Urban traffic congestion is recognised as a major problem by most people in world cities. However, the implementation of congestion reducing measures on a wide scale eludes most world cities suffering from traffic congestion, as many oppose the notion of road pricing and despite economists and transportation professionals having advocated its benefits for a number of decades. The effects of road pricing have attracted considerable attention from researchers examining its effects, as it is thought to hold the key in understanding and overcoming some inherent obstacles to implementation. Unfortunately, many of the attempts consider the effects in isolation and with hypothetical, idealised and analytical tools, sometimes loosing sight of the complexities of the problem. This research empirically investigates the effects of road pricing in London, and identifies factors, which may prove to sustain it as a traffic reduction instrument. The results indicate that an integrated approach has to be developed and implemented, based upon the recognition of local perceptions, concerns, aspirations and locally acceptable solutions, if the acceptance of road pricing is to be improved. The key to dealing with the effects of road pricing, is to encourage a concerted effort by various stakeholders developing strategies considering a range of differing initiatives, coordinating and managing them in the realm of the political-economic context in which they exist. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The aim of the disertation is to improve the efficiency of the of the refurbishment process of the public buildings by using methods of multiple criteria analysis, the developed model for integrated analysis of the negotiations process for refurbishment of buildings and the Multiple Criteria Decision Support System for Refurbishment of Public Buildings developed on the basis of these models.

The aim of the dissertation is to improve the efficiency of the refurbishment process of public buildings by using methods of multiple criteria analysis, the developed model for integrated analysis of the lifecycle of a public building, the model for integrated analysis of the negotiations process for refurbishment of buildings and the Multiple Criteria Decision Support System for Refurbishment of Public Buildings developed on then basis of these models.

Urban traffic congestion is recognised as a major problem by most people in world cities. However, the implementation of congestion reducing measures on a wide scale eludes most world cities suffering from traffic congestion, as many oppose the notion of road pricing and despite economists and transportation professionals having advocated its benefits for a number of decades. The effects of road pricing have attracted considerable attention from researchers examining its effects, as it is thought to hold the key in understanding and overcoming some inherent obstacles to implementation. Unfortunately, many of the attempts consider the effects in isolation and with hypothetical, idealised and analytical tools, sometimes loosing sight of the complexities of the problem. This research empirically investigates the effects of road pricing in London, and identifies factors, which may prove to sustain it as a traffic reduction instrument. The results indicate that an integrated approach has to be developed and implemented, based upon the recognition of local perceptions, concerns, aspirations and locally acceptable solutions, if the acceptance of road pricing is to be improved. The key to dealing with the effects of road pricing, is to encourage a concerted effort by various stakeholders developing strategies considering a range of differing initiatives, coordinating and managing them in the realm of the political-economic context in which they exist. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Protected areas are of prime importance to conservation efforts worldwide because they provide society with a range of important environmental, economic, and social benefits. The ability of government agencies to manage threats to their national parks is often compromised by limited resources. There is a growing need to improve decisions about how resources are allocated amongst conservation responsibilities. Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA) techniques are integrated decision systems that have the potential to reduce the complexity normally associated with decisions about public and quasi-public goods. The explicit expression of a decision-maker’s preferences for certain decision attributes is a key stage in the MCA process. The ability of MCA to increase the understanding, transparency, and robustness of decisions has been demonstrated in many disciplines. This research describes the development of a MCA model to assist decisionmakers with the allocation of resources amongst national parks. After a thorough review of the conservation and protected area literature, a MCA model is developed to determine the utility of a group of national parks based upon environmental, economic, and social significance. The model is tested and applied to the national parks managed by the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory of Australia and to selected parks managed by the Department of Conservation of New Zealand. The research highlights the need for protected area management agencies to take lessons from the commercial sector and incorporate elements of business practices, particularly comprehensive inventory and data management, into conservation decision-making. It is shown that the integrated decision-making approach taken in this research aggregates complex data in a way that improves managers’ ability to make better informed decisions concerning the allocation and distribution of resources.

