The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyse the Gorky Museum in Moscow, a house museum dedicated to the writer Maxim Gorky. The work explores the socio-political and cultural background for the museum, as well as what is conveyed there today, and how the museum approaches problems that house museums generally struggle with. The empirical part of the study is based on the fieldwork that the author conducted at the Gorky Museum during one month in the autumn of 2016, during which open and participant observation of the daily work at the museum was carried out. Attentive observations and systematic notes from guided tours constitute the basis for the description of the material and immaterial features of the museum. For the chapter on the historical and cultural context concerning the Gorky Museum, literary sources were used. The results of the study imply that there existed an authorised heritage discourse (AHD) in the Soviet Union that was directly governed by the authorities, that museums in the Soviet Union were politicised in a much more open manner than in the West, and that the young Soviet state needed to form a national identity for which Maxim Gorky and his literature came in handy. Further, they show that what is conveyed at the museum is something more than just Gorky himself, and that the complex relationship between Gorky and the house changes the impression that the visitors to the museum experience. Lastly, they demonstrate that the Gorky Museum is not exempt from dealing with questions regarding authenticity, representativeness, stereotypization and ”genius loci”, i. e. a sense of the lingering presence of the person commemorated. The conclusions to be drawn from this are that the complexity of the Gorky Museum lie in the fact that a collision between different values can be discerned at the museum, that a disharmony between Gorky and the house itself can be perceived, and that there exists more than one ”genius loci” at the Gorky House. This is a two-year master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

Einleitung: "Obwohl Schutzinstrumente zur Verfügung stehen, haben sich Kulturgüter zu einem der am häufigsten unrechtmäßig gehandelten Güter entwickelt. Der Verlust von national wertvollem Kulturgut bedeutet einen besonders großen Schaden für die Identität, die Geschichte sowie die Kultur eines Staates, da die Bezugsquelle der nationalen oder lokalen Identität der Bevöl-kerung der Mitgliedstaaten verloren geht. Seit 2013 plante die Europäische Kommission (KOM) eine Neufassung der Richtlinie 93/7/EWG vom 15.03.1993, die ein Rückgabesystem von unrechtmäßig verbrachten Kultur-gütern einführte. Zwischen der KOM, dem Rat der Europäischen Union (Rat) sowie dem Eu-ropäischen Parlament (EP) wurde die Meinung geteilt, dass die Richtlinie einer Überarbeitung unterzogen werden sollte, um die Rückbringung von Kulturgütern in der Europäischen Union (EU) zu verbessern. In der folgenden Arbeit soll die Frage untersucht werden, in welchen Aspekten sich die Richt-linie 2014/60/EU vom 15.05.2014 von der Richtlinie 93/7/EWG unterscheidet. Zur Beantwor-tung der Frage wird ein Normenvergleich gewählt, der die entsprechenden inhaltlichen Verän-derungen der neuen Richtlinie mit der alten vergleicht. Weiterhin sollen mögliche Auswirkun-gen auf die Novellierung des deutschen Kulturgüterschutzes gezeigt werden. Im folgenden Kapitel wird die Entstehung des Europäischen Sekundärrechts zum Thema der Rückgabe unrechtmäßig verbrachter national wertvoller Kulturgüter durch die Richtlinie 93/7/EWG (im Weiteren auch alte Richtlinie genannt) und ihre Verbindung zur Verordnung 3911/92 vom 31.12.1992 beschrieben. Anschließend an die Kritik und Umsetzung der Richt-linie folgt in Kapitel III eine Darstellung des deutschen Kulturgüterschutzes und den Bezug zur alten Richtlinie. Kapitel IV als Herzstück der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Darstellung und Ana-lyse der Richtlinie 2014/60/EU (im Weiteren neue Richtlinie genannt) und weist Veränderun-gen zur alten Richtlinie auf. Im Anschluss an eine zusammenfassende Bewertung wird auf die Umsetzung in Mitgliedstaaten eingegangen, die bis zum 18.12.2015 durchgeführt werden sollte. Des Weiteren wird die Umsetzung im neuen Kulturgutschutzgesetz (KGSG) aufge-zeigt, welches am 06.08.2016 in Kraft getreten ist."

