Cette thèse propose une analyse économique de la qualité et de l'efficience des universités et des systèmes universitaires au niveau international, à travers l'utilisation des indicateurs intrants et extrants et la méthode d'enveloppement des données (Data Envelopment Analysis DEA). La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre intitulé "les classements des universités : une mise en perspective critique" présente et évalue la pertinence des indicateurs intrants/extrants les plus utilisés par les classements des universités. Il est l'occasion d'exposer un certain nombre de critiques présentes dans la littérature et de focaliser sur un problème méthodologique répandu dans les classements. Il s'agit de l'utilisation des inputs (intrants) comme des mesures de la qualité des universités. Une telle pratique confond moyen et résultat et fait l'impasse sur les concepts de base des modèles de comptabilité en termes de fonction de production et d'efficience. Le deuxième chapitre intitulé "caractéristiques et classements des universités : autour de quelques facteurs capables d'expliquer les différences de performance entre les universités", compare les résultats de deux classements: QS-Times et Shanghai et propose une liste de facteurs capables d'expliquer pourquoi il existe de telles différences de qualité, selon ces classements, entre les universités. [...] Le troisième chapitre intitulé "la performance et l'efficience des universités et leurs déterminants: une évaluation à partir des classements mondiaux des universités et de la méthode DEA" évalue sur la base d'une méthode DEA l'efficience de 214 universités issues de 13 pays différentes afin de savoir si les universités les mieux classées parmi les classements traditionnels sont aussi les universités qui utilisent le mieux leurs ressources. [...] Enfin, le quatrième chapitre, titré "l'efficience des systèmes universitaires de 35 pays et leurs déterminants: une évaluation par la méthode DEA et le calcul des indices de Malmquist (2006-2012)" évalue l'efficience et les performances des systèmes universitaires de 35 pays. Il propose de nouveaux scores d'efficience globale qui viennent compléter les deux premières études sur ce sujet d’Agasisti (2011) et St. Aubyn et al (2009). Les nouveautés par rapport à l'article d'Agasisti (2011) sont au nombre de cinq: l'échantillon est plus important (35 pays au lieu de 18), la période d'observation est actualisée, l'évolution de l'efficience entre deux périodes est calculée, le nombre des intrants et des extrants incorporé dans chaque modèle est plus élevé et un modèle spécifique d'évaluation de l'efficience de la recherche est proposé. Il conforte la thèse selon laquelle les systèmes universitaires de la Suisse et du Royaume-Uni sont les plus efficients. Il montre aussi sur la base d'un calcul des indices de Malmquist qu'entre 2006 et 2012 l'efficience en matière d'enseignement des 35 systèmes universitaires évalués a eu tendance à diminuer alors que l'efficience de la recherche et de l'attractivité- réputation de ces mêmes systèmes a plutôt eu tendance à augmenter. Ce qui permet de mieux évaluer l'effet des réformes inspirées par l'usage du classement de Shanghai sur les systèmes universitaires. Ces réformes conduisent les enseignants-chercheurs à délaisser l'enseignement pour la recherche. / This thesis aims to economically analyze the quality and efficiency of universities and university systems at an international level of comparison, by using input/output indicators and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter entitled "university rankings: a critical perspective" presents and evaluates the relevance of inputs/outputs indicators used by most university rankings. It is the opportunity to present a number of criticisms found in the literature and focus on a common methodological problem in the rankings. It is the use of inputs as measures of university quality. This practice confuses means and results and ignores the basic concepts of accounting models in terms of production functions and efficiency. The second chapter entitled "characteristics and rankings of universities : around some factors that can explain the differences in performance between universities", compares the results of two rankings: QS-Times and Shanghai and offers a list of factors that may explain why there are such differences in quality, according to these rankings between universities. [...] The third chapter entitled "performance and efficiency of universities and their determinants: an evaluation using world university rankings and DEA methodology" evaluates on the basis of a DEA methodology the efficiency of 214 universities from 13 different countries, in order to find if the top ranked universities among traditional rankings are also universities that best utilize their financial and human resources. [...] The fourth chapter titled "efficiency of university systems in 35 countries and its determinants: an assessment by DEA methodology and the calculation of Malmquist indices (2006-2012)" assesses the efficiency and performance of university systems of 35 countries. It offers new scores for overall efficiency that complement the first two studies on this topic in the literature by Agasisti (2011) and St.Aubyn et al (2009). Compared to the article of Agasisti (2011), we identify five new developments in our study : the sample is higher (35 countries instead of 18), the observation period is updated, the evolution of efficiency between two periods is calculated, the number of inputs and outputs incorporated into each model is higher and a specific model for evaluating the efficiency of research is proposed. Our study confirms the thesis that the university systems of Switzerland and the United Kingdom are the most efficient. It also shows based on the calculations of Malmquist indices between 2006 and 2012 that teaching efficiency of 35 reviewed university systems has a tendency of declining while the research efficiency and that of attractivity-reputation is rather increasing. This allows a better assessment of the impact of reforms inspired by the Shanghai ranking on university systems. These reforms led the academic staff of universities to abandon their focus on teaching in favor of research activities.

