United Nation's (UN) millennium development goal number three is aimed at eliminating gender inequality and empowering women. Gender-based violence is recognised as a global public health and human rights problem that leads to high rates of morbidity and mortality, including sexually transmitted infections, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance dependence and suicide. In responding to this international public health and human rights concern, the South African government has adopted numerous public health communication strategies to highlight the plight of women and children. One of the campaigns that are conducted in South Africa is the 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children (16 Days of Activism Campaign). This campaign was introduced in 1999 but the literature review reveals that to date, no studies have focused on its evaluation. As such, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the 16 Days of Activism Campaign with special reference to the Soshanguve community in Gauteng province. This study builds on two theories, namely the excellence theory and the diffusion of innovation theory. Mixed research methods (also called triangulation) was used whereby in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from the Government Communication and Information System and the Department of Women, Children and People with Disability to establish the promotion strategies used in the campaign and the methods used to assess the effectiveness of the campaign. Furthermore, a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted within the Soshanguve community to evaluate the promotion strategies and assess the impact of the campaign.This study revealed a high level of reliance on the television, radio and newspapers in the communication strategies. Both government departments acknowledged that they do not have a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign from the receivers‟ perspective. The Soshanguve community felt that in essence the campaign is relevant but not on time. The residents viewed the study as an important part of creating awareness about the campaign and they believed the campaign helped them to know what to do when faced with gender-based violence so that they can assist those who are affected by it.

Women and young people who have experienced domestic violence view themselves through an abuse-dominated lens, causing thin descriptions of themselves. Research was undertaken with seven women and eleven young people to explore how they had experienced domestic violence and to co-author and co-construct new stories of identity. This research addressed how a narrative pastoral approach guides therapeutic conversations with people who have experienced domestic violence. A narrative approach has at its heart the notion of decentred practice and an ethic of care. Reflective letters after each group meeting played a central part of the research. The letters were structured to tell the alternative stories emerging during and between sessions. These stories were told and retold and in each telling the women artd young people experienced alternative views of self and joined others in this re-writing. Participants spontaneously continued to meet beyond the completion of the research / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

This research looks to identify precursors to women becoming involved in trafficking for prostitution and/or sexual services in the United States. The failure to find patterns or trends regarding why women are trafficked or what types of women are trafficked most often, helps dispel some myths regarding the stereotypical victim of trafficking.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Geography / Master / Master of Geographic Information System

The theme of this diploma thesis is "The methodology of investigating crimes against life (selected issues) ". As the title itself suggests, the work focuses only on some aspects of the murder investigation methodology which is in criminalistics practice used also to investigate other crimes against life, as well as to investigate suspected deaths, sudden deaths or suicides. This theme is so extensive that it cannot be fully covered within a defined range, therefore the thesis only deals with certain aspects. The core of this thesis lies in the peculiarities of the initial investigative actions, with increased attention paid to the act of investigation. The first chapter contains a brief introduction to the issue of crimes against life in terms of criminal law. At the beginning of the chapter, the concept of human life as a generic object of these crimes is analyzed as well, with respect to the importance of determining its beginning and its end. The chapter is completed with statistics on the number of crimes against life in the years 2010-2016. The second chapter is focused on the criminological aspects of the murder investigation methodology, while, first of all, the components of the criminological characteristics of the murders are outlined for a better orientation in the given issue, i.e. the...