La société de consommation dans laquelle nous évoluons est génératrice de beaucoup de pollutions notamment de déchets. Cette croissance exponentielle de détritus nous amène à reconsidérer nos habitudes de consommation et notre vision du système actuel. C'est dans une réelle prise de conscience des dégâts occasionnés que nous pourrons agir pour améliorer ces failles dans un but optimisation et de performances. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi d'étudier la gestion des déchets afin de pouvoir répondre à ces objectifs et proposer des scénarios de gestion et de traitement des déchets adaptés aux territoires étudiés. Pour mener à bien cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'île de la Réunion permettant ainsi à contribuer au développement des territoires insulaires. Autour de cette problématique, nous nous sommes attachés principalement à développer une démarche méthodologique permettant de composer différents scénarios de déchets. Afin de réaliser la création des scénarios, nous avons mis en œuvre un outil de simulation et de modélisation de traitement et de gestion des déchets. Pour cela, nous avons développé une méthode, une approche descriptive qui nous permet de présenter de manière intelligible toutes les entités qui composent le système de traitement des déchets ainsi que les flux de matière et d'énergie qui interfèrent avec les systèmes observés. Nous commençons par une phase d'identification où toutes les entités observées (flux et systèmes) sont clairement définies, nous poursuivons la description par une phase de caractérisation où nous définissons et renseignons tous les paramètres d'observation des flux et des systèmes. Sur cette base, nous avons mis au point un outil de simulation de gestion et de traitement des déchets. La conception de l'outil nécessite donc une connaissance précise des éléments constituant chacun des niveaux d'observation étudiés. Cette observation du système par l'observation des flux nous a permis de mettre en évidence les phases de traitement autour des étapes de stockage, de transport et de transformation. C'est notamment au travers de ces indices qu'il nous a été possible d'identifier les paramètres de gestion à considérer afin de répondre à nos problématiques de coûts et d'environnement. À ce stade, l'outil permet une acquisition de données détaillées à toutes les phases de gestion afin d'établir un certain nombre de scénarii de gestion des déchets. Une fois les scénarios mis en œuvre dans l'outil, une analyse multicritères développée à partir de l'outil de calcul PROMETHEE est réalisée afin permettre le classement des différentes alternatives possibles dans un but d'aide à la décision. Cette analyse s'est avérée pertinente dans le choix des meilleurs scénarios de gestion et de traitement des déchets. Et nous permet de conduire une réflexion la moins orientée possible afin d'assurer une bonne crédibilité des choix et décisions à retenir. / Today's consumer society is generating a lot of pollution and waste . The exponential growth of garbage must lead us to rethink the way we consume and the way we consider the current system. Raising awareness of the damage is the best way to improve the situation so as to achieve better and more efficient results. That is why we chose to study waste management, to answer these objectives and to establish waste management scenarios adapted to a specific territory, here Reunion Island. Thereby, this study will contribute to the general development of insular territories. For the study, we have implemented a methodology allowing us to build waste management scenarios. To create these, we have developed a simulation and modelization tool for waste treatment and waste management. The methodology is organized in two parts: i) A description phase and ii) A quantification phase for each scenario of waste management. i) The description phase enables us to know and classify all the entities that compose the waste treatment system as well as raw flow and energy flow. For this, each part of a scenario can be divided into elementary components to simplify their creation. ii) The quantification phase is operational once all flows and entities are identified. This phase consists in defining and quantify all the parameters (flows and entities).Afterwards, we have developed a simulation and modelization tool for waste treatment and waste management to create scenarios. Each scenario requires environmental, economic and social parameters. At this stage, we can collect data for all management phases and establish a panel of scenarios. After scenarios are integrated in the tool, we can do a multi-criteria analysis to classify all possible alternatives that will help decision making. This analysis has proved relevant for choosing the best management and waste treatment scenarios. It also allows us to conduct a study that is as little oriented as possible, so as to ensure the reliability of the choices and decisions that will be selected.