Vid investeringar i komplexa projekt finns det många aspekter att ta hänsyn till och det finns många metoder för att kunna utvärdera dessa investeringar. Komplexa projekt som en överdäckning där nya ytor tillskapas och befintliga trafikleder byggs över genererar fler nyttor än bara ekonomiska. Vid investeringsbeslut är det därav av stor vikt att kunna värdera investeringen med hänsyn till de aspekter som är av intresse.Samhällsekonomisk analys är en metod som ofta förekommer vid investeringsbeslut där fler än bara ekonomiska aspekter ska inkluderas. Metoden är välkänd och förekommer både i den akademiska sfären men används även praktiskt bland företag. En annan metod, option games är en nyare metod där förankring finns i teorin men inte har tillämpats i lika hög grad i praktiken.Syftet med detta arbete är att jämföra två metoder, samhällsekonomisk analys och option games. Detta för att bedöma vilken av metoderna som lämpar sig bäst vid investeringsbeslut i komplexa projekt. De två metoderna kommer att utvärderas med hjälp av tre valda bedömningskriterier. Metoderna utvärderas på hur väl de tar hänsyn till antaganden och indata, deras applicerbarhet i den aktuella fallstudien och slutligen hur omfattande metoden är. Arbetet är genomfört som en fallstudie och har applicerats på överdäckningen av Stockholms centralstation.Resultatet visar att samhällsekonomisk analys överlag är bättre än option games som metod för att generera beslutsunderlag för investeringar vid komplexa projekt. Dock finns det aspekter som option games tar hänsyn till men som saknas i den samhällsekonomiska analysen. Känslighetsanalysen pekar ut kalkylräntan som den viktigaste parameter i de båda metoderna. / There are many aspects to consider when investing in complex projects and there exist several methods to evaluate those investments. Complex projects such as a decking over existing thoroughfares engender new areas that generate more utility than just economic. Therefore it is of great importance in case of investment decisions to evaluate the investment with regards to the aspects of interest.Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a method used in contexts where more than just the economic aspects are included in the investment decision. The method is well-known and appears in both the academic field and practical at companies. A different method, Option Games is newer and so far mainly applied theoretical and not used in daily practice yet.The aim with this paper is to compare the two methods, Cost Benefit Analysis and Option Games. The goal is to assess which of the two methods best includes the aspects of interest when considering investment decisions for complex projects. The methods will be evaluated based on three selected criteria. Firstly, assumptions and inputs of the two methods. Secondly, their applicability in the current case study and finally the scope of the methods. The paper is conducted as a case study applied on the planned over decking of Stockholm Central station.The result indicates Cost Benefit Analysis to be the preferable method compared to Option Games. Cost Benefit Analysis generates a better foundation when investing in complex projects. Nevertheless, Option Games does regard some aspects that are not considered in the Cost Benefit Analysis method. The most important parameter for both methods is the discount rate in relation to the implemented sensitivity analysis.

