Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:24:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gedeon.pdf: 992505 bytes, checksum: ead51985d6f36e0918b2a4e6e4b50cb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / This work aims to analyze and describe the variation of Discourse Markers derived from verbs entender (to understand), saber (to know) and ver (to see) in different social classes upper-middle class and lower class considering speeches of informants from Social Class Sociolinguistic Database (VarX) based on Labov s theory of Linguistic Variation and Textual-Interactive Perspective. From the bibliographic literature of this search the items entender (to understand), saber (to know) and ver (to see) are considered Interaction s Discourse Markers. In view of the few existing data, linguistic and social variables do not contribute significantly to variation these Interaction s discourse markers, nor for the variation in relation to the agreement of the item entender (to understand) (because it was the only item that suffered variation in verbal form). The results only indicate some evidence that it will go to meet other sociolinguistic studies. Thus, the work focused on a more qualitative analysis of the data; however, the study contributes to a better understanding of linguistics phenomena that marks language in use in thelinguistic community of Pelotas. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e descrever a variação de Marcadores Discursivos derivados dos verbos entender, saber e ver em duas classes sociais polarizadas (média-alta e baixa), considerando discursos de informantes do Banco de Dados Sociolinguísticos por Classe Social (VarX), à luz da teoria da Variação Linguística de Labov e da Perspectiva da Textual-Interativa.A partirda literatura bibliográfica desta pesquisa, os itens entender, saber e ver são considerados como Marcadores Discursivos da Interação. Em vista dos poucos dados existentes, as variáveis linguísticas e sociais não contribuem significativamente para variação desses marcadores discursivos da interação,nem para a variação em relação à concordância do itementender (já que foi o único item que sofreu variação em sua forma). Os resultados obtidos apenas sinalizam alguns indícios que vão ao encontro de outros trabalhos sociolinguísticos. Diante disso, o trabalho focou uma análise mais qualitativa dos dados; todavia, o estudo contribui para o melhor entendimento dos fenômenos linguísticos que marcam a linguagem em uso da comunidade linguística de Pelotas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guerra_ar_me_sjrp.pdf: 1397510 bytes, checksum: 0e030015689f28078d690836161a96f6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é, a partir de uma análise comparativa entre as principais abordagens teóricas do estudo de Marcadores Discursivos (MDs) e da identificação de princípios elementares comuns a essas abordagens, especificar, e, assim, precisar, a definição de MDs da Gramática Textual-Interativa (GTI). Especificamente, o objetivo é levantar, no corpus selecionado, todas as unidades que preenchem os traços de um núcleo piloto definidor de MDs e, então: (i) definir funções específicas predominantemente textuais dessas unidades, como forma de especificação da variável articulação de segmentos do discurso; (ii) definir funções específicas predominantemente interacionais, como forma de especificação da variável orientação da interação (JUBRAN & KOCH, 2006); e (iii) identificar as diferentes formas morfossintáticas que funcionam como MDs e, então, possíveis correlações sistemáticas entre as formas e as (sub)funções dos MDs. A investigação teórica preliminar permitiu constatar que diferentes abordagens de MDs compartilham algum tipo de função conectiva. Com base nesse princípio da conectividade, foi especificada, e, em alguns aspectos, reformulada a definição de MDs da GTI. A parte da pesquisa referente à definição de subfunções predominantemente textuais evidenciou a necessidade de estabelecimento de critérios precisos de distinção entre seqüenciamento tópico e seqüenciamento frasal. A esse respeito, mostraram-se relevantes os seguintes critérios: (i) grau de integração sintática e semântico-pragmática entre o segmento e seu antecedente, (ii) grau de integração prosódica entre o segmento e seu antecedente, (iii) grau de relevância textual-interativa do segmento no interior do Segmento Tópico. Essa parte da análise permitiu distinguir três subfunções predominantemente textuais:... / This study aims at refining Textual-Interactive Grammar (TIG) definition of Discourse Markers (DMs) based on both a comparative analysis among the main theoretical approaches on DMs and on the identification of common principles within such theories. The investigation aims particularly at searching the corpus for all the units which match the features of a defining pilot core and then (i) defining these unitsþ predominantly textual functions as a way of specifying the discourse segments articulation variable; (ii) defining predominantly interactional functions as a way of specifying the interaction orientation variable (JUBRAN & KOCH, 2006); and (iii) identifying the different morfo-syntactic