Densification is highly prominent in the contemporary planning ideal, which is about efficient land use. This leads to more people sharing the same space, which means that more needs need to be included on the same area. There are various examples of how preschools' outdoor environments are planned in connection with densification, where they are, for example, placed on roofs or courtyards. A question that arises in connection with this, is what space is given to children and their needs when priorities must be made. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate, from a children's perspective, how the city of Malmö plans the outdoor environments of preschools and which solutions are used when the city is being densified trough a case study. There is a broad research base on what is good for children and their well-being and development. Where green and natural outdoor environments have a particular positive impact, which makes it important that preschools' outdoor environments can accommodate this. Especially since preschools are a place where children spend a lot of time. There are both national and municipal governing documents that municipalities need to adhere to in the planning process, which makes it interesting to examine how these are implemented and which working methods are used. Therefore, both document studies and qualitative interviews have been carried out. The result shows how the city of Malmö works from policy to implementation. Where the starting point is overall ambitions, then working methods and ends with the different solutions used, which is also exemplified by four preschools in Malmö. The result also shows that the city of Malmö has a great awareness of what is good for children and their needs are also given space in the planning. There are various governing documents and working methods that are supposed to promote good outdoor environments at preschools. The five solutions used in Malmö when planning preschools in connection with densification are larger units, outdoor environment on roofs, outdoor environment divided on roof and ground, outdoor environment in courtyards, and so-called adventure departments. In summary, Malmö municipality’s working method speaks for the fact that the children's perspective is anchored within the organization and that there is a positive development of how outdoor environments at preschools can be designed more qualitatively. / Förtätning är högst framträdande i det samtida planeringsidealet, vilket handlar om effektivt marknyttjande. Detta leder till att fler människor ska dela på samma utrymme, vilket innebär att fler behov behöver inkluderas på samma yta. Det finns olika exempel på hur förskolors utemiljöer planeras i samband med förtätning, där de exempelvis placeras på tak eller innergårdar. En fråga som uppstår i samband med detta är vilket utrymme som barn och deras behov ges när prioriteringar måste göras. Det blir därför intressant att genom en fallstudie undersöka, utifrån ett barnperspektiv, hur Malmö stad planerar förskolors utemiljöer och vilka lösningar som används i samband med förtätning. Det finns ett brett forskningsunderlag om vad som är bra för barn och deras välmående samt utveckling. Där gröna och naturliga utemiljöer har särskild positiv inverkan, vilket gör det viktigt att förskolors utemiljöer kan tillgodose detta. Detta eftersom förskolan är en plats där barn spenderar mycket tid. Det finns både nationella och kommunala styrdokument som kommuner behöver förhålla sig till i planeringsprocessen, vilket gör det intressant att undersöka hur dessa implementeras och vilka arbetssätt som används. Därför har både dokumentstudier och kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts. Resultatet visar hur Malmö stad arbetar från policy till implementering. Där startpunkten är övergripande ambitioner, för att sedan vidare visa arbetssätt och avslutas med de olika lösningar som används, vilka även exemplifieras av fyra förskolor i Malmö. Resultatet visar också att Malmö stad har stor medvetenhet om vad som är bra för barn och deras behov ges även utrymme i planeringen. Det finns olika styrdokument och arbetssätt som ska främja goda utemiljöer på förskolor. De fem lösningar som används i Malmö vid planering av förskolor i samband med förtätning är större enheter, utemiljö på tak, utemiljö uppdelad på tak och mark, utemiljö på innergård, samt så kallade äventyrsavdelningar. Sammanfattningsvis talar Malmö stads arbetssätt för att barnperspektivet är förankrat inom organisationen och att det syns en positiv utveckling av hur utemiljöer på förskolor kan utformas mer kvalitativt.