The master's thesis is focused on aspects of brand building in the art and cultural heritage markets. It analyzes the understanding of cultural products, a brand and a process of building a brand in relation to institutions managing a cultural property. The thesis examines the phenomena and circumstances related to basic artistic products brand creation and their relation to cultural institutions' branding processes. Based on practical examples, it provides a comprehensible methodology of brand evaluation, brand identity, brand image and potential strengths and weaknesses of the brand. Specific situations and strategies based on proposed methodology are presented using examples from significant institutions. The thesis introduces a systematic approach to brand building in culture and provides recommendations for cultural institutions management.

Background: In recent years, research in the field of Augmented Reality (AR) in cultural heritage has been rapidly expanding, due to the advancement of technology and availability of cheaper “off the shelf” hardware. It is, amongst other things, being used as a means to increase availability and regain the public’s interest in cultural heritage.Objectives: This study compares marker-based and marker-less AR in perceived usability and perceived performance through a user study. Methods: With the use of the software Unity3D and Vuforia, two AR applications were implemented. Both applications display a model of an 18th-century Swedish warship, based on a wooden ship model, each using one of the two AR methods. The digital model was remade in Autodesk Maya, to suit the needs of an AR application used on mobile devices. The applications were evaluated in a user study with 14 participants. Each participant was asked to perform a simple task of walking around the displayed ship and then answering a questionnaire on usability. This process was done for both applications, followed by a post-experiment questionnaire on perceived performance where the two methods were compared. Results: The result of the study showed that both applications were perceived as usable and well performing. The result of the usability questionnaire showed that the applications were considered usable, with an average of 90.5 points for marker-based AR and 86.8 points for marker-less AR on a 0-100 point scale. Regarding performance, the marker-based method was perceived as better performing. Conclusions: The participants felt that with just a few instructions, the applications were easy to use, even though 50% of them had no previous experience in using AR, that it could enhance a museum exhibition. Possible further development of the app would be to complete the ship-model by adding more details that are currently missing.

A pesquisa busca compreender o percurso histórico, conceitual e metodológico de criação das Zonas Especiais de Preservação Cultural na cidade de São Paulo - desde a Z8-200, criada em 1975 para integrar a Lei Geral de Zoneamento de 1972, à atual Zepec, criada no Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) em 2002 e detalhada na lei que unifica o Zoneamento e os Planos Regionais em 2004. A partir de então, são analisadas as práticas preservacionistas e conflitos associados à sua implementação. Neste caminho, o trabalho problematiza as relações entre o planejamento urbano e a preservação do patrimônio cultural na cidade, na figura de seus principais instrumentos, o zoneamento e o tombamento, respectivamente. A análise proposta, fundamentada nos processos históricos do patrimônio nacional, procura não apenas descrever o trajeto de instituição destes instrumentos, mas também refletir sobre questões fundamentais do campo como atribuição de valor, salvaguarda do patrimônio urbano e perspectiva de construção social do patrimônio. Ao avançar até a revisão do PDE e do Zoneamento, respectivamente em 2014 e 2016, a pesquisa também aponta novas perspectivas e desafios em relação às Zonas Especiais de Preservação Cultural. / This research aims to understand the historical, conceptual and methodological path that led to the creation of Special Zones for Cultural Preservation in the city of São Paulo - from the Z8-200, created in 1975 to integrate the Zoning Law of 1972, to the current Zepec, created in the Strategic Master Plan of 2002. From then on, we analyze the preservation practices and conflicts associated with its implementation. The paper also problematizes the relations between urban planning and cultural heritage preservation, through their key instruments, zoning ordinance and heritage list, respectively. This analysis is based on the historical processes of the national heritage, and not only describes the institution of these urban instruments for heritage protection, but also discusses fundamental concepts such as urban heritage and social values. The research reaches the recent review of the Planning Laws in 2014 and 2016, pointing out new perspectives and challenges concerning the Special Zones for Cultural Preservation in São Paulo.

ABSTRACT UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention of 1972 has set the standard for the evaluation, preservation and conservation of World Heritage Sites (WHS) globally. The role and function of UNESCO in the cultural heritage sector in Africa, in particular cannot be denied. However, the World Heritage Convention (WHC) site management requirements for African States that are parties to the Convention, presents challenges in terms of implementation. This is due in most cases, to lack of infrastructure, deficient national policy structures, poor legislation, bad management and poor implementation. This is particularly the case in developing countries where governments are grappling with socio-economic and political challenges. Questions are raised about who has the right to define heritage, and what kinds of parameters are used to measure World Heritage of ‘‘universal’’ value. Is it appropriate for UNESCO to recommend a set of standards that have become a lens through which global cultural heritage policy is viewed and measured? What then are the implications for African sites for being listed as World Heritage, and what are their chances of competing in the global cultural arena based on the challenges mentioned above? This research report, through a study of the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, attempts to grapple with aspects of the questions raised above, and seeks to illustrate the challenges of managing a World Heritage Site. It highlights the gaps between WHC requirements, national cultural policy legislation, infrastructural and human resource incapacity, and implementation by the management at the Mapungubwe World Heritage Site