Although the German framework of incentive-based energy regulation appears to be well-defined because it draws from international experience and eliminates several present drawbacks existing with revenue-cap regulation doubts of industry and politicians concerning the application of benchmarking techniques and more importantly, the future industry structure, remain. The regulation scheme is based on experience with energy sector reforms in the US due to it being a precursor in this regard, e.g. by introducing incentive-based regulation as early as 1994 and publishing the relevant data in a very detailed way. This thesis therefore brings together the two issues of certain efficiency measurement problems and the industry restructuring in Germany and the US in order to contribute to the current discussion of robust benchmarking and to provide political implications related to the industry’s structure. Therefore, the application of DEA and SFA constitutes the heart of the whole study. These techniques are applied on German electricity DSOs as well as on data for US electricity DSOs and US gas TSOs. The application to US data can then be used to derive information about business strategies and their success in a sector that is being restructured. The US experience will lead to relevant German policy implications with respect to the future structure of the energy industry in Germany. / Der deutsche Regulierungsansatz erscheint im Allgemeinen als ausgewogen, da er zum einen internationale Erfahrungen mit einbezieht und zum anderen bestehenden Schwächen der Erlös-Obergrenzenregulierung berücksichtigt. Dennoch bestehen Zweifel seitens Industrie- und Politvertretern bezüglich der Anwendung von Benchmarking-Techniken und noch bedeutsamer der zukünftigen Industriestruktur. Der regulatorische Rahmen basiert auf Erfahrungen aus der Regulierung der Energiewirtschaft aus den USA, da diese eine Vorreiterrolle in dieser Hinsicht innehaben, beispielsweise aufgrund der frühen Einführung der Anreizregulierung in 1994 und der sehr detaillierten Veröffentlichung der relevanten Daten. Diese Arbeit verknüpft daher diese zwei Aspekte zum einen der Existenz gewisser Problemfelder bei der Effizienzmessung als auch der Umstrukturierung der deutschen Industriestruktur in der Energiewirtschaft. Damit trägt sie zu der aktuellen Diskussion mit Bezug auf robustes Benchmarking bei und liefert zudem politische Implikationen bezüglich der Industriestruktur. Zu diesem Zweck steht die Anwendung der für die deutsche Regulierung der Energienetze relevanten Benchmarking-Techniken (Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) und Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)) im Zentrum der gesamten Studie. Die empirischen Analysen beziehen sich dabei auf deutsche Elektrizitätsverteilnetzbetreiber sowie auf Elektrizitätsverteilnetzbetreibern und Ferngasgesellschaften aus den USA. Die Analysen von US Daten können dann genutzt werden, um gehaltvolle Informationen über Unternehmensstrategien und deren Erfolg in einem restrukturierten Sektor zu gewinnen. Diese Erfahrungen münden dann in Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen für die deutsche Regulierung und Industriestruktur der deutschen Energienetzwirtschaft.

