Analyzing 549 advertisements in Chinese and U.S. women's fashion magazines, this research studies the role of western culture in reshaping Chinese cultural values in terms of modernity, tradition, individualism, and collectivism as well as in the use of western fashion models and language. Results indicate that there is no statistical difference in individualistic and modernity values between U.S. and Chinese print ads in women's fashion magazines. In 1 of the product characteristics, shared products, collectivism values in Chinese ads are not found more than those in U.S. ads as it is assumed. In addition, almost half of the Chinese ads employ western models and only 2 out of 226 Chinese ads are applying merely Chinese language to name the brand. The implications for future research and limitation of this study are discussed.

Cultures are constantly interacting in the globalized world, and concerns of misunderstanding and prejudice against different cultural values have surfaced. People's perceptions of food are influenced by their cultural values. Offal is undoubtedly controversial in different cultures, they are viewed with distrust, disgust, or enjoyment. Unlike common operations, Chinese offal dishes do not attempt to transform offal into something different by using thick sauces or preparation skills. Instead, offal, like chicken feet, duck tongues, and fish heads, are served almost in their original appearances. This has led to the perception that it is strangely exotic and even associated with backward, uncivilized, and barbaric. Therefore, examining the cultural values behind offal and bringing cross-cultural awareness to deal with the misunderstanding of the status quo is the core of the event.  The project is a cross-cultural communication design project. By establishing a literature review framework for comparing Eastern and Western cultural values behind offal dishes, and applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory to country-specific contextual analysis the experience prototype, a website platform called A Bite of Odd to provide services and guidelines for conducting Chinese offal experience events all over the world was proposed.

Researchers have identified significant relationships between parenting styles and child outcomes. However, these associations might vary in different cultures because parenting behaviors could link to cultural values. Additionally, understanding the cultural values of parents would help researchers better understand the reasons of parents’ behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parental Asian values, parenting styles, parenting practices, and child outcomes. Parents of preschool-age children (N = 273) from Taiwan completed a series of parenting values and parenting behaviors questionnaires. Teachers rated child prosocial behaviors, modesty, sociability, and impulse control. Results revealed that some domains of parents’ cultural values were associated with parenting behaviors, and in turn, associated with child outcomes. Maternal and paternal effects varied. These findings suggest that researchers or practitioners should not simply assume the relationship between certain parenting behaviors and child outcomes are the same across cultures.

This study employs ethnographic research to investigate the extent to which local governance affects both poverty and natural resources management in the Delta region. The research develops a framework for governance of natural resources to understand the daily practices of different actors within the local context using informal observation and interviews. In applying the framework, the study places emphasis on resources for governance, actors¿ agency, arrangements of access to resources and governance outcomes in the Delta region. Evidence from the study shows that while the state and corporate actors only contextualise resources in terms of economic value, local actors interprete resources beyond economic value to incorporate symbolic and socio-culturally constructed values linked with historic values. The study also identified relational, routine practices and structural factors which differently shape actors¿ agency for resources management. The context which shapes different arrangements of access to local resources by actors varies. These arrangements are subject to negotiation, power differences and socio-cultural factors. The findings related to governance outcomes reveal both positive (favourable) and negative (unfavourable) outcomes for the livelihood of different actors. The study concludes by exploring implications for local governance in order to address poverty and enhance optimal resource management in the Delta region.