Tendo em vista as discussões sobre a realidade das comunidades quilombolas e a forma como a arqueologia é acionada e se posiciona nos debates sobre o tema, o presente trabalho discute sobre a prática arqueológica em comunidade quilombola, contribuindo com os debates da Arqueologia Pública e Comunitária. Para tal, apresentamos o estudo etnoarqueológico no território quilombola dos Mandira, situado no município de Cananéia, no Baixo Vale do Ribeira. Para a pesquisa arqueológica em quilombo é crucial o entendimento da trajetória histórica de formação dos territórios, pois este conhecimento, muitas vezes é utilizado como ferramenta dos direitos territoriais desses povos. Através do estudo fenomenológico da territorialidade do Mandira objetivamos entender o modo de apropriação dos elementos e marcos da paisagem, incluindo os vestígios arqueológicos, que constituem o conjunto de lugares de resistência formador desta paisagem. Sendo assim, a partir de uma proposta de pesquisa multivocal e interdisciplinar entre arqueologia, antropologia, história e geografia procuramos explorar o modo como os Mandira interpretam a diversidade de vestígios arqueológicos presentes em seu território, para demonstrar como isso implica no seu processo de ocupação e formação / In view of the maroons studies and how archaeology is thrown to position themselves in these discussions, the present work discusses about the archaeological practices in maroons communities, contributing to the debates of the Community and Public Archaeology. For that, we presented the study etnoarchaeological within maroons of Mandira, located in the municipality of Cananéia, in the Ribeira Valley low. For archaeological research in maroon is crucial to understand the historical background of the formation of territories because, this knowledge is often used as a tool of territorial rights of these people. Through the phenomenological study of territoriality of Mandira aim to understand the mode of appropriation of landmark and elements of the landscape including archaeological remains, which are the set of places of resistance forming this landscape. Thus, from a multivocal and interdisciplinary research between archaeology, anthropology, history and geography seek to explore how the diversity of Mandira interpret archaeological remains in their territory, to demonstrate how this implies the process of occupation and formation

