Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie navorsing word die interpersoonlike proses waardeur betekenissisteme deur dialoog in die terapeutiese konteks geko-konstrueer word, beskryf en gelllustreer, aan die hand van 'n gevallestudie. Hierdie navorsing is gegrond in 'n kubemetiese epistemologie wat impliseer dat probleme, oplossings en realiteite nie as 'n objektiewe realiteit beskryf kan word nie, maar eerder as 'n konstruksie van die observeerder. Terapie word beskryf as 'n dialektiese proses tussen die terapeut en die klient waarin betekenissisteme geko-konstrueer word. Die proses waardeur realiteite deur vertelling in terapie geko-konstrueer word, word gepunktueer in terme van 'n dialektiese beskrywingsproses tussen die sensoriese ervaring (dit sluit in kognitiewe verstandsprosesse wat deur konstruktivistiese teoriee verklaar word), en die beskrywing daarvan in taal (wat deur sosiale konstruktivisme verklaar word). In hierdie rekursiewe proses word betekenissisteme as intersubjektiewe fenomeen geskep en ervaar deur die individu betrokke in dialogiese en interaksionele prosesse. / This research illustrates and describes, through the use of a case study, the interpersonal process through which meaning systems are co-constructed by means of dialogue in the therapeutic context. The research is founded on the cybernetic epistemology which implies that problems, solutions and realities cannot be described as an objective reality, but rather as a construction ofthe observer. Therapy is described as a dialectic process between the therapist and the client in which new meaning systems are being co-constructed. The process in which realities are co-constructed through narratives, are punctuated in terms of a dialectic process of description between the sensory experience (that includes cognitive mental processes which are explained through constructivism), and the description thereof in language (which is explained through social constructivism). In this recursive process meaning systems as an intersubjective phenomena are created and experienced by the individual in dialogical and interactional processes. / Psychology / M.A. (Kliniese Sielkunde)

Submitted by Rômulo Aguiar (romulo.aguiar@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-09T16:27:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEMARCELLOCHAMUSCA.pdf: 17008771 bytes, checksum: fa388c7c3060041b14e2f3dbaf5e5355 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-09T19:01:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEMARCELLOCHAMUSCA.pdf: 17008771 bytes, checksum: fa388c7c3060041b14e2f3dbaf5e5355 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T19:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEMARCELLOCHAMUSCA.pdf: 17008771 bytes, checksum: fa388c7c3060041b14e2f3dbaf5e5355 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-10 / Esta tese estabelece novos olhares sobre o planejamento e a gestão urbana, no contexto contemporâneo, uma vez que insere a dimensão da inteligência cibernética nesse contexto, não apenas como meio de controle dos processos administrativos, como já acontece desde os anos 1990, com o início da popularização das tecnologias digitais, mas, sobretudo, como modo de garantir maior participação popular no processo de uma gestão competente da cidade. Entende-se por gestão competente aquela que atende às demandas da população e se volta para o bem-estar das pessoas. Para tanto, propõem-se três categorias para as ações administrativas de gestão cibernética da cidade: a reativa-passiva, a reativa e a proativa, sendo a primeira aquela em que a gestão reage a uma demanda espontânea do cidadão, sem que se tenha instituído um canal digital para isso; a segunda estabelecida por meio de instrumentos institucionalizados de diálogo com a população na ambiência digital/híbrida, apropriando-se das culturas de participação, colaboração e co-criação, hoje incentivadas pelas mídias sociais digitais e que se desdobram no comportamento das pessoas em todos os ambientes de convivência social, permitindo que as pessoas se expressem e digam de forma cada vez mais contundente e sistemática o que pensam da sua cidade, do seu bairro, da sua rua, etc.; e, a terceira, por meio de monitoramento e uso de sistemas inteligentes para captação, seleção, categorização, análise e armazenamento das informações deixadas pelos cidadãos, muitas delas geolocalizadas, através dos seus dispositivos móveis digitais no espaço da cidade, que nesta tese se convencionou chamar de rastros digitais. A base teórico-metodológica utilizada para o desenvolvimento da tese foi a da Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR) que, ao possibilitar uma análise complexa de redes heterogêneas - que incluem, entre os agentes com influência no processo urbano, tanto os atores humanos, quanto os não-humanos - potencializa a proposta da gestão competente da cidade contemporânea, a partir das três categorias de ações de gestão cibernética, enfatizando as proativas. As principais conclusões da pesquisa apontam para a ideia de que as informações que originárias dos rastros digitais - obtidos