O estudo da criminalidade é multidisciplinar e, em razão de suas consequências negativas para o bem-estar social, recentemente, o crime também se tornado um tema de interesse dos economistas. No Brasil, país que apresenta o maior número absoluto de homicídios dolosos no mundo, este interesse surgiu principalmente a partir do início do século XXI. Em meio à crescente literatura sobre o tema, essa tese buscou, por meio de dois artigos, contribuir para a análise e o entendimento deste fenômeno. No primeiro artigo, recorrendo a uma Análise de Fronteira Estocástica, estimou-se e analisou-se o subregistro de crimes contra a propriedade em Minas Gerais. O estudo justifica-se tendo em vista que o subregistro deve afetar a eficiência das políticas de segurança pública, principalmente, no que tange à alocação de recursos. Os resultados do artigo permitiram verificar os principais determinantes do subregistro e, além disso, encontrar importantes consequências do fenômeno. Entre os principais resultados, pode-se destacar que: o subregistro afeta a interpretação das estatísticas oficiais; este fenômeno influencia a atividade criminosa e; há evidências de que o registro de um crime é realizado por meio de uma avaliação de benefício-custo. No segundo artigo desta tese, que pode ser lido de modo independente do primeiro, o objetivo foi verificar, empiricamente, a existência do efeito do custo moral, aproximado pelo capital social, sobre o risco de vitimização para crimes contra a propriedade. O capital social deve afetar a criminalidade tanto pela ótica da vítima, quanto do criminoso. Pela ótica da vítima, maiores níveis de capital social entre os indivíduos elevam a probabilidade de estes cooperarem para um benefício mútuo, como o combate à criminalidade. Sob a ótica do criminoso, o capital social deve elevar o custo moral da atividade criminosa, reduzindo os benefícios da prática e, consequentemente, o risco de vitimização. Apesar da relevância teórica desta variável para explicar a criminalidade, dada a dificuldade de mensuração empírica, na literatura sobre o tema, o custo moral tem sido negligenciado ou considerado através de proxies incapazes de captá-lo adequadamente. Ademais, são escassos na literatura os estudos empíricos que comprovam essa relação, principalmente no Brasil. Como resultado principal do estudo, tem-se que a hipótese de que incrementos no capital social são capazes de reduzir o risco de vitimização não pôde ser rejeitada. / The study of crime is multidisciplinary and, because of its negative consequences for social welfare, crime has also recently become a subject of interest to economists. In Brazil, the country with the highest absolute number of intentional homicides in the world, this interest arose mainly after the beginning of the 21st century. In the midst of the growing literature on the subject, this thesis sought, in two articles, to contribute to the analysis and understanding of this phenomenon. In the first article, using Stochastic Frontier Analysis, the underreporting of crimes against property in Minas Gerais was estimated and analyzed. The study is justified considering that underreporting may affect the efficiency of public security policies, especially regarding resource allocation. The results of the article allowed to verify the main determinants of underreporting and, in addition, to find important consequences of the phenomenon. Among the main results, it can be highlighted that: underreporting affects the interpretation of the official statistics; that this phenomenon influences criminal activity, and that there is evidence that filing a crime report is carried out by means of a benefit-cost evaluation. In the second article of this thesis, which can be read independently of the first one, the objective was to verify the existence of a moral cost effect, approached by social capital, on the risk of victimization for crimes against property. Social capital must affect crime both from the perspective of the victim and of the criminal. From the point of view of the victim, higher levels of social capital among individuals increase the likelihood of cooperating for mutual benefit, such as combating crime. From the point of view of the criminal, social capital must raise the moral cost of criminal activity, reducing the its benefits and, consequently, the risk of victimization. Despite the theoretical relevance of this variable to explain crime, given the difficulty of empirical measurement, moral cost has either been neglected in the literature on the subject or considered through proxies that are unable to assess it adequately. In addition, there are few empirical studies in the literature that prove this relationship, specially in Brazil. As a main result of the study, we conclude that we cannot reject the hypothesis that increases in social capital can reduce the risk of victimization.