O presente trabalho procura contribuir para a discussão sobre a preservação de espaços urbanos, investigando o Centro Histórico da cidade de São Paulo como Patrimônio Cultural. Desse modo, avalia os procedimentos adotados para a intervenção urbana no centro da capital paulista, analisando os principais planos, programas e projetos de intervenção que foram completamente ou em parte executados, a partir da década de 1970, elaborados pelas instâncias de preservação do patrimônio (IPHAN - Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional -, CONDEPHAAT - Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Artístico, Arqueológico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo - e CONPRESP - Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural do Município de São Paulo) e também pelos órgãos de planejamento urbano, sobretudo SEMPLA - Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento Urbano - e EMURB - Empresa Municipal de Urbanização. Analisando as diversas políticas públicas relacionadas à preservação de áreas centrais, assim como as ações da iniciativa privada e a perspectiva da sociedade, no Brasil e no exterior, busca refletir sobre a natureza e a metodologia dos projetos implantados em São Paulo, suas áreas de concentração, agentes financiadores, bem como os significados das intervenções, identificando continuidades e descontinuidades na implementação dessas ações, sua abrangência e relevância em relação à preservação do conjunto urbano do Centro Histórico de São Paulo. No âmbito das políticas públicas, a pesquisa procura verificar tensões e diálogos existentes entre as instituições de planejamento e as instituições de preservação do patrimônio, confrontando suas iniciativas, a partir da perspectiva da preservação e valorização dos conjuntos urbanos de valor histórico. / The present work intends to contribute to the discussion about urban spaces preservation, analyzing São Paulos Historic Center like a Cultural Heritage. It tries to evaluate the proceedings adopted for the urban interventions in the center of the capital paulista, analyzing the most important plans, programs and projects, that was completely or in part executed, since the 1970 decade, developed by the heritage agencies (IPHAN - Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional -, CONDEPHAAT - Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Artístico, Arqueológico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo and CONPRESP - Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural do Município de São Paulo) and also by the Urban Planning agencies, above all SEMPLA - Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento Urbano -, and EMURB - Empresa Municipal de Urbanização. Analyzing the several historic center preservation public policies, just as the actions of the private sector, carried out in Brazil and in abroad, intends to ponder about methodology and nature of the projects that was introduced in São Paulo, the areas of implementation, the financial agents, as well as the interventions purpose, identifying its continuities and discontinuities, in addition to the preservation prominence of the São Paulos Historic Center. In what concerns the public policies, this research intends to verify tensions and dialogs between urban planning agencies and cultural heritage preservation agencies, making a comparison between theirs initiatives, in a perspective of preservation and valorization of urban areas with historic values.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar e compreender as políticas municipais de preservação e os processos sociais com os quais elas se relacionam a partir do estudo de caso do Conselho Municipal de Preservação do Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural de São Bernardo do Campo (COMPAHC-SBC). A escolha de um conselho municipal de preservação como tema de pesquisa se justifica por três razões: a primeira delas deriva da tendência à muncipalização das políticas de preservação no Brasil observável desde os anos 1980. A segunda razão é sustentada pela considerável experiência consolidada que muitos conselhos municipais apresentam desde então, e, por fim, o fato de que tais experiências ainda não tem merecido problematização suficiente por parte das pesquisas acadêmicas. Sendo assim, os objetivos específicos da pesquisa consistem em investigar as especificidades da experiência de São Bernardo do Campo no âmbito da preservação municipal, tanto no que diz respeito à noção de patrimônio cultural desenvolvida pelo COMPAHC-SBC, às atuação dos sujeitos responsáveis pelas escolhas do órgão e às particularidades de seus instrumentos e processos institucionais voltados para a legitimação das ações do Conselho. / This dissertation aims to investigate and undersand the municipal conservation policies and the social proccess they are related to through the case study of the Municipal Council for the Conservation of Cultural and Historical Heritage of São Bernardo do Campo (COMPAHC-SBC). Choosing a municipal council for preservation as a research subject is justified by three reasons. The first onde derives from the tendency to municipalization of public policies for conservation in Brazil, evident since the 1980\'s. The second reason is supported by the considerable established experience presented by many municipal councils since then, and ultimately the fact that such experiences still has not get enough questioning from academic researches. Therefore, the specific goals of this research consist on investigate the specificities of São Bernardo do Campo\'s experience within municipal conservation, much in what concerns the notion of cultural heritage developed by the Council, the role played by the agents responsible for the agency\'s choices and the particularities of its instruments and institucional processes focused on the probate of COMPAHC-SBC\'s actions.

O estudo aborda as questões relativas à preservação do patrimônio arquitetônico moderno e avalia a possibilidade de aplicação das recomendações dos documentos do ICOMOS para tal caso. A partir de uma seleção de exemplos concretos buscou-se evidenciar as questões específicas da arquitetura moderna e de sua preservação. Um breve relato das ações de preservação de patrimônio no Brasil explicita o lugar da produção da arquitetura moderna no conjunto de bens tombados. São apresentados casos recentes de tombamento de arquitetura moderna consagrando seu reconhecimento e a necessidade de diretrizes que orientem sua salvaguarda. O edifício da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da USP, projetado por Vilanova Artigas, inaugurado em 1969 e tombado pelo CONDEPHAAT em 1982, é abordado sob a perspectiva de sua conservação e preservação. Considerando suas necessidades de atualização e ampliação, a dissertação busca compreender de que maneira novas intervenções podem ser executadas neste patrimônio, respeitando os valores que lhe foram atribuídos. / This study examines questions relating to the conservation of modern architectural heritage and evaluates the possibility of applying the ICOMOS guidelines in this area. Based on a selection of case studies this study seeks to highlight specific issues concerning modern architectural heritage and its preservation. A brief review of conservation in Brazil makes explicit the place of modern architecture in the body of legally protected heritage assets. The study presents recent cases of legal protection of modern architectural heritage which cement their recognition and necessitate planning for their preservation. The \"Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo\" building at USP, which was designed by Vilanova Artigas in 1969 and legally protected by CONDEPHAAT in 1982, is examined through the perspective of its conservation and preservation. In view of the necessity to update and enlarge the building, this dissertation sets out to understand in which manner new interventions could be executed whilst respecting the values which have been attributed to the building.