The aim of this thesis is to undertake a comparative study of contemporary British and German-language playwriting, with an eye specifically towards possible reasons and solutions for the problematic situation of German-language playtexts in Britain. I will first conduct a stylistic analysis of a selection of British and German-language playwrights, focusing on the differences in representation of interiority through dialogue and narration. I will then introduce a phenomenological lens that will expand this literary analysis by looking at specific stagings of these texts, and at the use of gestures in particular. Tracing the performative implications of dialogue and narration in their relationship with gestures, I will suggest that while dialogue mostly requires metonymical gestures, the phenomenology of narration is better served by a more metaphoric use. This is followed by a chapter on translation, which will look at the specific problems and chances posed by narration and so-called ‘postdramatic’ plays in general. After these theoretical considerations, I will scrutinise my findings in a practical environment in two major steps. The first step is a comparative rehearsal observation of one German and one British director and their work with contemporary playtexts. My main question will be in how far the tendency towards dialogue in British plays and towards narration in German-language plays is matched by corresponding trends in the directors’ formal language. Furthermore, I will contextualise the work of these two directors in the larger field of directing in their respective countries. The second and final step of my practical investigation will be an implementation and testing of the previous theses in two directing projects of my own. I will again focus on rehearsal methodologies, attempting to find out which methodologies are particularly useful for the rehearsal of narrative playtexts and thereby hoping to formulate some first ideas for the specific requirements of German-language playtexts in a British context.

在財政適足的原則下，尋求公平與效率間的平衡點，一直是租稅制度所探討的重點，而針對租稅結構的討論更是焦點所在，可是對於稅務行政組織的檢討卻相對不受重視，惟一國租稅制度主要係由該國租稅結構與稅務行政組織所構成，所以不僅是租稅結構會影響國家整體資源的配置，稅務行政組織的調整亦是。觀察我國稅務機構之形成，諸多興革，每為遷就現實環境需要，暫行從權，欠缺具長期性、整體性與前瞻性之規劃，使得整個組織架構不甚協調。目前各級政府財政狀況日益惡化，行政效率亦履遭詬病，政府再造或是行政組織重整已成各界關注的焦點，因此本文先藉由相關文獻研究歸納採行稅務行政一元化或二元化之優缺點並與實務觀察作比較分析，再利用資料包絡分析法（DEA）從效率面著手，以臺北市稅務稽徵組織（臺北市國稅局與臺北市稅捐稽徵處）為樣本，除可瞭解稅務行政機關之效率表現外，亦可藉由實證數據佐證，重新評估現行稅務行政組織架構之妥適性。本文依據相關文獻研究及實證分析結果作以下結論：一、整體而言，臺北市稅捐稽徵處在總技術效率、純技術效率及規模效率的表現與穩定度，均不若臺北市國稅局，顯示無效率的原因除了資源運用的無效率外，未在最適規模下經營，亦是主要原因。二、就近十年來的變化觀察，2003年以後，臺北市稅捐稽徵處雖然在純技術效率表現上能與臺北市國稅局並駕其驅，但其規模效率之表現卻更形惡化，致總技術效率與臺北市國稅局相較仍有相當差距。三、推論原因，應為2003年後加值型與非加值型營業稅由國稅局收回自徵，地方稅捐稽徵單位雖然在資源使用上已作調適，但為達便民之效，仍維持原先各稽徵所的設置，造成規模不當，致無法在最適規模下從事稽徵工作。四、採行稅務行政一元化體制可收簡政便民、經濟節約、人員運用調度靈活且不影響地方財政自主等優點，佐以稽徵效率之實證數據，檢視我國現行稅務行政二元化的組織體系實有重行評估回復一元化體制之必要性。五、對民眾而言，政府係一體的組織，任何政府再造或組織調整工作，應有更大格局作通盤的考慮，才能真正運用有限資源並提升行政效率。基於提升稅務稽徵效率，避免稅務行政人力與資源配置的浪費，本文建議採取稅務行政一元化之組織體系，將地方稅委由國稅局代徵，地方稅務人力移撥至國稅局，或者整併為內地稅務局，統理內地稅之稽徵，藉由資源重組、整合的方式，讓有限的資源可以獲得更靈活的調度與運用。另為減少阻力，代徵經費可以視地方財政狀況從輕或是免除，以提高地方政府或議會同意的意願、降低合併阻力。