As Uppsala’s population is in constant growth, Uppsala Municipality has designed a plan to densify Eriksberg and provide more residential homes, while localizing facilities for essential services and social infrastructure (Uppsala kommun, 2017:4). This will affect various green spaces in Eriksberg, which are an important part of the district and have long characterized the area (Lagergren et al., 2015:17; Uppsala kommun, 2017:19-32). Ample research suggests that green spaces offer various benefits to well-being, therefore, this study aims to analyze the effects of urban densification on green spaces in Eriksberg, with a focus on well-being (Kim et al., 2023:2; Coombes, E. et al., 2010; Guttman et al., 2021:2; Apkinar, 2016:76; Lee et al., 2015:132). The chosen method is a content analysis, consisting of a document analysis and a news media analysis. The results of the study illustrate that both the psychological and physical well-being of Eriksberg’s residents could, in several ways, be impacted by Uppsala Municipality’s development plans and efforts to densify the district. Moreover, many Eriksberg residents are concerned with green spaces being replaced or compromised in the development process, which the development plans suggest will happen in certain areas. However, the municipality has made some efforts to take residents’ opinions into consideration and, in certain instances, adhere to their wishes.

No description available.

Umeå är en av de städer i Sverige som växer snabbast och innerstaden behöver förtätas för att lyckas tillgodose framtidens behov av bostäder. Att förtäta medför ett ansvar att ta hänsyn till stadens invånare och existerande byggnader. Det är framförallt unga vuxna som drabbas av bostadsbristen. Undersökningar har visat att många av de unga vuxna skulle vilja bo tillsammans med andra istället för att bo själva. Projektet förtätar varsamt en centralt placerad tomt i staden genom att dels bygga bostäder på underutnyttjad mark och dels genom att bygga på en redan existerande byggnad. Däremellan skapas samtidigt en innergård som delvis är publik. Projektet undersöker också ingående material och tektoniska aspekter genom att utveckla en keramisk fasad i hög detaljnivå. Undersökningen av det keramiska materialet bedrivs genom studieresor, tillverkning och modellering i fullskala. Projektet förser tomten I Umeå med ett genomtänkt förslag på förtätning av staden genom att kombinera undersökningar i både stor och liten skala. / The fast growing city of Umeå needs to densify its inner city as a strategy to cope with its current and future housing situation. Densifying comes with a responsibility to care both for the existing inhabitants’ needs and the city’s built structures. It is largely young adults who are affected from the housing shortage. They often want to share their apartment with others, rather than living alone. The project deals with careful densification of a centrally located site by creating new structures on underused space, by adding to the already built and by creating a public space in-between. Furthermore, the project investigates the building’s material and tectonical aspects by developing a ceramic façade in detail. The investigation of the ceramic material is carried out through study trips, fabrication and modelling in full scale. The project provides the site in Umeå with an accurate solution for densified housing combining both large and small scale investigation.

The research focus was to determine diffusion mechanisms responsible for densification behavior of SHS produced Al2O3/TiB2 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs). Previous research has shown SHS produced Al₂O₃/TiB₂ composites exhibited unique microstructural properties that contributed to high strength, fracture toughness, and hardness properties. Pressureless densification of SHS produced Al₂O₃/TiB₂ composites would provide a cost savings because the equipment for pressureless densification is less expensive and less complicated than equipment required for densification with pressure. Models for sintering of CMCs and calculation of Sintering Time Constants (STC) were used to predict the densification behavior of the SHS produced Al2O3/TiB2 composite. The Levin, Dirnfeld, Shwam equation was used to determine the Rate Controlling Diffusion Mechanism (RCDM) and activation energy for sintering. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the as-milled reaction product powder revealed the presence of an aluminum borate (Al₁₈B₄O₃₃) as a third phase, as well as, in pressureless heat treated samples. Based on experimental results and analysis, it seemed possible the Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ compound may have formed by reaction of Al₂O₃ with TiB2 along their interfaces. Aluminum borates have been observed to form Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ (s) + B₂O₃ (l) at temperatures above 1000°C. The RCDM for densification of SHS produced Al₂O₃/TiB₂ was found to be liquid phase diffusion with volume diffusion also likely being active during densification. In addition, Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ seemed to be the preferred compound formed during oxidation. Further research should be performed to control formation of Al₁₈B₄O₃₃; as well as, on the oxidation behavior of the SHS produced Al2O3/TiB2. / Master of Science