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3680.pdf: 16080826 bytes, checksum: 4f465d2a571be2bfd8abfcf8c4083e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The attempt to understand the environment through techniques for posterior modifications and interventions is a fact that, for some researchers, made man, human. The understanding on which surrounds a group of individuals can lead, however, to a deterministic reading or even to a superposition, lacking criteria, of the elements in consideration, which leads to distortions in understanding the complex system called environment. Therefore, it s not enough that the gathering of data, and its simple overlap exists, and for spatial data, the accumulation of maps. There is the need of, technical, social and economical criteria to improve understanding, as well as a conceptual-methodological discussion regarding the representation of the Geographical Space. Throughout methodological theories and orientations, such grasp can be achieved by the understanding of, not only one component, but the integration of all components, like in Synthesis Cartography. So, the methods are necessary for the reorganization, transforming data in information (and information onto knowledge), allowing that managers and population can think, analyze and act onto the Space they are inserted in. Thereunto, the multi-criteria methods allows breaking with the statistical representations of the environment, overcoming the inventory paradigm, been that one of the purposes of the present theses, from assumptions of the Environmental Fragility and the utilization of multi-criteria methods of Weighted Linear Combination and Ordered Weighted Averaging, which generates the Map of Environmental Fragility for part of the watershed of Monjolinho River in São Carlos - SP, anchored on the Eco-dynamical approach. Likewise, besides the cartographical product which can subsidize actions from the public power, it was possible the verification of hypotheses that the introduction of one of these methods, from its correct understanding and articulation, allows it to step up to the main purpose of Synthesis Cartography and Planning, be it urban or environmental: the re-integration of variables that concretize territorially in a unison an non-isolated manner, which throughout the Ordered Weighted Averaging method can lead to the transfer of collective technical intelligence, to a Geographic Information System. / A tentativa de apre(e)nder o território por técnicas, para posterior modificação e intervenção, é um fato que, para alguns pesquisadores, tornaram o homem humano. O entendimento do que cerca um grupo de indivíduos pode levar, no entanto, a uma leitura determinista ou mesmo uma sobreposição sem critério dos elementos considerados, o que leva a distorções no entendimento do complexo sistema dito ambiental. Assim, não basta que haja coleta de dados e sua simples superposição, e para dados espaciais, o acúmulo de mapas: são necessários critérios técnicos, sociais e econômicos, bem como a discussão conceitual-metodológica sobre a representação do Espaço Geográfico. Por meio de teorias e orientações metodológicas, tal apreensão pode se dar não somente apropriando-se das partes componentes do sistema, mas sim da integração entre eles, como na Cartografia de Síntese. Desta forma, métodos são necessários para a reorganização deste, transformando dados em informações (e estas em conhecimento), permitindo que gestores e população possam pensar, analisar e agir no seu Espaço. Para isso, os métodos multicritérios possibilitam romper com as representações estáticas do meio, superando o paradigma de inventário, sendo este um dos objetivos da presente tese, a partir dos pressupostos da Fragilidade Ambiental e da utilização dos métodos multicritério da Combinação Linear Ponderada e da Média Ponderada Ordenada, o que gera o Mapa de Fragilidade Ambiental para parte da Bacia do Rio Monjolinho, em São Carlos SP, ancorados na abordagem Ecodinâmica. Desta forma, além do produto cartográfico que pode subsidiar