若與其他國家相比，越南的歷史、政治、經濟等方面發展頗為特殊。越南曾經是法、美等帝國之殖民地，先後與日本、法國、美國等先進國家抗爭。脫離帝國統治之後，1976-1985年越南政府採取計劃經濟政策，全國封閉，自1986年起，越南開始進行市場化經濟改革，並配合對外開放與政治鬆綁，如今，越南變成一個充滿潛力及吸引力的新興市場。 隨著外商企業，『廣告』行業也來到越南。跨國企業除了向越南輸出商品，同時『輸出』行銷、廣告技術。西方國家文化產品席捲越南只是來自商業的企圖，還是資本主義的文化霸權？文化帝國主義形式之一？ 本研究透過蒐集，分析二手資料探討越南廣告業的發展，並對在越南跨國廣告公司的十二位負責人、二位越南本土廣告業者利用開放式的問卷進行深度訪談，以瞭解跨國廣告公司十年來如何進入，佔領越南廣告市場以及其目標企圖進一步瞭解文化帝國主義在越南之運作型態。本研究將130則電視廣告以SPSS統計軟體進行內容分析，探討越南廣告內容並瞭解文化價值呈現及西方導向趨勢。 根據命題，研究結果顯示： 目前有接近20家跨國廣告代理商在越南。80％越南廣告市場被跨國廣告公司掌控。越南廣告業剛萌芽，嚴重缺乏廣告附帶服務，所有廣告製造工作要在海外進行。大眾媒體均屬國營，內容貧乏，表面粗糙，消費者相當保守。主要的廣告商品都是國外品牌，大部分是低價錢、重複購買的消費用品。廣告策略簡單，偏向於資訊式廣告。 越南廣告市場富潛力，吸引外商進入。目前廣告在越南的確能夠起影響，改變人的態度與行為，但還不能夠損及越南的文化或成為文化主控者。 在廣告表現方面：在所有採取130則廣告中的產品，沒有屬於高涉入的產品，全部都屬於兩類產品：低涉入/理性和低涉入/感性；來自歐洲地區的產品為多，無本土產品廣告；廣告中使用外國語文的情形，強調產品是先進工業化國家的產品或採用他們之技術的現象相當不普遍； 本研究的貢獻在於，第一，深入探討越南廣告市場的發展背景及現況，提供廣告業者做為參考，降低其進入越南廣告市場的障礙。第二，本研究透過訪問越南跨國廣告公司的高級主管，並整合他們對越南廣告市場的評價及觀點，將研究成果回饋給越南廣告市場及政府作為決策時的參考。 / Abstract: Vietnam is known for its exceptional history, politics and economy. It has been colonized by America and France, and has it has been involved in wars of resistance against developed countries including France, Japan and America. After gaining its independence, the Vietnamese government adopted a closed economy from 1976 to 1985. In 1986 the Communist Party of Vietnam introduced comprehensive economic reform (the Doi moi process), which aimed to develop a socialist-oriented multi-sector market economy under state control. Since opening its door to the world, Vietnam has become a potentially attractive emerging market. With the arrival of multinational clients, advertising was introduced to Vietnam. Multinational companies bring marketing and advertising strategy to this market as well as products. Does this new advertising industry and the multinational companies it represents aim only at profit seeking, or is it also in pursuit of cultural imperialism? This paper focuses on three major objectives. First, it describes the Vietnamese advertising environment in general. Second, it documents the entrance of multinational advertising agencies to the Vietnam market. Third, it analyzes the content of Vietnamese advertising to assess the orientation of its underlying cultural values. The methodologies of in-depth interviews and analysis are used in this paper. The research finds: • Nearly 20 multinational advertising agencies in Vietnam occupy 80% of the market. • The Vietnamese advertising industry is in its primary stage, lacking suppliers. • Most advertisement production is done overseas. • The content of Vietnamese state-owned media is simple and uncreative. Vietnamese consumers are conservative. • Most advertisements are for cheap, foreign-brand consumer products. • Advertising strategies are simple, mostly based on information appeal. • The Vietnamese advertising market is potentially attractive to foreign investors. • In Vietnam advertising might affect people’s attitudes or behavior, but it still has not damaged Vietnamese culture or become “culturally dominant”. In 130 TV commercial samples, there is no high-involvement product advertising. All fall into two categories: low–involvement/rational and low- involvement/emotional. European brands appear most commonly. No local brands are featured. The use of foreign language or emphasis on the country of origin is uncommon in Vietnamese advertising. This paper introduces foreign advertising agencies to the Vietnam advertising environment so that they can avoid potential obstacles when entering the local market. In addition, through in-depth interviews with high-ranking managers of multinational advertising agencies, this paper offers reference material for Vietnamese advertisers and government officials responsible for strategic decisions.

