whereas patients within the forensic psychiatry showed a higher degree of reactive intentions. The conclusion is that victimization in the form of threat and physical violence is comprehensive, especially within the forensic psychiatry. Due to that victimization increases both the risk of revictimization, and have a number of negative personal- and societal consequences, this is an issue that needs to be highlighted in order to improve both the work environment and the mental health for the staff. / <p>2017-06-01</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga Kriminalvårdens motivationshöjande insats MIK, motiverande samtal inom Kriminalvården. För att besvara syftet utformades tre frågeställningar: Hur genomförs MIK? Hur arbetar programledarna konkret med klienternas motivation inom MIK? Vilka faktorer har stor påverkan på klienternas motivation, enligt programledarna? Semi- strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex programledare, både på anstalt och frivårdskontor. Resultatet utgörs av en detaljerad kartläggning av MIK och att de faktorer som är viktiga för klienternas motivation är mål, motstånd och rutiner. / The purpose of this study was to survey Kriminalvården’s motivation enhancing effort, MIK, motivational interviewing at Kriminalvården. For this purpose three questions were formulated: How is MIK performed? How do the program leaders work on a daily basis with the clients motivation within MIK? Which factors have the most impact on the client’s motivation, according to the program leaders? Semi-structured interviews were carried out with six program leaders, both at institution and probational offices. The results show a detailed survey over MIK, and that the important factors for the clients’ motivation are goals, resistance and their routines.

M.Phil. / A critical task in the management of human resources is the evaluation of employees. All organizations must face up to the challenge of how to evaluate, utilize and develop the skills and abilities of their employees to ensure that organizational goals are achieved, and also to ensure that individuals gain as much satisfaction as possible from their jobs while making effective contributions. The objective of performance evaluation is the following: • To identify management potential • To recognize performance through: promotion merit awards • To identify shortcomings and to rectify it • To establish training needs • To consider transfer/redeployment In order to succeed with this important management task, it is essential for any organization to have a performance evaluation system which can guarantee an objective, factual and reliable result.

M.A. (Social Work) / In the recent past people became more aware of the fact that serious crimes are being committed against children. Statistics show that sexual molestation is one of the most prevalent types of offences committed against children. Society demands that such an offender must be punished in a suitable manner. Recent developments in South Africa in regard to alternative sentences led to correctional supervision. The motivation for this study was to establish differences between people who was sentenced to imprisonment and people who was sentenced to correctional supervision for committing sexual crimes against children by using three different Hudson scales, namely, depression, self-esteem, and sexual discord.

Magister Artium - MA / Recidivism, the tendency to revert to crime upon release from prison, seems to be an uncontrollable phenomenon as inmates keep on re-offending, which impacts negatively on the already overcrowded correctional centres in South Africa. Life in prison is harsh and overpopulation leads to numerous communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and other sexuality transmitted infections. Offenders participate in various rehabilitation programmes during their incarceration. However, the challenge is to sustain these rehabilitation efforts after their discharge from prison. Offenders released into society face numerous obstacles such as the need for employment, food, shelter, and the stigma of having been imprisoned. The community is reluctant to receive perpetrators back into society after their release from prison. Consequently, ex-offenders struggle to find employment because of this stigma, which often translates into family break-ups. They are then expected to invent new ways of making a living and surviving without any help from society; in, they resort to crime, which in turn results in recidivism. The research comprises an exploratory study of the challenges that offenders face upon release and which contribute to recidivism in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). The West Coast Medium ‘A’ Correctional Centre in the Western Cape has been selected as the case study area. Although offenders attend various rehabilitation programmes inside the prison, it has become apparent that upon their release this rehabilitation is not sustained. The qualitative methodology used for this research included semi-structured interviews in order to gather information on the challenges that contribute to recidivism. Offenders, parolees, family members, the Head of Social Reintegration, a social worker, a representative of NICRO, the Chairperson of the Atlantis Community Police Forum, and a spokesperson for SAPS Atlantis were interviewed in order to gather the relevant information. / South Africa