através das ações cibernéticas proativas - podem proporcionar uma profunda reinvenção política e social da cidade, na medida em que ao coletar sentimentos e expressões de uma parte significativa dos agentes, com influência no território, em tempo real, e de modo absolutamente efetivo, pode-se formar um banco de dados que represente um legado de inteligência coletiva para o planejamento e a gestão urbana. / This thesis constitutes new perspectives on urban planning and management, in the contemporary context, since it inserts the dimension of cybernetic intelligence in this context, Not only as a means of controlling administrative processes, as it has been since the 1990s, With the beginning of the popularization of digital technologies, but, mainly, as means of ensuring greater popular participation in the process of competent management of the city. Competent management is understood to be the one that comply with the demands of population and to the well-being of people. For this, three categories are proposed for the administrative actions of cybernetic management of the city: the reactive-passive, the reactive and the proactive, the first one in which management reacts to a spontaneous demand of the citizen, without establishing a digital channel for this; the second is established through institutionalized instruments of dialogue with the population in the digital/hybrid environment, taking advantage of cultures of participation, collaboration and co-creation, which are encouraged by digital social media and they unfold in the behavior of people in all environments, allowing people to express themselves and to say in an increasingly forceful and systematic way what they think of their city, their neighborhood, their street, etc. And the third, through the monitoring and use of intelligent systems for capturing, selecting, categorizing, analyzing and storage information left by citizens, many of them geolocated, through their digital mobile devices in the space of the city, which in this thesis was conventionally called digital footprints. The theoretical-methodological basis used for the development of the thesis was of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT), that, by enabling a complex analysis of heterogeneous networks - which include, among actors with influence in the urban process, both human and non-human actors - potentializes the proposal of the competent management of the contemporary city, from the three categories of actions of cybernetic management, emphasizing the proactive ones. The main conclusions of the research point to the idea that information originating from digital traces - obtained through proactive cybernetic actions - they can provide a profound political and social reinvention of the city, in that by collecting the feelings and expressions of a significant part of the agents, with influence in the territory, in real time, and in an absolutely effective way, they can form a database that represents a legacy of collective intelligence for planning and urban management.

O trabalho apresenta um estudo com a finalidade de verificar a aplicabilidade do Modelo do Sistema Viável (VSM Viable System Model) no projeto de uma arquitetura robusta de um Sistema de Informação voltado à área naval nuclear. A ênfase do estudo está em avaliar uma modelagem alternativa para a especificação da arquitetura do Sistema de Informação, incorporando o conjunto de funcionalidades especificadas pelo VSM, com o objetivo de fortalecer esta arquitetura. A estratégia desta pesquisa baseia-se em uma revisão bibliográfica relacionada ao VSM, aos Sistemas de Informação e a sua arquitetura, e às influências destes elementos na sobrevivência das organizações diante das mudanças constantes no ambiente. É apresentado um estudo de caso onde são mostrados os elementos teóricos do VSM e da arquitetura de SI aplicados na elaboração da arquitetura de um SI. O Sistema escolhido para esta aplicação é o Sistema de informação de incidentes nucleares (SIN) nas instalações onde são feitas pesquisas e desenvolvimento de tecnologia nuclear a ser aplicada na propulsão de um submarino. / The present work presents a study aiming to verify the applicability of the Viable System Model (VSM) in a robust architecture for an Information System targeting nuclear naval area. The emphasis of the study is in assessing an alternative modeling for the Information System (IS) architecture specification, incorporating a set of functionalities defined by the VSM, with the purpose of strengthening this architecture. The strategy of this research is based on a bibliographic revision on VSM, Information System and its architecture, and the influence of those elements in the survival of the organizations in a ever changing environment. It is presented one case study where it is showed the theoretical elements of the VSM and IS architecture applied on the development of a IS architecture. The selected system for this application is the IS for nuclear incidents (SIN) on the installations dedicated to research and development on nuclear technology applied to submarine propulsion system.