Le but de cette recherche est de décrire et comprendre le fonctionnement du management de la créativité dans des entreprises d’assemblage automobiles en Thaïlande. La question principale qui est posée est «comment peut-on gérer la créativité dans l’entreprise ? ». La stratégie d'étude de cas, a été privilégiée à d’autres modes de recherche qualitative. Les données provenant de sources multiples ont été rassemblées: les documents, les protocoles des entretiens avec des participants de niveau hiérarchique différent dans l’entreprise. Quatre études de cas sont présentées. La créativité dans les entreprises d'assemblage en Thaïlande est basée essentiellement sur le concept de ‘Kaizen’. L'étude démontre que les valeurs culturelles et sociales thaïes ont une influence déterminante sur la créativité du salarié. L'activité de créativité au niveau de l'individu et au niveau du groupe ainsi que les facteurs qui ont une influence sur la gestion de la créativité ont été présentés dans cette étude. / The purpose of this study is to understand and describe the creativity management in the car assembly companies in Thailand. The main research question is how can manage the creativity. The case study strategies, which is one of the strategies in the qualitative research methodology is used. Data were collected from multiple sources: documentary evidence, guided interviews with the participants from different positions. Four case studies are presented in this study. The creativity’s definition in Thai car assembly companies was defined based on the concept of Kaizen. The study demonstrates Thai cultural and social values have some effects on the employee’s creativity. The creativity activity in individual and group level, and the factors that influence on creativity management were presented in this study.

La présente recherche vise à explorer et à décrire l’accommodation des valeurs professionnelles au sein du système de valeurs culturelles par les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais. Elle répond aux questions de recherche suivantes : (1) Quel est le système de valeurs culturelles dominant chez les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais ? (2) Comment les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais priorisent-ils leurs valeurs professionnelles ? (3) Comment les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais accommodent-ils leurs valeurs professionnelles à leurs valeurs culturelles ?cette recherche confirme la théorie de la prédominance dans les sociétés africaines en général d’un système de valeurs s’inscrivant dans l’axe « Continuité – Dépassement de soi » du modèle théorique de Schwartz (2006, 1992). Dans ce système, les valeurs dominantes sont des valeurs de types universalisme, bienveillance, tradition, conformité et sécurité. Ces valeurs favorisent l’intégration de l’individu au groupe, la solidarité et la sécurité familiale et le refus des actions de nature à porter atteinte à l’harmonie du groupe. Au plan pratique, la recherche démontre la nécessité de renforcer la socialisation professionnelle en intégrant l’éthique et les valeurs dans la formation des bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais. / A profession basically includes two components: scientific skills and professional values, which are the guidelines of professionals’ daily demeanor. The library profession is based on values like the preservation of humanity cultural heritage, a fair access to knowledge, intellectual freedom, confidentiality and the protection library users’ private lives, professional neutrality, tolerance etc. In Senegal as well as in the other African countries, libraries are, on the whole, legacies of colonialism. The values of library science were designed in a western perspective. This profession value system may sometimes conflict with the Senegalese librarians’ cultural value systems. However, very little is known on ways Senegalese professionals cope with these two value systems. This present research will describe and explore the interactive co-existence and adaptation of professional values within the cultural value system of Senegalese academic librarians. It seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) what is the Senegalese academic librarians’ dominant cultural value system? (2) How do Senegalese academic librarians prioritize their professional values? (3) How do Senegalese academic librarians adapt their professional values to cultural values? This exploratory and descriptive analysis combines a mixed methodology approach: Two types of data collecting methods have been used: a questionnaire based on interviews and on Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) (Schwartz, 2006) The findings highlight the fact that, on the cultural level, Senegalese academic librarians essentially emphasize, in the value system, the interests of the social group they belong to, the respect of social order and adoption of normative behavior in order to facilitate their relationships with the other group members. The values favor a strong integration of the individual into a group but do not encourage an action and thought autonomy which may destroy social harmony. On the professional level, they regard access to information, preservation and conservation of heritage and the denial of all sorts of discriminations as essential professional values. As professional values conflict with cultural norms, Senegalese academic librarians often seek a compromise, a balanced position to make decision which does not basically question their cultural values. When a compromise is impossible, the final decision is made in favour of cultural values. On the theoretical level, this research confirms the theory of a value system predominance rooted in Schwartz’ perspective of the “continuity/self-transcendence” (Schwartz, 2006, 1992). In his system, the dominant values are universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security. These values favor the individual’s integration into a group, solidarity and family security and the refusal to undertake actions which may endanger group harmony. On the practical level, this research displays the necessity to reinforce professional socialization which includes ethics and values in the training of Senegalese academic librarians.