ações do poder público, foi possível a comprovação da hipótese de que adoção de um destes métodos, a partir do seu arcabouço teórico e articulação metodológica, possibilita caminhar rumo ao principal objetivo da Cartografia de Síntese e também do Planejamento, seja o urbano ou ambiental: a reintegração de variáveis que se concretizam territorialmente de maneira una e não isolada, podendo com o uso do método da Média Ponderada Ordenada haver a transferência da inteligência coletiva técnica e social para um Sistema de Informações Geográficas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2703386 bytes, checksum: 8243b5610ded0f778a31f88803f852e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-10 / Universidade Federal de Viçosa / This work introduces a methodical approach to obtain environmental vulnerability maps associated with the water quality for human supply, focusing on water basins. The methodology proposed uses different variables (layers of information) derived from remote sensing (acquisition of orbital imaging, correction, classification, etc.), topography (obtained from altimetry), including field data collection (water samples) and its proper spatialization. With the aim of uniting all these informational layers, generating a map of environmental vulnerability, a multicriteria analysis was used, which establishes a list of preferences among the variables pre-analyzed. One of the focuses of this work is to use different weighting methods for these variables in order to obtain a vulnerability map which is more coherent with the reality of the region studied (Ribeirão São Bartolomeu basin - Viçosa, MG), since that map will be validated with the data collected from the water quality in the basin (turbidity, nitrogen concentration and physical, chemical and pathogenic elements). This work had as main motivation the requirements of Decreto 518/204 of implementing tools for risk assentment, which however, as highlighted by Bastos et al. (2007) still not presented systematic enough in the legislation, so that it can be translated into a methodological tool for ready use by those responsible services of water supply. Through the experiments was possible to determine which regions must undergo interventions to reduce risks, which according to the best weighting method (Method of Analysis Hierarchical), this area is about 3% of the basin contribution, it's made up meanly by exposed soil and urbanized areas, besides a large concentration of animal breeding and release of raw sewage surround this area. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para identificação de fragilidades ambientais associadas à qualidade da água para o abastecimento humano, focando a bacia de captação. A metodologia aqui proposta emprega diferentes variáveis (camadas de informação) derivadas do sensoriamento remoto (aquisição da imagem orbital, correções, classificação, entre outros), topografia (obtenção da altimetria), além de coleta de dados em campo (amostras de água) e sua devida espacialização. Com a finalidade de unir todas essas camadas informacionais, de forma a gerar um mapa de fragilidade ambiental, foi empregada a análise multicritério, que estabelece uma relação de preferências entre as variáveis préanalisadas. Um dos focos desse trabalho é utilizar diferentes métodos de ponderação dessas variáveis de modo a obter um mapa de fragilidade mais coeso com a realidade da região de estudos - Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão São Bartolomeu - Viçosa, MG- uma vez que esse mapa será validado com informações provenientes da qualidade da água na bacia de captação (turbidez, concentração de nitrogênio e outros elementos químicos e elementos patógenos). A realização deste trabalho teve como principal motivação as exigências da Portaria 518/204 de implementação de ferramentas de avaliação de risco, o que, entretanto, como destacado por Bastos et al. (2007) ainda "não se apresenta sistematizado o suficiente na legislação, de forma que possa ser traduzido em uma ferramenta metodológica de pronta utilização pelos responsáveis dos serviços de abastecimento de água".Através dos experimentos foi possível determinar regiões que devem sofrer intervenções para redução do risco, que de acordo com o melhor método de ponderação (Método da Análise Hierárquica), essa área é cerca de 3% da bacia de contribuição, compostos em sua maioria por solo exposto e áreasurbanizadas, além de grande concentração de criadouros de animais e lançamento de esgoto em seu entorno.