Doctor Legum - LLD / The history of prison reform after 1994 was shaped by the relationship between governance and human rights standards; the requirements for both are set out in the Constitution and elaborated on in the Correctional Services Act. Good governance and human rights converge in five dimensions of a constitutional democracy: legitimacy, transparency, accountability, the rule of law; and resource utilisation. The new constitutional order established a set of governance and rights requirements for the prison system demanding fundamental reform. It de-legitimised the existing prison system and thus placed it in a crisis. This required its reinvention to establish a system compatible with constitutional demands. The thesis investigates whether constitutionalism provided the necessary transformative basis for prison reform in South Africa after 1994. The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) senior management failed to anticipate this in the period 1990 to 1994. In the five years after 1994 senior management equally failed to initiate a fundamental reform process. This lack of vision, as well as a number of external factors relating to the state of the public service in the period 1994 to 2000, gave rise to a second crisis: the collapse of order and discipline in the DCS. By the late 1990s the state had lost control of the DCS and its internal workings can be described as a mess – a highly interactive set of problems in causal relationships. In many regards the problems beleaguering the prison system were created in the period 1994 – 1999. The leadership at the time did not recognize that the prison system was in crisis or that the crisis presented an opportunity for fundamental reform. The new democratic order demanded constitutional and political imagination, but this failed to materialise. Consequently, the role and function of imprisonment within the criminal justice system has remained fundamentally unchanged and there has not been a critical re-examination of its purpose, save that the criminal justice system has become more punitive. Several investigations (1998-2006) into the DCS found widespread corruption and rights violations. Organised labour understood transformation primarily as the racial transformation of the staff corps and embarked on an organised campaign to seize control of management and key positions. This introduced a culture of lawlessness, enabling widespread corruption. w leadership by 2001 and facing pressure from the national government, the DCS responded to the situation by focusing on corruption and on regaining control of the Department. A number of gains have been made since then, especially after 2004. Regaining control of the Department focused on addressing systemic weaknesses, enforcing the disciplinary code and defining a new employer-employee relationship. This has been a slow process with notable setbacks, but it continues to form part of the Department’s strategic direction. It is concluded that the DCS has engaged with and developed a deeper understanding of its constitutional obligations insofar as they pertain to governance requirements in the Constitution. However, compliance with human rights standards had not received the same attention and areas of substantial non-compliance remain in violation of the Constitution and subordinate legislation. Overcrowding, violations of personal safety, poor services and/or lack of access to services persist. Despite the detailed rights standards set out in the Correctional Services Act, there is little to indicate that legislative compliance is an overt focus for the DCS. While meeting the minimum standards of humane detention, as required by the Constitution, should have been the strategic focus of the DCS in relation to the prison population, the 2004 White Paper defines “offender rehabilitation” as the core business of the DCS. In many regards the DCS has assigned more prominence and weight to the White Paper than to its obligations under the Correctional Services Act. In an attempt to legitimise the prison system, the DCS defined for itself a goal that is required neither by the Constitution nor the Correctional Services Act. Compliance with the minimum standards of humane detention must be regarded as a prerequisite for successful interventions to reduce future criminality. After seven years, delivery results on the rehabilitation objective have been minimal and not objectively measurable. The noble and over-ambitious focus on rehabilitation at policy level distracted the DCS from its primary constitutional obligation, namely to ensure safe and humane custody under conditions of human dignity Throughout the period (1994 to 2012) the DCS has been suspicious if not dismissive of advice, guidance and at times orders (including court orders) offered or given by external stakeholders. Its relationship with civil society organisations remain strained and there is no formal structure for interaction. Since 2004 Parliament has reasserted its authority over the DCS, not hesitating to criticise poor decisions and sub-standard performance. Civil society organisations have increasingly used Parliament as a platform for raising concerns about prison reform. Litigation by civil society and prisoners has also been used on a growing scale to ensure legislative compliance. It is concluded that prison reform efforts needs to refocus on he rights requirements set out in the Correctional Services Act and approach this task in an inclusive, transparent and accountable manner. / South Africa