Studies have shown that not only are clergy members the first persons from whom battered women seek help, but also a great number of clergy counsel battered women every year (Martin, 1989; Rotunda, Williamson, & Penfold, 2004). The role of the church and clergy are especially critical for the Korean immigrant community in the U.S. because Korean immigrants greatly underutilize existing services and rely heavily on their respective churches for assistance with various issues, including domestic violence (Boodman, 2007; Kim, 1997). Korean churches and clergy members have the potential to be active partners in providing intervention services and to serve as a major force for preventing domestic violence, yet there is no study that directly examines Korean clergy’s responses to domestic violence in their congregations and the factors related to their responses. Recognizing this gap in knowledge, this study was designed to examine how patriarchal, religious, and cultural values of Korean clergy members affect their responses to domestic violence in their congregations. Based on the radical feminist theory and intersectionality theory, it was hypothesized that younger clergy, clergy that have lived longer in the U.S., clergy with more pastoral counseling education, clergy with less religious fundamentalist beliefs, clergy with more egalitarian gender role attitudes, and clergy who do not adhere strongly to Korean cultural values will indicate more behaviors that promote safety of Korean battered women. A cross-sectional survey design utilizing mixed methods was used in this study with data collection through mail and online surveys. The sample was drawn from the Korean Business Directory (The Korea Times Washington D.C., 2010) that includes mailing addresses and phone numbers of 388 Korean American churches in Virginia and Maryland. A total of 152 Korean American ministers participated in this study by completing and returning a self-administered mail survey or accessing a web-based survey, yielding a 40.5% return rate. Results from both quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that many Korean American clergy are torn between safety of battered women and sacredness of marriage in responding to domestic violence cases in their church. They first try to work toward reconciliation of couples through couples counseling and marriage enrichment seminars, and when this effort is not successful, then they refer to other resources such as domestic violence programs and therapists. Younger Korean American ministers, ministers who have lived in the U.S. longer, and ministers who adhere to Korean cultural values less were more likely to endorse behaviors that promote safety of Korean battered women. Religious fundamentalist beliefs, pastoral counseling education, and gender role attitudes did not account for a significant amount of variance associated with Korean clergy responses to domestic violence. Many Korean American clergy considered themselves as important figures who are best suited to deal with cases of domestic violence in their churches and recognized the need to work and build collaborative relationships with other professionals. Only small number of Korean American clergy felt well prepared to deal with domestic violence cases; however, they are willing to attend training on domestic violence, and many of them stressed the importance of clergy training on domestic violence in ensuring safety of battered women. Implications for social work practice and research are discussed.