Submitted by PAULO DE MIRANDA BERNARDO null (paulombernardo@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T16:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Recomposição florestal visando a infiltração de água uma abordagem multicriterial-repositorio.pdf: 4224440 bytes, checksum: c7b74ca84c7beb91df979a93ec24d30f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-10-30T17:34:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardo_pm_me_bot.pdf: 4224440 bytes, checksum: c7b74ca84c7beb91df979a93ec24d30f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-30T17:34:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardo_pm_me_bot.pdf: 4224440 bytes, checksum: c7b74ca84c7beb91df979a93ec24d30f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Para o planejamento dos recursos naturais e avaliação de uma determinada área, é imprescindível analisar e identificar a bacia hidrográfica. O sensoriamento remoto e procedimentos modernos para obter-se imagens, referentes aos novos sistemas de informações geográficas (SIGs), auxiliam na aquisição de diversos tipos de dados. Foram determinadas as áreas que favorecem a conexão entre os fragmentos florestais, com o objetivo de realizar análise de paisagem na sub-bacia do Rio Araquá. Caracterizar o uso e cobertura atual do solo na bacia, por meio de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, chamada de classificação supervisionada por máxima verossimilhança. Depois, com o auxílio do SIG, foi feita a análise multicriterial com o Método da Combinação Linear Ponderada, determinando os critérios (fatores e restrições) e os pesos dos fatores. A área de estudo foi descrita, assim como o material cartográfico e os dados orbitais. Foram gerados mapas de rede de drenagem, de uso e cobertura do solo, declividade, solos, potencial de infiltração, AVA, fragmentos florestais, classificação da paisagem no programa ArcGis e análise multicriterial no Idrisi Selva. Por último, foi gerado o mapa de conexão florestal, em que notou-se que as áreas mais críticas estão próximas à cobertura florestal, onde as conexões de fragmentos são afetadas por ocupação antrópica e pela agricultura, que cresce a cada ano. Para a recuperação dessas áreas, os agentes ambientais devem realizar planejamentos, apoiando-se em uma metodologia que contempla toda a paisagem e ecossistemas, priorizando a conexão entre os fragmentos florestais e perturbações que ocorrem neste ambiente da área de estudo. / River River basin analysis and identification are extremely important to natural resources planning and evaluation of a given area. Remote sensing and modern procedures to capture images corresponding to the new geographic information systems (GIS) assist the acquisition of different types of data. In this study, regions that favor the connection of forest fragments were delimited to perform the landscape evaluation of Araquá river sub-basin. Current land use and cover were characterized using supervised maximum likelihood classification of remotely sensed images. Then GIS-based approach to multi-criteria evaluation was performed with a Weighted Linear Combination Method to determine the conditions (factors and restrictions) and factor weights. The studied area was described as well as the cartographic material and the orbital data. Maps for drainage network, land use/cover, declivity, soil, infiltration capacity, area of variable inflow, forest fragments and landscape classification were generated using ArcGis software and the multi-criteria analysis was performed with Idrisi Selva software. Finally, a map for forest connection was established, which revealed that the most critical areas are near to forest cover where the connection between fragments are affected by anthropic occupation and agriculture. To recover these areas, environmental managers must create strategies based on a methodology that contemplates the entire landscape and ecosystems, prioritizing the connection between forest fragments and the existing disruptions in the studied area. / CNPQ: 133282/2015-5

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-24T13:24:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO (2016-6-30) - JOÁS TOMAZ DE AQUINO.PDF.pdf: 2545956 bytes, checksum: b9aabb94688142e23c5ace4525799a04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T13:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO (2016-6-30) - JOÁS TOMAZ DE AQUINO.PDF.pdf: 2545956 bytes, checksum: b9aabb94688142e23c5ace4525799a04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / FACEPE / Um dos primeiros passos para o sucesso dos projetos é a correta identificação e classificação dos fatores de risco que possuem impacto financeiro substancial. Pois, nesta fase ainda é possível a criação de modelos de gerenciamento de risco mais adaptativos e a criação de estratégias para a mitigação das perdas financeiras subjacentes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia de avaliação dos riscos financeiros presentes em projetos inovadores realizados por empresas desenvolvedoras de software do Porto Digital. Este local foi escolhido por possuir empresas em essência mais inovadoras por florescerem em ambientes repletos