This essay does a theoretical comparison of the intricate social production in digital and real spaces, proposing a model for the non-technical exploration of the social production of spaces relating to human digital technology. The ‘social space’ proposed by Henri Lefebvre (1974) - responsible for producing material space - and the holistic model of ‘cybernetic space’ proposed by Ananda Mitra and Rae Lynn Schwartz (2001) - responsible for supporting the production of real and digital spaces - are argued as collaboratively producing cybernetic social spaces, serving as the definition of a unified model for the production of spaces in contemporary society. The digital spaces are argued as being a similar analogue to classical ‘social space’. Two native cybernetic spaces are presented and discussed, argued as being responsible for the transitive production of digital and real spaces as they survey and situate the production of cybernetic social space. Finally, two case studies exemplifying the aesthetics and politics of cybernetic space are presented, analyzed and discussed in accordance with the proposed model of cybernetic social space.

Bakgrund: En organisation kan vara uppbyggd på många olika sätt varav decentralisering är ett av dem. Ekonomistyrverktyg som används inom en organisation är cybernetisk styrning, administrativ styrning och kulturstyrning. Även Lean benämns som ett starkt styrverktyg för en organisation. Tidigare forskning har visat att det är komplext att styra en stor, växande organisation. Det kan även utläsas att det inte finns tillräckligt med forskning om vilka styrverktyg som en organisation bör arbeta med.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att studera och skapa en djupare förståelse över vilka styrverktyg inom ekonomistyrning som företag lyfter fram i en decentraliserad organisation. Det mynnar ut till vidare förståelse av hur de valda styrverktygen tillämpas. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en abduktiv ansats har använts i studien. Studiens forskningsdesign utgår från en enfallsstudie på Scania CV AB i Oskarshamn (Scania) som fallföretag. Vidare har empiriskt material samlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, erhållna dokument och Scanias hemsida. Slutsats: Scania använder flertalet styrverktyg på olika sätt. Dels arbetar de decentraliserat. På cybernetiska styrverktyg använder de främst planeringsrunda, budget, prognoser och KPI:er. Vidare använder de kulturella styrverktyg genom organisationskultur, organisatoriskt lärande, organisatoriskt engagemang och kommunikation. SPS och lean har även tillkommit som ett styrverktyg. Slutligen har det primära inte varit valet av ekonomiska styrverktyg i sig utan mer arbetssättet som de tillför. / Background: and problem: An organization can be structured in many different ways, of which decentralization is one of them, financial control tools used within an organization are cybernetic control, administrative control and cultural control. Lean is also referred to as a strong control tool for an organization. Previous research has shown that managing a large, growing organization is complex. What can also be seen is that there is not enough research on what control tools an organization should work with. Purpose: The purpose of the academic paper is to study and build a deeper understanding of what control tools within financial management that companies highlight in a decentralized organization. This leads to a further understanding of how the selected control tools are applied. Method: A qualitative research strategy with an abductive approach has been used in the study. The study's research design is based on a single case study at Scania CV AB in Oskarshamn (Scania) as a case company. Furthermore, empirical material has been gathered through semi-structured interviews, documents obtained, and Scania's website. Conclusion: Scania uses several different control tools in different ways. For one thing, they work decentralized. On cybernetic control tools, they mainly use planning round, budget, forecasts and KPIs. Furthermore, they use cultural control tools through organizational culture, organizational learning, organizational commitment and communication. SPS and lean have also been added as a management tool. Finally, the primary issue has not been the choice of financial management tools per se, but rather the way of working that they bring

This study analyzes the politics of contemporary conspiracy theory discourses in the United States. Departing from the predominant methodological individualism that characterizes many contemporary analyses of conspiracy theory, which take the individual subject as the unit to be explained and governed, this study situates the production and proliferation of conspiracy theory discourses in the context of cybernetics and related transformations in politics that have tended to reduce democratic representativeness and increase forms of economic and political inequality. Cybernetics, which is often defined as the science of command and control, offers a series of concepts that facilitate an understanding of how freedom and control have become aligned in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries in the United States. I utilize Michel Foucault's governmentality approach to formulate a cybernetic governmentality methodology, which analyzes the governance of subjectivity in and through cybernetic systems of communication. Cybernetics, which seeks to invite the individual subject to realize itself through 'choice' and by way of its imbrication into machinic systems, conceptualizes the subject as a consumer and processor of information. I put forth the notion of the scripted political to analyze a key tension