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os dados referentes aos delitos praticados contra a pessoa idosa, no município de Palmas, estado do Tocantins, no intuito de subsidiar o poder público com dados que possibilitem conhecer o problema e implementar ações que visem mitigar e abolir a prática de violência contra a pessoa idosa. O envelhecimento populacional, apesar de historicamente ser um fenômeno recente, já produz reflexos em diversos setores sociais, evoluindo de forma célere e em grande escala. Não preparada para esse novo contexto social, a sociedade viu-se na necessidade de buscar meios que permitissem que essa nova parcela populacional não sofresse violações aos seus direitos fundamentais. Dentre os principais males que afligem a pessoa idosa, a violência tem se destacado, uma vez que degrada ainda mais a pessoa que já está em situação de vulnerabilidade. Assim, a pesquisa buscou a definição do conceito de violência contra a pessoa idosa, para, ao final, realizar o mapeamento dos delitos praticados contra a pessoa idosa, no município de Palmas/TO, como forma de propiciar às autoridades públicas informações que permitam a promoção de políticas públicas destinadas a erradicar os atos de violência contra a pessoa idosa. Por fim, verificou-se a necessidade de capacitação dos agentes públicos que participam do atendimento à pessoa idosa, como forma de aprimorar e garantir o acesso das pessoas idosas aos seus direitos fundamentais. / The present research aims to identify the data about the crimes committed against the elderly in the city of Palmas, state of Tocantins, in order to subsidize the public power with data that make it possible to know the problem and implement actions that aim to mitigate and abolish the practice violence against the elderly. Population aging, although historically a recent phenomenon, already produces reflexes in several social sectors, evolving rapidly and on a large scale. Unprepared for this new social context, society found itself in the need to seek means that would allow this new population not to suffer violations of their fundamental rights. Among the main ills that afflict the elderly, violence has been highlighted, since it further degrades the person who is already vulnerable. Thus, the research sought to define the concept of violence against the elderly, to finally carry out the mapping of the crimes committed against the elderly in the municipality of Palmas-TO, as a way to provide public authorities, data that allow the promotion of policies aimed at eradicating acts of violence against the elderly. Finally, there was a need for training of public agents involved in care for the elderly, as a way to improve and guarantee the access of the elderly to their fundamental rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Leocadio Ribeiro Coutinho Neto.pdf: 1810014 bytes, checksum: a33eee5907ae9c99921b3d374aad7a27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The ultimate aim is to investigate the incidence of the penal provisions within the postulates of the Logical-Semantic Constructivism and identify the problems faced in their positivization cycle. It elucidates the concept of law and the Theory of Legal Rule as well as the meanings of the term sanction and its relationship with the coercivity and duress. By examining the tax and criminal penalties tax system in its generality, it has find a vicious cycle, a systemic problem, a real distortion of the penalty rule caused by many factors, such as fines under unpayable percentage, the need for discussion in the administrative and judicial fields, necessary editing laws that grant fines amnesty, construction flaws of the criminal legal facts and inefficient tax crimes. The fines amnesty and suspension or the extinguishment of the punishability in tax crimes removes a fragment of the structure of the complete legal norm, withdraws the coercivity. It discusses the penalty in order to organize the sanctioning legal system, contributing to a better syntactic, semantic and pragmatic construction of sanctions, that is, the effective penal provition guarantees the values safeguarded by society / O grande objetivo é investigar a incidência da norma sancionatória dentro dos pressupostos do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico e identificar os problemas enfrentados no seu ciclo de positivação. Elucida-se o conceito de Direito e a Teoria da Norma Jurídica, bem como as acepções do termo sanção e sua relação com a coercitividade e a coação. Ao examinar o sistema sancionatório tributário e penal tributário em sua generalidade, encontrou-se um ciclo vicioso, um problema sistêmico, uma verdadeira desnaturação da norma sancionatória causada por diversos fatores, tais como: multas em percentuais impagáveis, a necessidade de discussão em âmbito administrativo e judicial, necessária edição de leis que anistiem as multas, falhas na construção dos fatos jurídicos penais e crimes contra a ordem tributária ineficazes. A anistia de multas e a suspensão ou extinção da punibilidade nos crimes tributários retiram fragmentam a estrutura da norma jurídica completa, retira-se a coercibilidade. Discute-se a sanção com o fito de organizar o sistema jurídico sancionatório, contribuindo para uma melhor construção sintática, semântica e pragmática das sanções, ou seja, que a norma sancionatória eficaz garanta os valores resguardados pela sociedade