Stockholms befolkning ökar, vilket skapar ett behov av fler bostäder, arbetsplatser och attraktiva offentliga miljöer. Kommunen har bland annat mål om en effektiv markanvändning i stadsbyggandet, vilket innebär att de vill utnyttja platser som är eller har varit industriområden. Ett exempel på ett sådant område är gasverket i Norra Djurgårdsstaden, som är en del av Sveriges största stadsutvecklingsprojekt samtidigt som det dessutom har synnerligen höga kulturhistoriska värden.  Denna rapport undersöker hur kulturhistoriska byggnader och miljöer kan bevaras och integreras i samtida byggprojekt, dels genom att titta på hur olika aktörers intressen påverkar och dels genom att titta på hur gasverket i Norra Djurgårdsstaden har anpassat de kulturhistoriska byggnaderna och miljöerna efter nutida behov. För att göra detta har dokumentstudier, platsobservationer och intervjuer genomförts. Resultatet visar att de olika intressena som finns i stadsutvecklingsprojekt påverkar möjligheten att bevara och integrera kulturhistoriska byggnader och miljöer genom att det krävs kompromisser som många gånger påverkar kulturmiljön negativt. Vidare visar studien att gasverksområdet har anpassat de kulturhistoriska byggnaderna och miljöerna efter nutidens behov på flera olika sätt. Exempelvis används olika typer av platsmarknadsföring och förtätning samt att flertalet håltagningar tillåts i byggnadernas fasader. För nya byggnader som tillkommer är ambitionen att låta dem smälta in med den befintliga arkitekturen. Anpassningarna som görs för att möta de nutida behoven görs dock på bekostnad av de kulturhistoriska värdena. / Stockholm’s population is increasing which creates a need for more housing, workspaces and good public spaces. The municipality wants to use the land efficiently and to accomplish this, old industrial land is often used. One example of this is the former gas plant in Norra Djurgårdsstaden, which is a part of Sweden's largest urban development project as well as being a cultural heritage site.  This study examines how cultural heritage sites can be preserved and adapted to meet contemporary needs, specifically in the former gas plant. The study also examines how different conflicts of interest affect the possibility to integrate heritage sites in contemporary urban planning. To do this, document studies, interviews and observations were conducted.  The result shows that the many conflicts of interest entail compromises that often diminish the cultural heritage. The study also shows that the gas plant project has used many different approaches to preserve and adapt the cultural heritage to contemporary needs. For example, place marketing and densification have been used as well as changes in the facades of the buildings. Even though new buildings should blend in with the existing architecture, the overall adaptations have been made at the expense of the cultural heritage.

Les composites Carbone/Carbone haute densité sont généralement obtenus par voie gazeuse ou liquide (sous une pression de pyrolyse de 100 MPa), suivant des procédés contraignants. L’imprégnation de préformes fibreuses par des brais liquéfiés, sous une pression limitée à 10 MPa, permettrait de réduire certaines contraintes d’élaboration à condition de trouver des procédés pour améliorer les rendements de densification. La solution proposée dans le cadre de cette thèse est d’augmenter fortement la densité en une première étape, grâce à des techniques de densification moins classiques. Une étude bibliographique approfondie a permis de déterminer les caractéristiques importantes des brais, les différents paramètres influençant les densifications par voie liquide et des techniques de pré-densification. La cohérence entre les résultats de plusieurs techniques de caractérisation des brais, est mise en évidence lors du suivi expérimental de l’évolution de divers brais vers un carbone graphitique, sous pression modérée. Cette étude expérimentale concernant les précurseurs de matrice aboutit à la sélection d’un brai remplaçant au brai de référence A240 et au choix des paramètres du protocole de pyrolyse sous pression modérée. L’influence du réseau poreux de la préforme sur le comportement du brai pendant la densification est soulignée en comparant les rendements de densification dans une préforme 3D orthogonale et dans une préforme aiguilletée. L’intérêt des densifications mixtes (avec caléfaction, imprégnation de poudres ou de brai mésophasique) est jugé par rapport à la densité et à la microstructure des composites obtenus. Les procédés originaux de densification hybride réalisés sur les préformes aiguilletées se révèlent efficaces, puisqu’une densité apparente supérieure à 1,80 et une porosité inférieure à 15% est atteinte après quatre cycles de densification par du brai isotrope. Des mesures thermiques sur les composites C/C obtenus illustrent la relation entre microstructure et conductivité thermique. Il semble ainsi possible de moduler les propriétés macroscopiques des composites C/C grâce à l’utilisation de procédés permettant d’élaborer des composites C/C à matrices carbonées mixtes. / High density Carbon/Carbon composites are usually prepared by chemical vapor impregnation or by liquid pitch impregnation under high pressure (100 MPa). As these processes are complex and costly, an alternative moderate pressure (P < 10 MPa) impregnation process may be attractive, provided the densification yield is strongly improved. This doctoral work proposes an original process, including a pre-densification step, which leads to a significant increase of the C/C composite final density. Essential characteristics of pitches, various parameters influencing liquid pitch densification and processes for the pre-densification step are determined from bibliographical study. Consistent changes of the different physico-chemical characteristics are observed throughout the evolution of pitches to graphitic carbon, under moderate pressure. This experimental study on matrix precursors leads to the selection of a particular pitch as substitute of A240 pitch and to the determination of a specific pyrolysis procedure under moderate pressure. Influence of porous network in preforms on the pitch behaviour during densification is outlined by the comparison of densification yields in both an orthogonal 3D preform and a needled preform. Hybrid densification processes (with film-boiling process, powder impregnation, mesophasic pitch impregnation) are evaluated through the final density and the microstructure of elaborated composites. High density C/C composites, with an apparent density higher than 1.80 g.cm-3 and an open porosity lower than 15%, have been prepared from a pre-densified needled preform, after four densification cycles with liquid isotropic pitch, under moderate pressure. Thermal properties measurements on these C/C composites confirm the strong relationship between microstructure and thermal conductivity. It seems possible to tailor the macroscopic properties of C/C composites, thanks to hybrid carbonaceous matrices.