In this study, human movement studies, physical education, recreation and its contributions and stress have been placed in proper perspective. Conditions within the Department of Correctional Services regarding situations leading to the generation of stress in employees are also placed in perspective. Stress within the Department of Correctional Services is a growing concern both for Management and employees. This study is aimed at identifying stressors both from within as well as outside the work context as well as reviewing the relationship between stress and physical activity (sport and recreation) in general as well as in the context of the Department of Correctional Services sport policy. Heads of prisons have been selected for the purposes of this study as they are constantly under pressure. Heads of Prisons in the Department of Correctional Services are ranked according to the size of the prisons they supervise. Subsequently a Head of Prison could be ranked from a Correctional Official (CO) to an Assistant (ASD) or Deputy Director (DD). Although there are many methods of reducing stress this study proposes to view physical activity and recreation as a central part of life, much like sleeping and to show that sport and recreation can serve to balance work by providing restorative refractory periods as well as reducing stress. This study has shown that conditions in the workplace are a major contributor to stress. The study also shows that the DCS has excellent sporting facilities in most Management Areas and that these need to be utilised fully. The DCS sport and recreation policy should be reviewed to ensure that DCS employees make optimum use of the opportunities to participate in sport and recreation. Copyright 2001, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bhoodram, PA 2001, Stress levels as a rationale for the establishment of an employee recreation programme in the Department of Correctional Services in South Africa, MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11072005-161621 / > / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

People-against-the-law is a societal phenomenon that will never disappear, even in societies where law and order are effectively enforced and practised. Political, economic and social conditions contribute to reasons why some people end up in correctional facilities. This study investigated the perceptions of offenders enrolled in education and training programmes offered by three correctional centres in Pretoria. The study adopted a pragmatic qualitative methodology in which the perceptions of the offenders in the educational programmes, and officials were investigated on whether the programmes addressed their personal development and that of their communities. Interviews and observations were used to collect data during tuition activities. Sixty-five (65) males, females, youth offenders, ex-convicts and officials from Correctional Services and non-governmental organisations participated in the study. Bronfenbrenner’s systems and Knowles’ andragogy were used as the theoretical base to understand the dynamics of adult learning in challenging prison environments. The study concluded that educational programmes offered by the Department of Correctional Services must be needs-based and align to employment opportunities, self-esteem and proper rehabilitation of individual offenders. Adult education programmes grounded on andragogic principles and practices should be revisited in correctional centres’ contexts. Thus educational programmes within Correctional Services should not only be mandatory, but teaching and learning activities should be conducted by qualified adult educators, and address the social needs of the adult offenders. / UNISA / ABET and Youth Development

Bakgrund: Det är många personer som återfaller i brott inom en treårsperiod efter avtjänat straff i Sverige. En viktig del i arbetet för att minska återfall i brott är effektiva förberedelser inför frigivning. Syfte: Att beskriva hur intagna på en svensk anstalt upplever vardagliga aktiviteter. Metod: Examensarbetet består av en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie och 50 enkäter delades ut och 29 personer deltog i examensarbetet. Urvalet består av intagna på en svensk anstalt. Ett arbetsterapeutiskt självskattningsinstrument, Min Mening, en svensk version av Occupational Self-Assessment (OSA) användes som datainsamlingsinstrument. Datamaterialet analyserades deskriptivt och analytiskt. Resultat: Majoriteten av aktiviteterna upplevs fungera mycket bra och upplevs som mycket viktiga. Att sköta min ekonomi, att sträva mot mina mål samt att engagera mig i roller var de aktiviteter som flest antal deltagare upplevde inte fungerade bra. Slutsats: En del aktiviteter upplevs fungera bättre än andra och värdesätts olika. Resultatet visar att Min Mening med fördel kan användas bland intagna samt användas som grund för deras rehabilitering. Fler studier behöver genomföras inom området för att ytterligare beskriva hur intagna upplever vardagliga aktiviteter samt att identifiera hur behovet av arbetsterapi ser ut på svenska anstalter.

This study investigated the efficacy of bibiliotherapy in a correctional setting. Bibliotherapy (the utilization of books, pamphlets, or other literature) has been recommended as an adjunct to psychotherapy when professional time was at a premium or when the motivational level of the clientele was marginal. The experimental problem of this present study was to assess the usefulness of bibliotherapy in coping with psychological problems found within the correctional setting. This investigation was designed to explore the effects of two self-help packets on two diverse prison populations.