forms which function as DMs as well as possible systematic correlations between such forms and DMs (sub)functions. The preliminary theoretical investigation has shown that different approaches on DMs share some kind of connective function. TIG definition of DMs was stated and, in some aspects, reformulated according to this connective principle. The part of this investigation dealing with the definition of predominantly textual sub-functions evidenced the need to establishment accurate criteria in order to distinguish topical sequencing and clausal sequencing. As to this, the following criteria have proven to be relevant: (i) syntactic and semantic-pragmatic integration degree between the segment and its antecedent, (ii) prosodic integration degree between the segment and its antecedent, (iii) the textual-interactive relevance degree of the segment within the Topic Segment. This analysis showed the predominantly textual sub-functions: Introduction, Sequencing and Topic Segment Closing. The definition of predominantly/primarily interactional sub-functions implied a rearrangement of interaction orientation variable based on the connectivity principle what led to a proposal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

傳統的研究將臺灣話的「人」視為人稱代名詞，並著重於它的指示代名詞使用。但出現於言談中的「人」卻多不做此用。因此，本研究旨在探討這種不做指示代名詞用的「人」，及其在言談上的功能。 　　根據Schiffrin提出的言談分析模式，「人」在五個層面--語意結構、行為結構、交談順序結構、訊息狀態、及交談者關係--都有其功能。大體而言，「人」的主要功能是在語意結構上，它在言談間作為一個「逆向承接標記」，它的出現顯示著上下文有著相反或對比的關係。藉由這種承接的作用，能使說話者更明確地表達語意，並使聽話者更精確地掌握語意，因而使得言談更為順暢。 / The present study investigates the behavior of the non-referential lang and the functions it performs in Taiwanese spoken discourse. 　　Based on　Schiffrin's (1987) model of discourse coherence, lang. plays roles on the five planes of discourse. The predominant function of lang is found in the ideational structure, where it explicitly marks contrastive relations between propositions.　In the action structure, it prefaces speech acts like defense, dispute, and refutal when a speaker disagrees the other participant's accusation, assertion, and request.　In the exchange structure, it is employed to claim/fight for or retain the turn.　In the information state, it signals contrasts between the upcoming proposition and speaker knowledge or speaker/hearer meta-knowledge.　In the participation framework, it functions to change the relative relations between interlocutors in a conversation and to indicate a discrepancy between interlocutors in the subjective attitude toward an event. As a whole, lancr serves as a contrastive marker, thus informing a discontinuity in a discourse. 　　The syntactic distribution of lang and its co-occurrence restrictions with Taiwanese sentence-final particles further support our analysis that lang functionsas a marker of contrast.

本研究使用Schiffrin (1987) 提出的言談結構（discourse structure）為分析架構，旨在觀察漢語兒童在同儕互動中使用口語中常出現的言談標記「好」和「對」的情形，藉以檢驗其如何反映漢語兒童的溝通技巧以及同儕互動的特性。研究語料來自六位五歲的漢語兒童兩兩之間互動的對話，共237分鐘。 研究發現五歲漢語兒童能掌握言談標記「好」和「對」在三個言談結構的功能，且他們使用此兩個言談標記的不同功能時有所異同。首先，「好」和「對」主要使用於交談順序結構（exchange structure）作為表同意的標記。雖然在成人對話中「好」和「對」皆可用於交談順序結構及語意結構（ideational structure），作為表知曉（acknowledgement）的反饋應答標記和話題轉換（topic transition）標記，但研究結果發現漢語兒童在交談順序結構中只使用「好」作為表知曉的反饋應答標記；在語意結構只用「對」作為話題轉換標記。研究結果顯示五歲漢語兒童在與同儕互動時，已能夠使用反饋標記「好」表現參與對方話題的意願，而他們不使用「對」則可能與「對」作為反饋應答標記時的用法和應答詞（backchannels）相似有關。根據先前研究指出應答詞屬於兒童較晚才習得的溝通技巧（Hess & Johnston, 1988）。此外，五歲漢語兒童亦展現出使用話題轉換標記「對」的能力，顯示他們已知道如何使用言談標記幫助建構言談連貫性（discourse coherence）；而他們選擇使用「對」而非「好」來轉換話題，則可能與「好」的此項功能所隱含的發話者權威性有關（Chen & Liu, 2009），若使用這類帶有發話者權威的言談標記，則可能損害其與同儕間的關係。本研究因而推論漢語兒童在同儕互動中言談標記「好」和「對」各種功能的使用，不僅僅顯示出他們的溝通技巧，同時也反映了同儕互動的特性。 / The thesis aims to investigate Mandarin-speaking children’s use of two frequently appearing discourse markers, hao ‘okay’ and dui ‘right’, when interacting with peers in order to examine how their use of these markers may reflect their communicative skills and the characteristics of peer relation. The data included 237 minutes of 5-year-old Mandarin children’s conversations with friends while playing. Schiffrin’s (1987) model of discourse structures, which includes the exchange structure, the action structure, the ideational structures, the participation frameworks, and the information state, was used for the analysis. The results showed that Mandarin-speaking children used hao in the information state, the exchange structure and the action structure while dui in the information state, the exchange structure and the ideational structure. The functions of hao and dui in the present data demonstrated several similarities and differences. Both markers were used by the children in the exchange structure to show the speaker’s agreement. However, only hao functioned as an acknowledgement marker to indicate the receipt of information in the exchange structure while only dui marking topic transitions in the ideational structure, even though both markers can serve these two functions in adult conversation. Mandarin-speaking children’s use of hao and dui to express agreements, which indicates their collaborative stances, may help them establish alliances with each other (Wang et al., 2010). Moreover, Mandarin-speaking children at age five demonstrated their ability to use hao as an acknowledgement marker to