Sous l’angle du droit international, la responsabilité de protéger est traditionnellement analysée dans le but de déterminer sa portée normative. L’attrait de la doctrine internationaliste pour la question de la normativité du principe et l’indifférence habituelle du droit international vis-à-vis du système politique des États ont fini par confiner les développements sous les prismes parfois trop réducteurs du droit international et des relations internationales. Cette recherche entend proposer une perspective différente en prenant le contre-pied de cette approche classique. Elle aborde la problématique de la responsabilité de protéger non plus seulement sous l’angle des intervenants tiers à l’État défaillant, mais également, et surtout sous celui de cet État lui-même et de sa population. Il s’agit donc de revisiter la façon d’appréhender la responsabilité de protéger afin de montrer que le droit international n’est plus indifférent face aux systèmes politiques des États — a fortiori en crise. En interrogeant le lien entre la responsabilité de protéger et le système politique de l’État, l’analyse aboutit irrémédiablement à la conclusion selon laquelle la responsabilité de protéger est « enchassée » dans de normes qui ne sont pas exclusivement juridiques et qu’il convient dorénavant d’analyser en réseau. L’étude propose donc désormais de la qualifier de norme de congruence dès lors qu’elle conduit à apprécier la valeur juridique d’une règle de droit en tenant compte des différentes influences contenues dans celle-ci / From the perspective of international law, the responsibility to protect is traditionally analyzed in order to determine its normative scope. The attractiveness of the internationalist doctrine for the question of the normativity of the principle and the habitual indifference of international law to the political system of States ended up confining developments to the sometimes overly simplistic prisms of international law and international relations.This research intends to propose a different perspective by taking a contrary view of this classic approach. It addresses the issue of the responsibility to protect not only the point of view of third parties to the failed state, but also, and above all, the State itself and its population. It is therefore a question of revisiting the approach of apprehending the responsibility to protect in order to show that international law is no longer indifferent to the political systems of the States - let alone in crisis.In questioning the link between the responsibility to protect and the state's political system, the analysis leads irreparably to the conclusion that the responsibility to protect is “enshrined” in norms that are not exclusively legal and that currently analyze in the network. The study therefore proposes to define it as an norme de congruence since it leads to the assessment of the legal value of a rule of law taking into account the different influences contained in it