within contemporary U.S. politics, as politics is becoming increasingly uncertain yet also often appears to be strongly controlled by political and economic elites. Conspiracy theory, as a speculative genre of thinking, aims to steer events towards certain political ends. Conspiratorial speculation has become a popular means to connect and reflect on a felt obsolescence or superfluity on the part of the individual subject. To substantiate these arguments, I specifically analyze the discourses of QAnon and Covid-19 conspiracy theories. These discourses express political fantasies that often privilege the idea of a liberal autonomous individual subject. The politics of contemporary conspiracy theory in the United States thus concerns the fact that these conspiratorial discourses seek to perform a form of liberal subjectivity. However, this performance of individual liberal subjectivity is always caught in cybernetic systems of communication, which seek to produce value, harvest data, and maximize the attention of their 'users', thus undermining the potential for any meaningful form of liberal subjectivity. / Doctor of Philosophy / This study analyzes the politics of contemporary conspiracy theory discourses in the United States. Whereas today many scholars approach conspiracy theory as concerning the beliefs of individual subjects, whose thoughts are considered deviant and potentially requiring reform or monitoring, this study engages with conspiracy theory discourses and their conditions of possibility. While many acknowledge that conspiracy theory is a response to a felt loss of control, this notion of control is understood to be only potentially true or valid. Cybernetics, which is often defined as the science of command and control, offers a series of concepts that facilitate an understanding of how freedom and control have become aligned in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries in the United States. Cybernetics, which seeks to invite the individual subject to realize itself through 'choice' and by way of its imbrication into machinic and technological systems, conceptualizes the individual subject as a consumer and processor of information. I develop a new notion that I call the scripted political to study a key tension within contemporary U.S. politics, as politics is becoming increasingly uncertain yet also often appears to be strongly controlled by political and economic elites. Conspiracy theory is a speculative genre of thinking that is well-suited to produce social and political meaning in a condition of information saturation characteristic of today's social domain. It does so, among other things, by providing explanations about the operations of what many conspiracy theorists consider to be concentrated forms of power and by attempting to steer events towards certain desirable political ends. However, as a way of producing social and political meaning, conspiracy theory often misses the mark. Yet, despite its frequent factual inconsistencies, conspiratorial discourses and speculations have become popular means to create social connections and to reflect on a sense of obsolescence or superfluity felt by many individual subjects. To support these arguments, I focus on the conspiratorial discourses of and about QAnon and about the Covid-19 pandemic. These discourses express political fantasies that often privilege the idea of a liberal autonomous individual subject. However, I show in this study that fantasies about a re-empowered mode of individual liberal subjectivity are often caught in cybernetic systems of communication, which are more interested in producing economic value, harvesting all sorts of data about individual subjects, and maximizing the attention of their 'users', thus undermining the potential for any return to a meaningful form of liberal subjectivity.

This study is an endeavour to demonstrate the applicability of constructivist epistemology in different contexts. The black family is presented as one of such contexts. The study is further a demonstration of the role of a symptom as part of a recursive process of interaction in the context of a black family. It reflects an orientation rooted in cybernetics, ecology and systems theory. Therapy is presented as a context through which the therapist becomes incorporated and, therefore, adopting and speaking the language of the family's particular form of symptomatic communication in order to engender change. A literature study presenting a conceptual framework is presented. A case study presenting the research data is presented. Transcripts from video-taped sessions with the family are presented in the addendum. The implications of constructivist framework for the field of family therapy in the context of a black family are, therefore, outlined. / Social work / M.A. (Mental Health)

This is a postmodernist dissertation contextualised within the new epistemology. The dissertation's descriptive methodology mirrors a personal journey from intrapsychic to ecosystemic psychology which operates within the domain of language and narrative discourse. As such it is founded on the principles of ecosystemic rather than Newtonian thinking. A conversation between various participants constructs the dissertatioi1 through polyphony and academic dialogue. This is then deconstructed through the use of metalogue thereby allowing the dissertation to operate simultaneously on a number of different levels. As it is a postmodernist text, the structure is in a sense an 'anti-structure' in that it is indirect while it is still acknowledged as a construction. In this way it is constructed and deconstructed in terms of its own premises. Expectations in terms of conventional dissertation formulae are challenged without negating academic requirements. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