show their intention to participate in their peer’s current talk. In addition, that only hao but not dui served as an acknowledgement marker may result from the similarity between the acknowledging function of dui and that of backchannels, which has been considered among the last acquired communicative skills (Hess & Johnston, 1988). Furthermore, Mandarin 5-year-old children had the ability to use dui as a topic transition marker to establish discourse coherence. Meanwhile, that dui, instead of hao, was chosen by the children as a transition marker may reflect the relatively equal relations between peers, since hao is usually used by a speaker with higher status to control the topics in adult conversation (Chen & Liu, 2009). It is concluded that Mandarin children’s use of the two markers not only demonstrates their communicative skills but also reflects the particular nature of peer interaction.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the description of verbal epistemic parentheses such as (ich) glaub(e) or (ich) mein(e) in German and myslím in Czech. These types usually do not belong among the means of expressing epistemic modality and are often neglected in current dictionaries and grammars, although they have a different meaning than the verb they originated from. The diploma thesis analyzes parentheses (ich) glaub(e) in German and myslím in Czech via spoken language corpora. The German data were acquired from FOLK (Forschungs- und Lehrkorpus gesprochenes Deutsch) which is a part of IDS Mannheim corpora. The Czech data come from ORAL v1 (Český národní korpus). The overall aim was to describe their syntactic behaviour, their semantics, and in some cases their prosodic features. The theoretical part focuses on distinguishing between discourse markers and particles. Such distinction forms a foundation for the analysis. The differentiation between grammaticalization and pragmaticalization is also commented on. Both parentheses were examined with relation to their syntactic position, syntactic integration, and their potential function as fillers. Based on the analysis, both constructions evince an advanced level of particularization and have features of particles and/or discourse markers....

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux fonctions des marqueurs discursifs ‘you know’, ‘then’ et ‘ya‘ni’ (I mean) en tant que structures autonomes du point de vue syntaxique et en tant qu’unités linguistiques opérationnelles et multifonctionnelles du point de vue conversationnel. Dans une perspective pragmatique, ce travail explore la corrélation entre la position et la fonction en maintenant que la valeur d’un marqueur en position initiale est différente de celle exprimée en position médiane ou en position finale. Dans le contexte des interactions verbales politiques au sein des émissions télévisées en arabe et en anglais, le but de cette thèse est de contribuer aux analyses conversationnelles pragmatiques. À travers une recherche empirique, l’analyse montre que la multifonctionnalité de ces items linguistiques est liée à leur flexibilité syntaxique. Ces marqueurs discursifs assument diverses fonctions contextuelles qui évoluent continuellement sur une échelle pragmatique. L’évolution pragmatique de ‘you know’, ‘then’ et ‘ya‘ni’ engendre des expressions complexes au niveau de leur sémantisme. Ces unités pragmatiques deviennent plus ambiguës car elles s’éloignent davantage de leur sens de base en acquérant des significations contextuelles. Ainsi, ces marqueurs évoquent d’autres interprétations et ne peuvent se limiter qu’à leur sens d’origine. En l’occurrence, on leur attribue des équivalents les plus proches selon le contexte de leur occurrence.Les résultats révèlent que ‘ya‘ni’ peut être substitué par d’autres marqueurs de différentes catégories grammaticales en anglais. Cette unité polysémique, polyfonctionnelle, poly-équivalente et poly-catégorielle partage des fonctions avec ‘you know’, ‘then’, ‘I think’, ‘so’, ‘in fact’ et d’autres marqueurs. La variation pragmatique suit le but illocutoire du locuteur, la prise en compte d’autrui et l’organisation de l’interaction verbale. Dans deux situations socioculturelles différentes, l’anglais et l’arabe confirment que ces items linguistiques sont des unités conversationnelles contextuelles et multifonctionnelles. Leur rôle est visiblement actif dans une situation sociale où l’interaction entre le locuteur et l’interlocuteur est un facteur saillant ; tel est le cas des échanges verbaux télévisés. / This PhD thesis deals with the pragmatic functions of ‘you know’, ‘then’ and ‘ya‘nĩ’ (I mean) as autonomous syntactic structures and as operational and multifunctional linguistic units in conversation. Within a pragmatic framework, the research discusses the correlation between position and function, in which the pragmatic value of a marker in initial position is different from that conveyed in medial or final positions. The goal of this study is to contribute to the pragmatic analysis of conversations by analyzing political verbal interactions in Arabic and English television broadcasts. The results of this empirical study show that the multi-functionality of these linguistic