Les phénomènes de diffusion se produisant lors du frittage des oxydes mixtes d’uranium et deplutonium (MOX) dépendent du potentiel d’oxygène de l’atmosphère du four, qui détermine lanature et la concentration des défauts ponctuels dans le matériau. Les travaux de thèse ont porté surune meilleure compréhension de l’influence du potentiel d’oxygène sur la densification, la formationde la solution solide et l’interdiffusion U-Pu lors du frittage des combustibles MOX. Pour cela, unlarge domaine de potentiel d’oxygène a été étudié, entre -600 et -100 kJ.mol-1 à 1700°C, afin demettre en évidence les différents mécanismes diffusionnels et leur impact sur la microstructurelorsqu’on s’éloigne de la composition stoechiométrique i.e. lorsque la concentration en défautsaugmente.Les études ont montré que plus le potentiel d’oxygène augmente, plus la densification du mélange70 % UO2+x + 30 % PuO2 s’effectue à basse température. Lors du chauffage, les oxydes de départ(UO2+x et PuO2-x) densifient dans un premier temps puis la solution solide se forme à une températureplus élevée d’environ 200°C. La solution solide apparaît à plus basse température quand le potentield’oxygène augmente, avec une cinétique de formation plus rapide. L’étude de l’interdiffusion U-Puindique qu’un traitement thermique avec un potentiel d’oxygène supérieur à -150 kJ.mol-1 à 1700°Cpermet d’obtenir un coefficient d’interdiffusion supérieur d’un à deux ordres de grandeur à ceuxobtenus entre -550 et -350 kJ.mol-1 à 1700°C et conduit donc à une homogénéisation U-Pu accrue.Cette étude permet de donner des recommandations sur le choix de l’atmosphère et de proposer uncycle de frittage optimisé en fonction de l’application ou de la caractéristique souhaitée. / Diffusion mechanisms occurring during the sintering of mixed uranium-plutonium oxides (MOX) areaffected by the oxygen potential of the atmosphere, as this latter imposes the nature and theconcentration of point defects in the material. This work is focused on a better knowledge of theinfluence of oxygen potential on densification, solid solution formation and U-Pu interdiffusionduring the sintering of MOX fuels. In this aim, a wide range of oxygen potential was studied, between-600 and -100 kJ.mol-1 at 1700°C, to highlight the various diffusional mechanisms and their impact onthe microstructure as oxygen deviates from stoichiometric composition and the defect concentrationincreases.As oxygen potential increases, the densification of the 70 % UO2+x + 30 % PuO2 mixture occurs at alower temperature. During the heating, the initial oxides (UO2+x et PuO2-x) densify first and then thesolid solution starts forming at about 200°C higher. The solid solution appears at a lowertemperature as the oxygen potential increases, with a faster kinetics of formation. The U-Puinterdiffusion study indicates that a heat treatment with an oxygen potential higher than -150kJ.mol-1 at 1700°C allows to obtain an interdiffusion coefficient higher by one up to two orders ofmagnitude compared with those obtained between -550 and -350 kJ.mol-1 at 1700°C and thereforeleads to an enhanced U-Pu homogenizationThis study enables to make recommendations on the atmosphere choice and to provide an optimizedsintering cycle depending on the desired application or required feature.

The Mildred Lake Settling Basin (MLSB) is the largest disposal site for mature fine tailings (MFT) at the Syncrude Canada Ltd oil sands plant. Since 1996, MFT densification in the MLSB has significantly accelerated due to microbial activity. Methane-producing microorganisms, known as methanogens, have become very active. A field and laboratory research program has been performed to study the mechanisms leading to the rapid densification. This research program consisted of historical monitoring data analyses, field investigations, small-scale column tests, and gas MFT densification tests. The field investigations have shown that the rapid densification of the MFT has occurred in the southern part of the pond ranging from 8 m to 15 m below the water surface. A connection existed between the rapid densification zone and the zone with intense microbial activity at the pond. The small-scale column tests demonstrated that, with increases of biogas generation, water drainage from the MFT was enhanced. Gas MFT densification tests showed that, stress histories and total pressure affected MFT densification property during microbial activity. Under high total pressure (6-7 m below pond surface) gas bubbles had difficulty to release. For MFT without pre-consolidation or under a preloading, during rapid gas generation, water was rapidly drained out. For over-consolidated MFT, water flowed back into MFT quickly during intense biogas generation. The concept of operative stress, the difference between the total stress and pore water pressure for the soil with large gas bubbles, was introduced to analyze the densification behavior of gassy MFT. Under high total pressure and under a preloading (1 kPa), excess pore pressure increased and operative stress decreased during rapid gas generation while water drainage from the MFT was accelerated. Total pressure and stress history also affected the structure and permeability of the MFT during microbial activity. Under low total pressure (1 m below pond surface) and without pre-consolidation, the MFT permeability increased after intense microbial activity. / Geotechnical Engineering