O estudo da criminalidade é multidisciplinar e, em razão de suas consequências negativas para o bem-estar social, recentemente, o crime também se tornado um tema de interesse dos economistas. No Brasil, país que apresenta o maior número absoluto de homicídios dolosos no mundo, este interesse surgiu principalmente a partir do início do século XXI. Em meio à crescente literatura sobre o tema, essa tese buscou, por meio de dois artigos, contribuir para a análise e o entendimento deste fenômeno. No primeiro artigo, recorrendo a uma Análise de Fronteira Estocástica, estimou-se e analisou-se o subregistro de crimes contra a propriedade em Minas Gerais. O estudo justifica-se tendo em vista que o subregistro deve afetar a eficiência das políticas de segurança pública, principalmente, no que tange à alocação de recursos. Os resultados do artigo permitiram verificar os principais determinantes do subregistro e, além disso, encontrar importantes consequências do fenômeno. Entre os principais resultados, pode-se destacar que: o subregistro afeta a interpretação das estatísticas oficiais; este fenômeno influencia a atividade criminosa e; há evidências de que o registro de um crime é realizado por meio de uma avaliação de benefício-custo. No segundo artigo desta tese, que pode ser lido de modo independente do primeiro, o objetivo foi verificar, empiricamente, a existência do efeito do custo moral, aproximado pelo capital social, sobre o risco de vitimização para crimes contra a propriedade. O capital social deve afetar a criminalidade tanto pela ótica da vítima, quanto do criminoso. Pela ótica da vítima, maiores níveis de capital social entre os indivíduos elevam a probabilidade de estes cooperarem para um benefício mútuo, como o combate à criminalidade. Sob a ótica do criminoso, o capital social deve elevar o custo moral da atividade criminosa, reduzindo os benefícios da prática e, consequentemente, o risco de vitimização. Apesar da relevância teórica desta variável para explicar a criminalidade, dada a dificuldade de mensuração empírica, na literatura sobre o tema, o custo moral tem sido negligenciado ou considerado através de proxies incapazes de captá-lo adequadamente. Ademais, são escassos na literatura os estudos empíricos que comprovam essa relação, principalmente no Brasil. Como resultado principal do estudo, tem-se que a hipótese de que incrementos no capital social são capazes de reduzir o risco de vitimização não pôde ser rejeitada. / The study of crime is multidisciplinary and, because of its negative consequences for social welfare, crime has also recently become a subject of interest to economists. In Brazil, the country with the highest absolute number of intentional homicides in the world, this interest arose mainly after the beginning of the 21st century. In the midst of the growing literature on the subject, this thesis sought, in two articles, to contribute to the analysis and understanding of this phenomenon. In the first article, using Stochastic Frontier Analysis, the underreporting of crimes against property in Minas Gerais was estimated and analyzed. The study is justified considering that underreporting may affect the efficiency of public security policies, especially regarding resource allocation. The results of the article allowed to verify the main determinants of underreporting and, in addition, to find important consequences of the phenomenon. Among the main results, it can be highlighted that: underreporting affects the interpretation of the official statistics; that this phenomenon influences criminal activity, and that there is evidence that filing a crime report is carried out by means of a benefit-cost evaluation. In the second article of this thesis, which can be read independently of the first one, the objective was to verify the existence of a moral cost effect, approached by social capital, on the risk of victimization for crimes against property. Social capital must affect crime both from the perspective of the victim and of the criminal. From the point of view of the victim, higher levels of social capital among individuals increase the likelihood of cooperating for mutual benefit, such as combating crime. From the point of view of the criminal, social capital must raise the moral cost of criminal activity, reducing the its benefits and, consequently, the risk of victimization. Despite the theoretical relevance of this variable to explain crime, given the difficulty of empirical measurement, moral cost has either been neglected in the literature on the subject or considered through proxies that are unable to assess it adequately. In addition, there are few empirical studies in the literature that prove this relationship, specially in Brazil. As a main result of the study, we conclude that we cannot reject the hypothesis that increases in social capital can reduce the risk of victimization.

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences