O estudo tem por objetivo discutir a ocupação territorial do núcleo de Forqueta como paisagem cultural, um tipo particular de paisagem representada por uma morfologia advinda de um processo evolutivo diferenciado. Descreve a paisagem a partir da identificação de propriedades e qualidades de paisagem que indicam ou promovem um valor definido, considerando o processo de implantação do Plano de Colonização como projeto de parcelamento territorial e assentamento humano fundador da paisagem regional. Explora os aspectos morfológicos da formação e evolução de núcleo rural da cidade de Caxias do Sul, no período de 1875 a 1998. Primeiramente, aborda a dimensão geográfica da área e explora o conceito de percurso matriz como sistema fundamental de conectividade e acessibilidade regional. A partir da metodologia da sintaxe espacial, busca analisar como padrões espaciais estão relacionados à formação do núcleo central do Bairro e das sedes das colônias, sua integração e distribuição no espaço, associadas a usos do solo e atividades econômicas daquela região. O estudo da configuração do núcleo central de Forqueta, ao longo destes períodos, descreve o sistema radicalmente transformado a partir da localização e da implantação da Gare da Estação Férrea e da própria via da linha férrea que modificam o padrão morfológico primitivo. O estudo da tipologia de unidade agrícola do início da ocupação na área, busca identificar os limites daquela paisagem que evolui de um caráter rural para a progressiva constituição das sedes de colônias e sedes de Capelas. Os caminhos que as articulam são descritos como unidades morfológicas que estabelecem conexões viárias e visuais e configuram os primitivos e escassos espaços público-institucionais locais nos centros dos núcleos. As paisagens são avaliadas como produtos de um grande número de decisões distintas sobre lugares individuais, produzindo imagens que ordenam esteticamente o espaço, como aspecto e significado. Busca explicitar, por fim, como tais imagens implicam no conceito de paisagem cultural e discute a conservação de determinados tipos de espaços abertos percebidos como áreas de interesse ecológico e cultural. Explora ainda as qualidades visuais que a fazem especialmente valorizada e que correspondem a uma estrutura e organização espacial e social determinada. / The study aims to discuss the evolutionary study of the territorial occupation of the core district of Forqueta as a cultural landscape presented as a particular kind of landscape, represented by the morphology originated from a particular evolutionary process. This study describes the landscape identifying properties and qualities that leads and promotes a definitive value, attempting the process of implementing the Colonization Plan as a project of territorial fragmentation and human settlement founder of the regional landscape. Explores the formation and evolution of rural settlements on the outskirts of the city of Caxias do Sul in the period from 1875 to 1998, Primarily, it approaches the geographic area and explores the concept of pathways matrices as a connectivity and accessibility regional system. Based on the methodology of space syntax, it aims to analyze how spatial patterns are related to the formation of nucleus of the central headquarters of the colonies, the integration and its distribution in space, associated with land usage and economic activities that occurred in that region. The study of the configuration given by the layout of the Forqueta’s core over these periods, describes radically transformed system from the location of the settlement of the Forqueta’s Gare Railway Station and its own railway line, in the central district, modifying the primitive morphological pattern. The typological study of the agricultural units from the beginning of occupation, in this area, intents to identify the landscape boundaries that evolve from a rural character to the gradual establishment of the headquarters colonies and Chapels. It describes the ways how morphological units create visual and roads connections that configures scarce public and institutional spaces inside the rural centers nucleus. It evaluates the role of people that create the urban landscapes as products of a large number of separate decisions on individual places, as images that order aesthetically the space as face and meaning. Seeks to explain, finally, how these images imply the concept of cultural landscape and discusses the retention of certain types of open space as areas of ecological and cultural interest. Explores the visual qualities that make it of special value and that matches with determined structure, social and spatial organization.

A análise empreendida nesta pesquisa parte da percepção da necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados em relação às áreas de fronteira brasileiras, no que tange ao turismo, em especial na sua dimensão cultural e simbólica. Além dos desdobramentos políticos e das construções de sentido acerca das fronteiras, acentuados pelo processo de globalização, despontam novas concepções de patrimônio, ampliando seu entendimento e diversificando os instrumentos de proteção. No presente caso, o estudo centra-se na nova categoria de bem patrimonial Paisagem Cultural Brasileira, que enfatiza a inter-relação e interdependência mútua da ação humana e das características físicas do espaço na configuração especifica de determinada paisagem. Nesses termos, esta investigação apresenta como principal objetivo analisar a possibilidade da nova proposta de bem patrimonial Paisagem Cultural Brasileira dar conta da complexidade da condição limítrofe que permeia os relacionamentos que se processam nos espaços de fronteira, especificamente na fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai. A investigação se desenvolve nas cidades de Jaguarão (Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) e Rio Branco (Departamento de Cerro Largo, Uruguai), buscando compreender a dimensão cultural em um espaço ambíguo de separação-contato condicionado pelo rio Jaguarão e pela Ponte Internacional Barão de Mauá. Adota-se como base de sustentação metodológica o Pensamento Complexo, conforme proposto por Edgar Morin, e como técnicas de pesquisa a prática etnográfica e a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. A investigação indica que tanto o rio Jaguarão quanto a Ponte Internacional Barão de Mauá, em sua dinâmica de complementaridade, articulam a condição fronteiriça física e simbolicamente, bem como os múltiplos limites que se estabelecem entre os sujeitos de Jaguarão e Rio Branco, delineando contornos que os aproximam da ótica da nova categoria de bem patrimonial nacional, Paisagem Cultural, e contribuindo, nessa ótica, para o estímulo à valorização do patrimônio em uma perspectiva transfronteiriça. / The analysis developed in this research origins from the perception of the need of more profound studies related to brazilian border areas, regarding tourism, specially in their cultural and symbolic dimension. Beyond the political issues and meaning constructions about frontiers, influenced by the globalization process, there s been emerging news conceptions about heritage, broadening its understanding and diversifying its instruments of protection. In the present case, the study focus on the new category of heritage Brazilian Cultural Landscape, that emphasizes the relation and mutual interdependence between the human action and the physical characteristics of space on the specific configuration of determined landscape. In these terms, the present investigation presents as main objective to analyse the possibility of the new proposition of heritage Brazilian Cultural Landscape comprehend the complexity of the boundary condition that manifests in the relationships established in the borderlands, specifically in the border area of Brazil and Uruguai. The research is developed in the cities of Jaguarão (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) and Rio Branco (Department of Cerro Largo, Uruguai), searching to understand the cultural dimension in an ambiguous space of separation-contact condicioned by the Jaguarão river and the International Bridge Barão de Mauá. It´s adopted as base of methodologic sustentation the Pensamento Complexo, as proposed by Edgar Morin, and as techniques of research the ethnographic practical and bibliographic and documental research. The investigation indicates that the Jaguarão river and the International Bridge of Barão de Mauá, in it´s complementary dynamic, and due to the historic and symbolic context of their formation and use related to the cities of Jaguarão e Rio Branco, present the contours of a Brazilian Cultural Landscape, contributing, in this vision, to estimulate the valorization of heritage on a perspective beyond the political boundary.

Orientador: Andre Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T00:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_EvelynGregory_M.pdf: 10319619 bytes, checksum: 2b8fecd92b3f7e829831a1214a4117f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho busca identificar a arquitetura característica das propriedades rurais envolvidas nos processos agrícolas de produção de uva e vinho artesanal; busca também apontar as implicações na ordenação territorial de partes dos municípios Jundiaí, Jarinu e Campo Limpo Paulista, SP, pertencentes à bacia do rio Jundiaí-Mirim. Para atingir essa finalidade, aplica-se uma metodologia descritiva dos aspectos relacionados à arquitetura rural, utilizando-se os conceitos propostos por Argollo Ferrão (2004), baseados no enfoque transdisciplinar e na visão de processos, tendo em vista os aspectos culturais, relacionados ao ciclo produtivo da uva e do vinho artesanal. Utilizam-se tabelas, fotos, mapas e levantamentos de campo. São feitas análises em unidades de produção com características agrícolas, da citada bacia. A partir dos resultados obtidos, apresentam-se questões que poderão contribuir para a co-evolução do processo de ordenação territorial desses municípios, na porção diretamente influenciada pela arquitetura rural existente na bacia do rio Jundiaí-Mirim / Abstract: This work presents the rural architecture in the agricultural process of grapes and handmade wine production and their impacts in part of Jundiaí, Jarinu and Campo Limpo Paulista district surroundings, for that, it was used the rural properties of Jundiai Mirim river¿s basin. Applying Argollo Ferrão (2004) concepts, based on a transdisciplinar focus and process vision, considering the cultural aspects, related to the productive cycle of grapes and handmade wine. Maps, charts and field research have been used. As a Result of this work, some questions have been introduced, and they can help to improve the ordenated territorial distribution of Jundiai, Jarinu and Campo Limpo Paulista municipalities in the river¿s basin area / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Culture is considered a key concept for Geography, that is, fundamental to explain the relationship that man establishes with landscaping and his influence on spatial materiality. This research seeks to analyze the ethnic diversity through their cultural codes embodied in the city of Santa Maria-RS, identifying the different temporalities and spatialities expressed in the landscape. The specific objectives were to: (a) understand the insertion of various ethnicities in Santa Maria considering their temporalities, (b) identify the city landscape and its cultural codes structuring symbolic forms, (c) analyze the current spatiality that refer to the set of expressions of distinct ethnic groups present in Santa Maria. The relevance of the research can be justified by the importance of studies regarding the cultural theme, demonstrating the possibilities of materialization of cultures embedded in the local space. In this regard, some questioning is relevant, such as, how did the cultures evolve via descendence in a multi-cultural space? Whether their descendants managed to keep their habits, or were there changes or even abandoning of some cultural codes? How did these cultures materialize in forementioned city? Did some ethnic groups redefine their cultural codes? These were questions that mediated the discussions held along the work. Methodologically the research was structured in stages. In the initial stage, there was the operationalization of the basic concepts of investigative theme, as well as the definition of the dialectical method. This choice is justified by the understanding of reality as a dynamic and ongoing process transformation. Once the theoretical-methodological matrices were defined, the second step consisted on surveying data from secondary sources. At the same time, we attempted to rescue photographs that materialize the contribution of immigrants to the spatial organization of Santa Maria. The third phase was related to field work, in order to observe in situ the materiality of cultures in Santa Maria. The fieldwork sought to highlight the cultural aspects present in the landscape, i.e., those which contain the "cultural mark", expressed through codes of ethnicities present. Accordingly, the selection of cultures to be studied had as a criterion their importance for the spatial organization and the historical and economic relevance to the genesis and evolution of Santa Maria. Thus, combining the concepts and the data collected on-site observation, we sought to understand and analyze the integration of different ethnic groups in the local context, considering the cultural perspective, as well as to understand their contribution to the spatial organization, rescuing the temporalities inherent cultural evolution of the city in question. / A cultura é considerada um conceito chave para a Geografia, ou seja, fundamental para explicar a relação que o homem estabelece com a paisagem e sua influência na materialidade do espaço. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a diversidade étnica, através de seus códigos culturais materializados no município de Santa Maria-RS, identificando as distintas temporalidades e espacialidades expressas na paisagem. Os objetivos específicos buscaram: (a) compreender a inserção de diversas etnias em Santa Maria considerando suas temporalidades; (b) identificar na paisagem do município os códigos culturais e suas formas simbólicas estruturantes; (c) analisar as espacialidades atuais que remetem ao conjunto de expressões das distintas etnias presentes em Santa Maria. A relevância da pesquisa justifica-se pela importância dos estudos referentes à temática cultural, demonstrando às possibilidades de materialização das culturas inseridas no espaço local. Neste sentido, alguns questionamentos fazem-se pertinentes, ou seja, indaga-se como evoluíram as diferentes culturas via descendência em um espaço multicultural? Se os seus descendentes conseguiram manter seus hábitos, se houveram transformações ou até o abandono de alguns códigos culturais? Como essas culturas materializaram-se no espaço santa-mariense? Se alguns grupos étnicos ressignificaram seus códigos culturais? Essas foram questões que mediaram as reflexões realizadas ao longo do trabalho. Metodologicamente a pesquisa foi estruturada em etapas. Na fase inicial, realizou-se a operacionalização dos conceitos básicos da temática investigativa, bem como, a definição pelo método dialético. Tal opção se justifica pelo entendimento da realidade como um processo em permanente dinâmica e transformação. Definidas as matrizes teórico-metodológicas, a segunda etapa, se constituiu em levantamentos de dados em fontes secundárias. Paralelamente, buscou-se resgatar fotografias que materializem a contribuição dos imigrantes para a organização espacial de Santa Maria. A terceira fase esteve relacionada ao trabalho de campo, com intuito de observar in loco a materialidade das culturas no espaço santa-mariense. O trabalho de campo procurou evidenciar os aspectos culturais, presentes na paisagem, ou seja, aqueles que contêm a marca cultural , expressas através dos códigos das etnias presentes. Nesse sentido, a seleção das culturas, a serem estudadas tiveram como critério a sua importância para a organização espacial e a relevância histórica e econômica das mesmas para a gênese e evolução de Santa Maria. Nesta perspectiva, aliando os conceitos aos dados coletados e a observação in loco, procurou-se compreender e analisar a inserção das distintas etnias no contexto local, considerando a perspectiva cultural, bem como, entender a sua contribuição para a organização espacial, resgatando as temporalidades inerentes a evolução cultural santa-mariense.

Abstract The region of New England has played a strong role in the formation and development of the United States on both physical and ideological levels, and the image of the small New England town is highly evocative at both a regional and national level. It is an image shaped by an awareness of the past and the needs of the time. Alice Hoffman is a popular writer who often writes about people living in small New England towns. This thesis is a study of how Hoffman’s fictional small New England towns are created in six of her Massachusetts novels, Practical Magic (1995), The River King (2000), Blue Diary (2001), The Probable Future (2003), Blackbird House (2004) and The Red Garden (2011). To provide a framework for this study, concepts developed by cultural geographers such as sense of place and landscape are combined with imagological, sociological and historical ideas of collective memory and narrative identity. Phenomenology is at the root of the epistemological stance and concepts that are central to this study of the creation of place. Concepts of place, time and identity from across disciplines are combined in an extension of the horizons of imagology that shifts focus from national images to a broader range of images producing a cultural imagological study of the creation of Hoffman country. This study works with various levels of engagement and interaction with community in the fictional towns of the novels. The major sub-communities in The River King are used to amplify the workings of a sense of place and nostalgia in relation to rootedness. The town community as a whole is studied through Blackbird House and The Red Garden to explore how history and memory merge to create the mythology central to the identity of a town. Changing interactions with community at an individual level are scrutinized through a topobiographical study of the reconstruction of narrative identity in the novels Practical Magic and Blue Diary. The Probable Future figures around the interaction of a family with the rest of the community and this changing interaction is examined through the processes and functions of memorialization. All six novelistic towns are then examined in terms of landscape and imagined communities. Through the study, a mapping of Hoffman Country emerges and the formation of Hoffman’s imagined small New England towns is explicated. / Tiivistelmä Uuden-Englannin alue on ollut merkittävä Yhdysvaltojen alueellisessa ja ideologisessa muodostumisessa. Mielikuvat pienistä uusienglantilaisista kaupungeista miljöinä ovat voimakkaita, ja usein niihin liittyy tietoa paikkojen historiasta. Alice Hoffmann on suosittu nykykirjailija, jonka useissa teoksissa henkilöhahmot asuvat Uuden-Englannin pikkukaupungeissa. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella, miten Hoffman rakentaa fiktiivisiä kaupunkeja kuudessa Massachusettsiin sijoittuvassa teoksessaan. Tutkimusaineistona ovat teokset Practical Magic (1995, suom. Noitasisaret), The River King (2000), Blue Diary (2001), The Probable Future (2003), Blackbird House (2004) ja The Red Garden (2011, suom. Punainen puutarha). Tässä tutkimuksessa kulttuurimaantieteellisiä käsitteitä, kuten paikkatunne (sense of place) ja maisema, on yhdistetty imagologian, sosiologian ja historian käsitteisiin kollektiivisesta muistista ja narratiivisesta identiteetistä. Näin kulttuuri-imagologia yhdistää imagologian tutkimuksen kansallisuuteen liittyvät mielikuvat mielikuviin tietystä paikasta, ajasta ja identiteetistä. Tätä teoreettista kehystä käytetään analysoitaessa Hoffmannin fiktiivisiä pienkaupunkiyhteisöjä. Tutkimuksen tietoteoreettisena perustana on fenomenologinen näkemys ja käsitteistö. Kulttuuri-imagologian kautta tarkastellaan Hoffmannin romaaneissaan rakentamia yhteisöjä ja miljöitä. Olennaisimmat yhteisöt romaanissa The River King vahvistavat paikan ymmärryksen ja nostalgisuuden merkityksen henkilöhahmojen kokemalle juurettomuudelle. Kaupunkiyhteisöjä on tarkasteltu novellikokoelmien Blackbird House ja The Red Garden avulla osoittamaan, miten historia ja muisti toimivat rakentaen mytologista paikan identiteettiä. Yksilöiden toisistaan erottuva yhteisöllinen vuorovaikutus analysoidaan topobiografisella tavalla rekonstruoitaessa narratiivista identiteettiä romaaneissa Practical Magic ja Blue Diary. The Probable Future -teoksen hahmojen vuorovaikutus perheen sisällä ja muun yhteisön kanssa ilmentää muistelmallisuuden prosessia. Kaikkia kuutta fiktiivistä kaupunkia tarkastellaan maiseman ja fiktiivisen yhteisöllisyyden näkökulmista. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa Alice Hoffmanin uusienglantilaisiin pikkukaupunkeihin sijoittuvien teosten analyysin avulla, miten kirjailijat voivat käyttää ja muokata teoksissaan mielikuvia paikoista luodessaan tunnesiteitä yksilöiden, yhteisöjen ja miljöiden välille.