Si è esaminato il fenomeno dell’incastellamento in Oltrepò Pavese (X sec. - inizi epoca moderna) con una visione globale e diacronica. La ricerca ha previsto l’integrazione di differenti metodologie di indagine: l’analisi della cartografia storica, lo scavo archeologico del sito fortificato di Monte Pico (PV), lo studio della cultura materiale di alcuni contesti, la ricognizione di superficie e la lettura degli elevati. Tali dati sono stati contestualizzati storicamente ricostruendo le vicende dei poteri locali che si sono susseguiti nella gestione del territorio dell’Oltrepò; il dato materiale è stato fatto dialogare con i dati documentali estrapolati dalla documentazione storica e dalle fonti cartografiche. E’ stato svolto un lavoro analitico su contesti castrensi e su borghi stradali mercantilei che ha portato a una sintesi sulle maestranze e le tecniche edilizie che hanno caratterizzato la storia materiale dei siti indagati. Il lavoro ha quindi mostrato come il comparto territoriale abbia costituito un importante collegamento tra i ricchi porti liguri affacciati sul Mediterraneo e la pianura padana, offrendo nuovi e sistematizzati dati su un’areale geografico fino ad ora poco indagato archeologicamente e storicamente. / The phenomenon of encastellation in Oltrepò Pavese (X century - Early Modern Age) has been examined with a global and diachronic vision. The research envisaged the integration of different survey methodologies: the analysis of historical cartography, the archaeological excavation of the fortified site of Monte Pico (PV), the study of the material culture of some contexts, surveys and reading of the masonry. These data have been historically contextualized by reconstructing the vicissitudes of local powers that have followed in the management of the territory of Oltrepò; the material data was made dialog with the documentary data extrapolated from the historical documentation and cartographic sources. An analytic work was carried out on fortified contexts and on mercantile roads villages which led to a synthesis of the craftsmen and building techniques that characterized the material history of the sites investigated. Then the work showed how the territorial compartment was an important link between the rich Ligurian ports overlooking the Mediterranean and the Padana plain, offering new and systematised data on an archaeological and historical geographic area till now not investigated.

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have been used for artificial muscles for years. Recently the DEA-based deformable surfaces have demonstrated controllable microscale roughness, ease of operation, fast response, and possibilities for programmable control. DEA muscles used in bioinspired robotic arms for large deformation and strong force also become desirable for their efficiency, low manufacturing cost, high force-to-weight ratio, and noiseless operation. The DEA-based responsive surfaces in microscale roughness control, however, exhibit limited durability due to irreversible dielectric breakdown. Lowering device voltage to avoid this issue is hindered by an inadequate understanding of the electrically-induced wrinkling deformation as a function of the deformable dielectric film thickness. Also, the programmable control and geometric analysis of the structured surface deformation have not yet been fully explored. Current methods to generate anisotropic wrinkles rely on mechanical pre-loading such as stretching or bending, which complicates the fabrication and operation of the devices. With a fixed mechanical pre-loading, the device can only switch between the flat state and the preset wrinkling state. In this thesis, we overcome these shortcomings by demonstrating a simple method for fabricating fault-tolerant electro-responsive surfaces