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The demand for products continues to increase in today’s society, and to meet this demandcompanies are searching for new ways to improve the performance of their workers.Therefore, there is a constant push to develop and implement new technological solutionswithin the Industry 4.0 approach. The aim of this study is to research the different pathwaysone could take when implementing these technological solutions and what challenges itwould entail, with a focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI). This is done in collaboration withSaab Surveillance within their production division, who wishes to increase theirperformance within their white-collar environment. In this study, performance is defined andmeasured through productivity. The main indicators of productivity will, therefore, be timededicated to a task as well as the potential to improve the quality of a task. The result of thisstudy is presented with a roadmap framework where seven key areas, i.e., work processes,were discovered that could benefit from AI applications. These areas were uncovered byconducting a contextual inquiry and semi-structured interviews, and were then matched withrelevant AI applications. The discovered key areas are categorized based on a cost-benefitanalysis, with the scale of; low, medium, and high. The roadmap illustrates in which areas itcould be most beneficial to implement the suggested AI applications. Using this study, Saaband other companies can make more informed decisions on the pathways for adopting newtechnological solutions that will improve the performance of their white-collar workers.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur socialt arbetsintegrerande företag påverkar samhällets ekonomi genom att identifiera hur kommun, landsting, försäkringskassan och arbetsförmedlingen påverkas av verksamheten. Använd metod är ett socioekonomiskt bokslut över ett av de största socialt arbetsintegrerande företagen i Norrköping; Prosanitas AB. Djupintervjuer med deltagarna på det socialt arbetsintegrerande företaget genomförs med målet att ta reda på hur relationen med de identifierade aktörerna har förändrats före och efter de började i företaget. Medelvärden från intervjustudien analyseras tillsammans med offentliga prislistor från de identifierade aktörerna för att omvandla de externa effekterna till monetära enheter. Resultatet visar att samhällsvinsten är 18 gånger högre än den företagsekonomiska vinsten samt att samhällsvinsten per deltagare är ungefär 83 000 kronor årligen. Slutsatsen är att socialt arbetsintegrerande företag är samhällsekonomiskt lönsamma, dock förlorar kommunen marginellt på verksamheten. Policyimplikationen som kan dras av studien är att ett regelverk eller en klassificering behövs för att kunna urskilja seriösa från oseriösa aktörer på marknaden. Vilket skulle minska agentkostnaden för olika myndigheter och företag och på så sätt även få dem att våga investera i socialt arbetsintegrerande företag, något som i sin tur ökar samhällsnyttan. Nyckelord: Socialt Arbetsintegrerande Företag, Socioekonomiskt Bokslut, Norrköpings Kommun, Samhällskalkyl, / This study investigates how social enterprises affect the national economy by identifying the influence of the country council, the municipality, the health insurance office and the employment bureau. The method used is a cost benefit analysis, applied on one of the largest social enterprises in Norrköping; Prosanitas AB. In-depth interviews with enterprise participants are performed in order to investigate how their relationship with the identified actors has changed before and after they entered the enterprise. The mean values that emerged from the interviews are analyzed with public price lists from the identified external actors, in order to transform the effects into monetary units. The analysis shows that social profit is 18 times higher than the business profit and that the social profit per participant is approximately 83 000 SEK a year. The conclusion states that social enterprises are economically profitable, however, the municipality loses marginally. The policy implication indicates that a set of rules or classification is needed to distinguish serious from unserious companies. This would reduce agent costs for agencies and companies, providing them opportunity to invest in social enterprises. Key words: Social Enterprises, Cost Benefit Analysis, Norrköping, Sweden, National Economy, Prosanitas

With widespread of harmful attacks against enterprises' electronic services, information security readiness of these enterprises is becoming of increasing importance for establishing the required safe environment for such services. Various approaches are proposed to manage enterprise information security risks and to assess its information security readiness. These approaches are, however, not adequate to manage information security risks, as all required information security components of its structural and procedural dimensions have not considered. In addition, current assessment approaches lack numerical indicators in assessing enterprise information security readiness. Furthermore, there is no standard approach for analysing cost versus benefit in selecting recommended protection measures. This thesis aims at contributing to the knowledge by developing comprehensive Enterprise Information Security Risk Management (EISRM) framework that integrates typical approaches for information security risk management, and incorporates main components of key risk management methodologies. In addition, for supporting phases of the proposed EISRM framework, analytical models for enterprise information security readiness assessment and cost-benefit analysis are developed. The practical evaluation, using the proposed enterprise information security readiness assessment model has been performed depending on a developed investigation form that used to investigate nine enterprises inside Saudi Arabia. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in assessing and comparing enterprises information security readiness at all levels of the model, using numerical indicators and graphical representations. The EISRM framework and the analytical models presented in this research can be used by enterprises as single point of reference for assessing and cost effectively improving their information security readiness.