the author did not submit an abstract

L’étude de la qualité de l’accueil extrafamilial des enfants d’âge préscolaire pose avant tout la question de la conception même de la qualité et interroge les processus en œuvre dans la définition des critères qui la caractérise. Nous constatons l'existence de deux approches majeures en opposition quant à leurs fondements idéologiques, à savoir, une vision normative et universelle de la qualité et une conception subjective et contextualisée. Ce projet pose la question de la pertinence de dépasser cette opposition, pour tendre vers une approche de la qualité intégrant à la fois des dimensions favorisant universellement le bien-être des enfants accueillis et des dimensions spécifiques au contexte culturel, socio-économique et politique. Cette étude interroge ainsi la pertinence d’utiliser le modèle écosystémique comme support théorique au processus de définition de la qualité. Pour cela, deux axes d’étude ont été élaborés reposant respectivement sur une méthode qualitative et quantitative. La réalisation de 103 entretiens semi-directifs a premièrement permis l’identification des spécificités contextuelles françaises par l’étude des valeurs culturelles et personnelles concernant l’accueil de la toute petite enfance. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la représentation sociale de la qualité porte principalement sur les déterminants de la relation professionnel-enfant, où la dimension éducative ne constitue pas un critère de qualité. Les spécificités du contexte socio-économique et de la politique familiale permettent d’apporter un éclairage à ces résultats. Sur la base de ces éléments, le second axe d’étude a investigué les relations de 35 dyades parents-accueillants et plus spécifiquement, l’impact de leurs attentes respectives sur la qualité de leur relation. L’analyse centrée sur la personne a permis l’établissement de profils d’attentes tels que le conseil, le tutorat, le soutien parental, la confidence, le service professionnel ou encore la satisfaction parentale. L’association des profils d’attentes de chacun des membres des dyades a été établie. La relation entre ces dimensions, le stress parental, le soutien social, l’épuisement professionnel et la qualité de la relation parent-professionnel a été examinée. L’influence des attentes parentales et professionnelles sur la qualité perçue de leur relation dyadique souligne l’importance de considérer des dimensions contextuelles dans le processus de définition de la qualité de l’accueil. Les conclusions de cette recherche ouvrent des pistes de réflexion utiles quant à la pertinence d’envisager une nouvelle approche de la qualité reposant sur le modèle écosystémique de la qualité élaboré par Bigras et Japel (2007). / The study of quality in early childhood education requires that the concept of quality itself and the processes used to define quality requirements are investigated explicitly. Currently, there are two opposing approaches to quality. One approach considers quality as a normative and universal concept while the other regards quality as a subjective and contextually specific concept. In this study, we question the pertinence of these two approaches, going beyond this opposition by integrating dimensions that universally favor children’s wellbeing in daycare and dimensions that are specific to cultural, socioeconomic and political contexts. This study is theoretically anchored in the eco-systemic model. The project is structured into two phases. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed. First, 103 structured interviews were realized in order to understand specific cultural values associated with quality services in early childhood out of home care in France. Results indicate that quality of adult-child interaction is rarely mentioned and priority is given to the determinant of these interactions. Educational dimensions of this relationship and meeting children’s learning needs are rarely mentioned as constituent factors of quality. Specific aspects of the socioeconomic context and family politics in France clarify these results. On the basis of these initial findings, the second phase of research investigated 35 parent-professional relationships in daycare centers using questionnaires. Specifically, we examined the impact of their respective expectations and attitudes on the quality of their relationship. Person-centered cluster analyses were performed in order to identify mutual attitude profiles. Dyads were characterized on the basis of their expectations. Parent-professional relationships were described using dimensions such as counseling, tutoring, parent supportive, confidential, professional service or parental satisfaction. Associations between these dimensions, parental stress, social support, professional burnout and perceived quality of parent-professional relationship were examined. The identification of attitudes and expectations and their association with both parents and professionals perceived satisfaction with the relationship underscores the importance of considering contextual dimensions in the process of identifying quality in early childhood education and care. In conclusion, we discuss the relevance of this approach to quality based on eco-systemic model of quality developed by Bigras and Japel (2007) as a prerequisite to understanding child wellbeing in out of home care.