and for controlling surface wrinkling patterns. The DEA-based system can produce different reversible surface topographies (craters, irregular wrinkles, structured wrinkles) upon the geometrical design of electrode and application of voltage. It remains functional due to its ability to self-insulate breakdown faults even after multiple high voltage breakdowns, and the induced breakdown punctures can be used for amplification of local electric fields for wrinkle formation at lower applied voltages. We enhance fundamental understanding of the system by using different analytical models combined with numerical simulation to discuss the mechanism and critical conditions for wrinkle formation, and compare it with the experimental results from surface topography, critical field to induce wrinkles in films of different thickness, and wrinkling patterns quantitatively analysed by different disorder metrics. Based on the results, we demonstrate its wide applicability in adjustable transparency films, dynamic light-grating filter, molding for static surface patterns, and multi-stable mirror-diffusor-diffraction grating device. For DEAs used for macroscopic-scale deformation in robotic arms, the main issue that undermines the performance of DEA muscles is the trade-off between strong force and large displacement, which limits the durability and range of potential robotic and automation applications of DEA-driven devices. In this thesis, this challenge is tackled by using DEAs in loudspeaker configuration for independent scaling-up of force and displacement, developing a theoretical prediction to optimise the operation of such DEAs in bioinspired antagonistic system to maximise speed and power of the robotic arm, and designing a clutch-gear-shaft mechanical system collaborating with the muscles to decouple the displacement and output force. Therefore, the trade-off between force and displacement in traditional DEA muscles can be resolved. The mechanical system can also convert the short linear spurt to an unlimited rotary motion. Combining these advantages, continuous movement with high output force can be accomplished.

半導體相關產業的發展是支撐我國在世界經濟體系中佔有重要地位的主要原因之一，而其中尤以半導體產品的製造與代工備受矚目。近年來半導體相關產業的發展呈現成長狀態，連帶引發半導體製造廠之產能呈現供不應求的現象，因此如何作好產能管理，使能盡量符合顧客需求，便成為管理當局關注的議題。 半導體製造廠的產能管理著重在機台設備面，此與本產業之多數製程係仰賴精密機台之功能有關。為了探討如何充份利用設備產能，故本研究從成本動因的角度，探討可能影響機台設備產能的因素。 由於半導體相關產品種類繁多，功能各有不同，因此在接受顧客訂製時亦呈現多樣化現象。當半導體產品之設計不同時，將衍生複雜性之問題，可能對機台設備效率發生影響，因此本研究之研究問題一即在探討產品複雜性對設備效率之影響為何。 此外，為求品質方面的優異、加快研發產品的問世速度，以及排程上的適切，許多相關作業活動和作業型態因應而生，使整體生產作業之複雜性提高，而生產作業複雜性是否成為影響設備效率之因素，即為本研究之研究問題二欲探討的內容。 在半導體製造廠之幾近全自動化的生產作業環境中，機台設備除了具有製程上的能力外，其自動化的運作方式是否會對效率面發生影響，亦為本研究有興趣的主題；由於機台設備之自動化運作設計有助生產周期縮短及浪費現象減少，為增加效率之來源，即為效率動因的定義，因此形成本研究之研究問題三探討的內容，即效率動因(機台的自動化運作時間)對設備效率之影響。 本研究透過田野研究及文獻探討形成三項主要假設： 1.產品複雜性與設備效率存在負相關： 當產品之製程技術等級愈高，表示產品愈複雜，導致設備效率愈差。 2.生產作業複雜性與設備效率存在負相關： 當品質各項作業、研發相關作業和小批量作業數量愈多，影響正常生產愈大，使生產情況愈複雜，導致設備效率愈差。 3.效率動因與設備效率存在正相關： 當機台設備之自動化運作時間愈多，表示各項操作作業愈單純，可使設備效率愈好。 本研究採取田野(Field)及田野實證(Field Empirical)研究方式。為了使學術界對半導體製造產業有更多瞭解，因此本研究先從事田野研究，由筆者在民國88年9月至民國89年6月，每週親自至個案公司1-3天，以觀察、閱讀公司內部資料和訪談的方式進行對此產業的瞭解。接著以個案公司之民國89年1-3月的機台設備日資料為樣本，進行設備綜合效率(OEE)之實證迴歸分析，並佐以DEA敏感性分析結果以為驗證。 設備綜合效率(OEE)之實證迴歸分析結果顯示：生產作業複雜性對設備效率確實有負向影響，且自動化效率動因對設備效率有正向影響。在(DEA)敏感性分析結果方面，生產作業複雜性對設備效率確實有負向影響，且自動化效率動因對設備效率有正向影響。 此項研究結果的隱含意義在於： 一、概括而論，由品質作業、研發作業和批量水準構成的生產作業複雜性確實對機台設備效率有負向影響，因此管理當局應著重於品質鑑定作業、品質內部失敗作業、研發相關作業和未滿載批次作業之管理。 二、由機台設備之自動化運作時間構成的效率動因對機台設備具有正向影響，因此在實務運作上，各相關部門在進行作業設計時應考慮此點，而當機台設備運作異常時，設備工程師等人員應充分展現支援的能力，使之盡速恢復自動化運作狀態。 