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The Navy has several tools at its disposal to shape the force, including early separation incentives. This analysis looks at the issues surrounding the separation incentives including the discount rate for government use, the discount rate used by individuals to make a decision (personal discount rate), comparable civilian sector wages for separating personnel, promotion probabilities, and the costs to the government of maintaining personnel until retirement. Using the information provided from researching these topics, a model was created to identify the present value of retirement payments for officers given their current rank, age, and years of service. The model provided a maximum amount the government should be willing to offer to separate an officer early. This model was compared to a second model which determined the minimum amount an officer would be willing to accept to separate before retirement. Recommendations for future methods of shaping the force were provided to maximize savings to the Navy based on data generated from the model. / Captain, United States Marine Corps

Le vieillissement de la population nécessite une politique de prévention des chutes efficace chez les personnes âgées. Les chutes ont des conséquences importantes aussi bien en termes de baisse de qualité de vie et de perte d’autonomie, que financiers, occasionnés par leurs soins et leur prise en charge. Cependant, la complexité du mécanisme de la chute et son caractère multifactoriel, rendent le diagnostic et l’évaluation du risque de chute encore difficile, notamment parmi la population des personnes dites « en bonne santé ». Conjointement, bien que les programmes multi-interventionnels commencent à montrer leur efficacité, ces derniers restent peu, sinon mal, évalués. Par ailleurs, la mise en place d’une politique de prévention adaptée et efficace, doit être centrée sur la qualité du soin et la satisfaction du patient. Celles-ci nécessitent le passage vers un mode d’organisation du travail coopératif, en réseau. Toutefois, ce changement conduit à des modifications dans les pratiques et identités professionnelles. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les conditions de réussite d’une action de prévention, structurée et coordonnée, en santé publique. Nous présentons et proposons tout d’abord les conditions et outils permettant une homogénéisation et une standardisation des pratiques incontournables pour la mutualisation des efforts individuels et permettre ainsi une plus grande efficacité. Nous étudions également les impacts d’une telle intervention, en termes financiers et de risque de chute. Nous analysons ensuite comment conduire le changement pour permettre une évolution et une adaptation des mentalités mais aussi des modes d’organisation de l’activité. / The prevention of falls amongst the elderly population is a major public health concern. Since the elderly live longer and longer, it is crucial to think of efficient measures in order to prevent such falls. Falls amongst the elderly can have dramatic consequences such as a decrease in quality of life, a loss of autonomy as will cause financial difficulty due to high cost of rehabilitation. However, depending upon the complexity of the fall and its multiple determinants, diagnosing and evaluating the risk of a fall remains complicated, particularly amongst those in "good health". While multi interventional programs may exist such as equilibrium coordination and muscular reinforcement, these programs are rarely proved to be efficient in fall prevention. An adapted and efficient method of prevention must be centered on quality and satisfaction of the patient in the offered care. Such method would imply replacement of an older organization with a system defined in a network activity. However, this method would go hand in hand with the modifications in professional practices and identities. In this thesis I will examine the success rate to implement a structured method of health care prevention against falls. To achieve this prevention, we must first present the necessary conditions and tools which will homogenize and standardize these success rates. Next, I will analyze the characteristics of current methods to prevent falls in order to modernize and rationalize the process. In order to be successful, this process needs to be targeted towards a network strategy.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Anil Pahwa / Unpredictable power outages due to environmental factors such as lighting, wind, trees, and animals, have always been a concern for utilities because they are often unavoidable. This research aims to study squirrel-related outages by modeling past real-life outage data and provide the optimal result which would assist utilities in increasing electric system reliability. This research is a novel approach to benchmark system performance in order to identify areas and durations with higher than expected outages. The model is illustrated with seven years (2005-2011) of animal-related outage data and 14 years of weather data (1998-2011) for four cities in Kansas, used as training data to predict future outages. The past data indicates that the number of outages on any day varies with the seasons and weather conditions on that day. The prediction is based on a Bayesian Model using conditional probability table, which is calculated based on training data. Since future weather conditions are unknown and random, Monte Carlo Simulation is used with the past 14 years of weather data to create different yearly scenarios. These scenarios are then used with the models to predict expected outages. Multiple runs of Monte Carlo analysis provide a probability distribution of expected outages. Further work discusses about cost-to-benefit analysis of implementation of outage mitigation methods. The analysis is performed by considering different combinations of outage reduction and mitigation levels. In this research, eight cases of outage reduction and nine cases of mitigation levels are defined. The probability of benefit is calculated by a statistical approach for every combination. Several optimal strategies are constructed using the probability values and outage history. The outcomes are compared with each other to propose the most beneficial outage mitigation strategy. This research will immensely assist utilities in reducing the outages due to squirrels more effectively with higher benefits and therefore improve reliability of the electricity supply to consumers.