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä.

The management of South Africa's heritage resources is still lacking a great deal and many resources are being destroyed by ignorance, development and plain greed. Although South African legislation is adequate in theory, commitment on the side of the government in terms of staff, skills and resources to implement it, is not forthcoming. On the global platform however, we have much to learn as heritage management is regarded as a priority in most of the first world countries. Four steps to reach this goal, is summarizing it effectively: the identification, understanding how it was created and used, selecting the appropriate conservation techniques, and stakeholder involvement. The focus of this study is on the diverse heritage resources of the Blyde Canyon Nature Reserve in Mpumalanga, the largest green canyon in the world. This area has a rich, irreplaceable and unexplored cultural heritage. The tangible and intangible values were classified in a typological framework, including archaeology (stone age and iron age), rock art, historical industrial features, sacred sites, monuments, burial sites, graves and historic tourist features. Authorities are in the process of changing the status of the Nature Reserve to that of a National Park and it is also envisioned to nominate this unique natural and cultural landscape for World Heritage status. The database and overall objectives of this study has been identified to highlight the relevance and importance of the cultural heritage resources and to ensure its future protection and management. This area is already a popular tourist destination which is currently under-utilised, and by contributing to the protection and responsible development of the heritage resources, and by having the correct management principles set in place, the visitor experience will not only be enhanced but the surrounding towns and communities will benefit extensively. Copyright / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e caráter teórico-prático, alicerça-se nas técnicas de observação, entrevista (com base em história oral), análise de documentos e no referencial bibliográfico. O interacionismo simbólico reflete a postura teórica adotada, de valorização do ponto de vista do sujeito. Trabalha-se com as categorias: sustentabilidade, paisagem, patrimônio e comunidade. Seu desenvolvimento define-se na qualificação da paisagem cultural e do turismo sustentável. Tem-se como objeto de pesquisa as representações da comunidade local da vila ferroviária de Paranapiacaba com relação às transformações ocorridas relativas à patrimonialização e à menor influência da atividade ferroviária - e o envolvimento com o turismo na localidade. Em uma abordagem multidisciplinar, utilizam-se conceitos de diversas ciências - Geografia, Sociologia, Antropologia, Psicologia Social -, além de subsídios de estudos sobre Turismo. Como resultados, verificou-se que a comunidade participa da atividade turística desenvolvida em Paranapiacaba, entretanto, essa participação, atualmente, é marginal: dá-se, sobretudo, no nível operacional, não no patamar das decisões quanto aos rumos do setor. Em termos teóricos, propõe-se a aproximação do conceito de paisagem cultural aos estudos do turismo, no contexto da sustentabilidade socioambiental. / This theoretical-practical qualitative research was developed based on several techniques, such as observation, interviews (oral history), and documental analysis. The symbolic interactionism reflects the theoretical approach adopted in valuing the research subjects´ point of view. Categories analyzed were: sustainability, landscape, heritage and community. Its development was defined in the context of cultural landscape and sustainable tourism. The main focus of this thesis was on the representations of the local community of Paranapiacaba, a railway village, in relation to the transformations that have occurred, mainly related to the heritage and the declining influence of railroad activity, and their role in the tourism activity. In a multidisciplinary approach, concepts of several sciences - Geography, Sociology, Anthropology, Social Psychology were used, as well as studies in the tourism and leisure field. As a result, it was found that the local community participates in the activity, however, their participation is, mainly, at the operational level, not at the strategic decision-making level. In theoretical terms, this study suggests approaching the concept of cultural landscape in tourism studies, related to the context of social-environmental sustainability.

This thesis deals with the representation of the natural environment in branding the Czech Republic on the domestic and global market. The aim was to find out how the visual and textual content of CzechTourism information and promotional materials contributes to this and how the representation of nature characterizes the Czech Republic as a cultural tourism destination. The evaluation was based on qualitative analysis. Textual content was analysed using the grounded theory method, selected photographs were subjected to semiotic analysis. The result shows that the Czech Republic is presented through CzechTourism brochures as a country that is a harmonious combination of natural treasures and historical monuments. The Czech Republic seems to be a tourist destination, after a visit to which a change of personality occurs: not only does one's physical and emotional state improve, but also one reflects on a number of issues such as the perception of spiritual values, awareness of oneself as a Czech citizen (for local residents), gaining new knowledge about the history of the Czech state (for foreign tourists). This work can serve as a basis for further research, e.g. building a country's brand through CzechTourism's social media presence. It would also be interesting to find out whether the content of...