由於OEE及DEA兩個迴歸模型所驗證的結果大致上相同，故本研究之結果應具可信度。 根據實證研究結果，本研究對實務界的建議為： 1.建議實務界可繼續針對各種功能性不同的機台設備群組作效率影響因素分析，有助管理與控制導致不同設備效率損失的影響因素，且可利用DEA方法以彌補OEE效率評估之缺失，俾能取得更有意義的參照結果。 2.DEA的實證結果顯示品質作業中的事前維修保養作業似有助設備效率之提升，與OEE之實證研究結果不同，建議管理當局可以告知製造部人員關於DEA的實證結果，則製造部人員應更能體認到品質的預防作業之重要性，同時亦建議個案公司可繼續進行事前維修保養作業對設備效率之影響研究。 3.未滿載批次之批量水準對設備效率有不利影響，建議個案公司儘量避免，利用併貨方式處理之。但若真的無法併貨時，則亦應考慮各機台設備之產能利用狀況，盡量分配給負擔較輕的機台進行製造作業，以減少瓶項機台的發生機率。 本研究對學術界的建議為： 1.對各種不同功能性的設備而言，若能取得影響其效率的產品複雜性因素，則可幫助實務界進行產品設計和設備產能分配之決策，本研究未達成此目的，建議後續研究者可繼續為之。 2.建議後續研究者可以針對本研究採用之效率動因觀念，積極地找出會使設備效率提升的因素為何，作為引導員工行為的依據。 3.不論學術界或實務界欲採用DEA方法來評估生產效率時，皆應謹慎選擇投入和產出項目，否則容易得到錯誤的引導。 / The development of semiconductor industry, especially the semiconductor manufacturing and foundry, is one of the main contributors that win Taiwan worldwide attention and upgrade the rank of Taiwan’s competitive advantage. In recent years, the continuous growth of semiconductor industry has brought about shortage of supply. Therefore, how to manage production capacity effectively and to meet market needs has become a critical management issue. The focus of capacity management in fab is on manufacturing equipment, because it is the equipment that makes manufacturing activities work. In order to study how to fully utilize equipment, this research emphasizes searching for the influencing factors for equipment efficiency in semiconductor manufacturing, which is often measured by OEE. Those factors are designed as product complexity, process complexity, and efficiency drivers. Based on theoretical foundation, this study comes out three hypotheses as follows: 1. Product complexity negatively influences equipment efficiency. 2. Process complexity negatively influences equipment efficiency. 3. Efficiency driver positively influences equipment efficiency. (Efficiency driver is not clear for me here) The research proceeds with two methods: field study and field empirical study. For the former, observation, document reading and interview techniques are adopted one to three days a week, from September 1999 to June 2000. As to the latter, daily data from one semiconductor manufacturing fab are collected. The sample size is 4382. Two analyses are done: one is specified by OEE and the other is by DEA, which is for sensitivity analysis. The empirical results of both analyses indicate that process complexity and efficiency driver empirically has significant negative and positive effects on equipment efficiency respectively. The results support two hypotheses of this study. The empirical results suggest that: 1. In general, process complexity in terms of quality, R&D and batching activities has negative influence on equipment efficiency. Therefore, the management should make efforts on managing the monitor and test, internal failure, R&D and batching activities. 2. The auto-operation status can help enhance equipment efficiency, and thus should be taken into account when designing all the relevant activities. Besides, it should be emphasized if any out-of-order status are confronted, all supporting personnel, such as equipment engineers, should try as soon as possible to get equipment repaired and restored to work automatically. Results from sensitivity analysis arrive at roughly the same conclusions. Therefore, this research should be reliable and valid, and the findings can be possibly good reference for the management in semiconductor industry and future researchers.)