The present thesis is concerned with the construction of by-pass road of the town Roudnice nad Labem and its potential impacts. It briefly describes traffic situation in Roudnice and possible solutions of traffic issues of the town. Theoretical section of the thesis defines a cost-benefit analysis and other assessment methods used for civic projects. The thesis also focuses on external cost and the contribution traffic brings in general as well as with respect to the particular area. The data acquired have been used for drawing a project CBA which addresses the matter of civic efficiency of the construction.

É possível medir a eficiência do Estado? A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é apresentar a avaliação de impacto regulatório AIR como uma das ferramentas possíveis e existentes para atender a esse desafio exigido pela Constituição Federal a partir da Emenda Constitucional 19/98, tendo como referencial analítico as decisões regulatórias. A AIR é instrumento de controle da atividade regulatória do Estado por meio de procedimento administrativo voltado à análise das decisões regulatórias a serem adotadas ou já adotadas pelos agentes reguladores com base em evidências empíricas, resultando na introdução de mecanismos de legitimação democrática e de responsabilização do regulador. Ela se baseia no uso sistemático de análises dos possíveis custos e benefícios das várias alternativas existentes para atender à(s) finalidade(s) desejada(s) e sinalizada(s) nas políticas públicas setoriais. Fala-se em mecanismos de legitimação democrática e de responsabilização do regulador diante do seu potencial de reduzir o déficit democrático presente no modelo do Estado regulador, em que o agente administrativo não eleito, no exercício de seus poderes, toma decisões que podem gerar impacto significativo aos particulares. Sustenta-se que isso é possível por meio da transparência e da publicidade do processo de tomada de decisão a partir da utilização da AIR pelos agentes reguladores. Esse aspecto leva a outro: a AIR como instrumento de controle. Essa ferramenta também possibilita a redução do risco da agência presente na delegação de poder do principal (Poder Legislativo e o Chefe do Poder Executivo) para o agente (agentes reguladores). A AIR ganha especial importância com o Programa de Fortalecimento da Capacidade Institucional para Gestão em Regulação (instituído pelo Decreto 6.062 de 16 de março de 2007) que tem como objetivo idealizar e implementar essa ferramenta na administração pública federal. / Is it possible to measure State efficiency? This dissertation aims to introduce regulatory impact assessment RIA as an existing possible tool to tackle this challenge assigned by the Federal Constitution in the constitutional amendment 19/98. RIA is an instrument to control the State via an administrative procedure based on the analysis of empirical evidences of regulatory decisions either to be taken or already taken by regulators. As a result, it introduces democratic legitimacy mechanisms and accountability of regulators. Its methodology is based on the systematic use of cost-benefit analysis of proposed alternatives in order to apply a public policy in a regulated sector. The mechanisms for democratic legitimation and accountability of regulators are justified by its potential to reduce the democratic deficit within the regulatory State, in which the non-elected administrative agent, in the exercise of his/hers own powers, makes decisions that can impact individuals. This is due to the transparency and publicity of the decision-making process that derives from the adoption of RIA. Another aspect then arises: RIA as an instrument of control. This tool will enable the reduction of the agency risk characteristic of the power delegation from the principal (Legislative Power and chief of Executive Power) to the agent (regulators). RIA gets more attention with the creation of the governmental program for strengthening the institutional capacity for regulation (Presidential Decree 6.062, March, 16th of 2007), whose scope is to conceptualize and implement such a tool in the federal public administration.