In this dissertation the literature on suicidal behaviour is reviewed, with particular emphasis on professional conceptualizations and understanding as informed by the psychiatric and sociological paradigms. Basic postulates of the Ecosystemic paradigm, as it is informed by Maturana's second-order cybernetic approach was discussed. The effect of such an approach on therapy with suicidal individuals was pointed out. It became clear that perceived methodological problems experienced when researching suicidal behaviour from a Newtonian/realist paradigm can be side-stepped when viewed from an Ecosystemic paradigm. It was finally proposed that an ethic of participation, as informed by a second-order cybernetic approach, be adopted when viewing the suicide situation. In the process ethics was reconceptualized as an awareness of the therapist's participation in whatever is created, and not in finding the ''right" way when working with suicidal individuals. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Ferreira de Lacerda.pdf: 480408 bytes, checksum: b0aeba57ec9e6e998dc267a4ba8df249 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / In his work Technology of teaching, Skinner displays the characteristics that a teaching program should have, so that the students would reach the given objectives with the least number of mistakes possible. In this book the author proposes a model for displaying the teaching contingencies that became known as programmed instruction. The present work analyzes national articles of scientific publications about the application of such principles of Behavior Analysis to Brazilian Education, in the period between 1961 and 2007, that derived from Skinner s original propositions concerning programmed instruction, aiming at identifying the characteristics that such application gained here. For the analysis, 93 articles were selected based on a list of keywords, applied to a set of articles withdrawn from previous studies (especially Freitas, 1987 and César, 2002) as well as articles available on the internet, from online journals databases. The article selection was based on the presence in the title, in the keywords of the article or in the abstract ― of words such as: programmed instruction, personalized system of instruction, teaching programming, teaching contingencies, among others. Articles that contained words referring to other theoretical approaches and/or that didn t mention Behavior Analysis, nor referred to publications from that approach, were excluded. The results show that research on programmed instruction had a peak in the 1970 s and has diminished ever since. In the past three decades, there was an average of less than one publication a year in the journals that have been studied. The results also show that characteristics of programmed instruction have been found in many teaching programs present in the articles, with special emphasis on: successive approach to final behavior through small steps; students progression based on high performance; and respect for students individual rhythm. The most frequently found teaching program formats were, in decreasing order: (1) ways of teaching programming that do not reproduce any standard model; (2) Personalized System of Instruction (PSI); and (3) programmed instruction, according to the model proposed by Skinner (1972/1968) / Em sua obra Tecnologia do ensino, Skinner explicita as características que um programa de ensino deveria ter, para levar os aprendizes a atingirem os objetivos propostos com um mínimo de erros. Nessa obra, o autor propõe um modelo de disposição de contingências de ensino que veio a ser conhecida como instrução programada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar artigos de periódicos científicos nacionais sobre a aplicação dos princípios da Análise do Comportamento à Educação no Brasil, no período de 1961 a 2007, decorrentes da proposta original de Skinner de instrução programada, a fim de identificar características que essa aplicação assumiu entre nós. Para essa análise, foram selecionados 93 artigos, com base em uma lista de palavras-chave, aplicadas a artigos de relações de periódicos utilizados em estudos anteriores (em especial Freitas, 1987 e César, 2002) e também a artigos de periódicos encontrados em algumas bases de dados disponíveis na internet. A seleção dos artigos baseou-se na presença no título, nas palavras-chave ou no resumo ― de termos como: instrução programada, sistema personalizado de ensino, programação de ensino, contingências de ensino, entre outros. Artigos foram excluídos quando estavam presentes termos que remetiam a outras abordagens teóricas e/ou quando não faziam menção a análise do comportamento nem continham citação bibliográfica desta abordagem. Os resultados mostram que os estudos em ensino programado tiveram seu auge na década de 1970 e vêm diminuindo desde então, sendo que nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000 foi publicado, em média, menos de um desses artigos por ano nas revistas pesquisadas. Mostram também que características da instrução programada estão presentes em muitos dos programas de ensino tratados nesses artigos, em especial as características: aproximações sucessivas ao comportamento final através de pequenos passos; progressão dos alunos baseada no alto domínio; e respeito ao ritmo do estudante. Os formatos de programas de ensino mais frequentemente encontrados foram, em ordem decrescente: (1) formas de programação de ensino que não reproduzem um modelo padrão; (2) Personalysed System of Instruction (PSI); e (3) instrução programada, conforme o modelo proposto por Skinner (1972/1968)