de atividades de P&D e fazerem uso de tecnologias da informação para criação de novos produtos e processos. Buscando a criação de um diagnóstico quantitativo integrado dos sete fatores de risco identificados na literatura (relacionados ao planejamento, ações externas, capital financeiro, requisitos técnicos, mão de obra, execução, suporte e cronograma), foi utilizada uma metodologia com as seguintes etapas: (1) utilização do método Non-Traditional Capital Investment Criteria (NCIC) para identificação dos fatores de riscos críticos nos projetos com base na perda financeira proporcionada; (2) classificação dos riscos com base em matrizes de riscos; e (3) a realização da simulação do valor presente líquido agregado do projeto, finalizando com a análise pós-simulação. A metodologia mostrou-se adequada para a análise de projetos inovadores estudados por permitir a quantificação do impacto dos riscos, apoiando a tomada de decisão no planejamento de resposta aos mesmos. Apesar de cada projeto possuir natureza inovativa diferente, no geral foi identificado que o fator de risco relacionado às questões financeiras esteve presente em todos os projetos, ora em primeiro ora em segundo plano. Outro elemento pertinente verificado foi aquele relacionado ao planejamento e estimação dos benefícios que podem ser gerados pelo projeto, revelando a importância do processo de planejamento da inovação. Isto é, no momento de seleção de ideias e na verificação da viabilidade inicial do projeto, sobretudo, naqueles com maior grau de inovação. Enquanto o atendimento ao cronograma teve maior impacto no projeto de inovação incremental, riscos associados às questões técnicas não se mostraram expressivas nos projetos. Sob o ponto de vista do controle gerencial exercido foram identificados gaps demonstrando que se faz necessário repensar sobre como os projetos são conduzidos sob o ponto de vista de gestão e estabelecer novas estratégias de mitigação ou prevenção. Foi identificado também que os projetos A2 e A3 eram viáveis quando analisados apenas sob a ótica tradicional do seu VPL, mas quando são inseridos os fatores de risco relacionados ao planejamento, financeiro e cronograma, os projetos deixaram de ser viáveis, já que os seu valores presente líquidos agregados mostraram-se negativos. Isso revela a pertinência e a sensibilidade da análise multicritério na análise de investimentos complexos como aqueles estudados. / One of the first steps of project’s success is the correct identification and classification of risk factors with substantial financial impact. Since at this stage still allowed the creation of more adaptive risks management models and the creation of strategies to mitigate underlying financial losses. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create an evaluation of financial risks present proposal on innovative projects performed by software development companies at Porto Digital. This place of study was chosen because includes the most innovative companies in essence, by flourish in environments filled with research and development activities and make use of information technology on the process of creation of new products and processes. Searching for the creation of a quantitative diagnosis that integrates the seven risk factors identified on literature was used a methodology that follows this three steps: (1) using the NonTraditional Capital Investment Criteria method (NCIC) to identify critical risk factors on projects based on financial loss provided; (2) risks classification based on risk matrixes; and (3) the present liquid value simulation aggregated to the project, ending with the post-simulation analysis. The methodology proved itself adequate to innovative projects analysis by allowing to quantify the risks impacts on them, supporting the decision making process on planning the response to it. Although each project possess a different innovative nature, in general, it was identified that the risk factor related to financial issues was present in all of the projects, both on first or second plan. Another relevant element verified was the one related to planning and the estimation of benefits that can be generated by the project, revealing the importance of the innovative planning process. That is, the moment of the ideas selection and initial viability verification, especially on a higher degree of innovation projects. While the compliance schedule has higher impact on incremental innovative projects. Risks associated with the technical issues were not effective. From the point of view of management control, were identified gaps demonstrating that it is necessary rethink about the conduction of projects from the management angle and establish new strategies for mitigation or prevention. It has also been identified that projects A2 and A3 was viable only when analyzed under the traditional optical of theirs NPV, however when the risk factors are inserted, related to planning, financial and schedule, the projects are no longer viable with the aggregated NPV to become negative. This shows the relevance and sensitivity of the multi-criteria analysis on complexes investments analysis as studied here.