本研究以民國75至86年間，新銀行開放設立前已存在之本國舊銀行實際經營資料，利用資料包絡分析法估計成本效率值，並將之分解為純技術效率、規模效率及配置效率。再利用Tobit迴歸分析，以探討開放新銀行設立對本國舊銀行經營效率之影響。 研究結果發現，整體舊銀行投入資源之運用效率，仍有很大的改善空間。此外，成本無效率之來源主要為技術無效率。 考慮其他影響效率之因素後，開放新銀行設立對舊銀行之經營效率具有顯著之正向影響。此結果顯示新銀行設立對舊銀行之經營形成很大的競爭壓力，導致本國舊銀行不論在資源投入、規模調整或資源配置上，皆積極努力地改善。本實證結果與政府希望透過開放新銀行，對經營僵化之國內銀行業加以刺激，以提升舊銀行經營效率之目標相一致。 / This study empirically examines whether opening up the new banks to establish affects various efficiency ratios of Taiwan old banks or not. It uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess cost efficiency, pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency and allocative efficiency based on the Taiwan old banks data from 1986 to 1997. Then, applies the Tobit censored regression model to examine the relationship between opening up the new banks to set up and these efficiency measures. The empirical result shows that the usage efficiency of resource inpute of whole old banks isn't up to the appropriate point, so there is plenty of space for improvement. Besides, cost inefficiency primarily results from technical inefficiency, not allocative inefficiency. After considering other factors of the effects of efficiency, it's obviously positive relationship between opening up the new banks to set up and operating efficiency of old banks. The result shows that these new banks establish put competitive stress on the operation of old banks. So those old banks try hard to improve their resource input, scale adjustment, or resource allocation, etc. This result corresponds with the government's intention to raise the operating efficiency of original banks.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:17510035 研究代表者:白川 博章 研究期間:2005-2006年度

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l'enthalpie de dissolution du dioxyde de carbone dans des solutions aqueuses d'amine. Pour développer des modèles théoriques décrivant les systèmes (CO2-amine-eau) pour les conditions appliquées aux procédés industriels, il est nécessaire d'avoir des données expérimentales reliant la solubilité et l'enthalpie. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé une unité de mélange construite au laboratoire que nous avons adapté à un calorimètre SETARAM C-80 pour mesurer l'enthalpie de solution du CO2 dans cinq solutions aqueuses d'amine, (la 2-Amino-2-méthyl-1-propanol (AMP), la monoéthanolamine (MEA), la diéthanolamine (DEA), la triéthanolamine (TEA) et la méthyldiéthanolamine (MDEA) (15 et 30 mass%) à des températures comprises entre 322.5 K et 372.9 K et des pressions allant de 0.5 à 5 MPa. Les données de la littérature ont été utilisées pour ajuster deux modèles thermodynamiques d'équilibre de phases (un simple et un rigoureux). Le premier modèle résume l'absorption du CO2 par une seule réaction, tandis que le second prend en compte toutes les réactions à l'équilibre. Le modèle simple reproduit nos enthalpies expérimentales à plus ou moins 10%, tandis que le modèle rigoureux reproduit nos données avec un écart compris entre 5 et 20% selon l'amine considérée. Le calcul de l'enthalpie dans le modèle rigoureux est fortement dépendant des données de la littérature utilisées pour la réaction de protonation de l'amine. Ceci souligne la nécessité d'acquérir de nouvelles données expérimentales sur ces constantes d'équilibre pour améliorer le modèle.