items is related to their syntactic flexibility. These discourse markers imply a variety of contextual functions which evolve gradually on a pragmatic scale.The pragmatic evolution of ‘you know’, ‘then’ and ‘ya‘nĩ’ generate complex semantic expressions. These pragmatic units in fact become increasingly complex; they go beyond their basic meaning to acquire progressively contextual implications. Thus, these markers refer to other interpretations and transcend their immediate semantic base. In this respect, they can be substituted according to the context of their occurrence. The results reveal that ‘ya‘nĩ’ can be substituted with other markers from different grammatical categories in English. This polysemous, multi-functional, poly-equivalent and poly-categorical conversational unit shares its pragmatic functions with ‘you know’, ‘then’, ‘I think’, ‘so’, ‘in fact’ and other discourse markers. Pragmatic variation depends on the illocutionary perspective of the speaker, the relation with the hearer and the organization of the verbal interaction. In two distinct sociocultural situations, English and Arabic, it is confirmed that these linguistic items are contextual and multifunctional conversational units. Their role is relevant in a social situation where the interaction between the speaker and the hearer is a salient factor, as in the case of political verbal exchanges in television broadcasts.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Célia Márcia Gonçalves Nunes Lôbo - 2017.pdf: 1974208 bytes, checksum: 08af02b446c385cf21a470b174911757 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis aims to analyze, through a panchronic study, the uses of “pois não” in the perspective of the Grammar of Constructions in order to allocate it in a hierarchical constructional network and verify the source context of this microconstruction so recurrent in the Brazilian speech. A theoretical reference is made by Tomasello (2003), Croft and Cruse (2004), Langacker (2013), among others, with regard to cognitive language issues; Croft (2001), Goldberg (2006, 2013), Traugott (2008a), Bybee (2010), Traugott (2012) and Traugott and Trousdale (2013) for understanding general principles on constructional approaches; and Traugott and Trousdale (2013) and Diewald (2006a) to define the parameters of analysis. It is observed how occurred the process of change that resulted in the different uses of “pois não”, based on the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese spoken and written in the period of implementation of Brazilian Portuguese, which extends from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century (cf. MATTOS e SILVA, 2008). The oral and written contemporary language data are part of the Corpus of Portuguese (DAVIES and FERREIRA, 2006). It is relevant, in writing data, “pois não” used in dialogical sequences. The assumption is that the text with a more interactive character, due to its functional, structural and informational aspects, has a strong likelihood of being compared to the face-to-face conversation and, therefore, it is an excellent example of the language in use (PRETI, 2004). The initial parameters of analysis are based on the symbolic structure model of a Radical Construction Grammar proposed by Croft (2001); in the characteristics of construction dimensions (size, phonological specificity, concept), schematicity, productivity and compositionality factors, as proposed and understood by Traugott and Trousdale (2013); and in the mechanisms of (inter)subjectivity worked out by Traugott (2010). The postulates of the Functional Discursive Grammar, proposed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), especially those related to the interpersonal level, serve as an auxiliary theoretical contribution. The research shows that the microconstruction “pois não” manifests in the interpersonal level of the language the function of discursive marker. The results of the analyzes demonstrated the occurrence of more abstract constructs (less compositional) as from the 19th century. The process of implementation of these uses is related to the intersubjective mechanism, since the speaker when using “pois não” is attentive to the pragmatic attitudes and needs of the interlocutor. Through these findings, there was a need to resort to a theory that recognizes the interpersonal level as a level of grammar, so the Functional Discursive Grammar is used as complementary theory. Based on the description by Hengevald and Mackenzie (2008) on the interpersonal level, the semantic-pragmatic functions of “pois não” are distinguished in more intersubjectives contexts. Through the analysis of the contexts of change, as proposed by Diewald (2006a), it was verified that the microconstruction under study is the result of a grammatical constructionalization. Syntactic-semantic changes run along a path that starts from an atypical context in which the construction “pois” evidences loss of categorial property and ceases to act as a conjunction. Soon after, the change passes through the critical context in which “pois” loses its conclusive function and assumes discursive-pragmatic function. Finally, it reaches the isolated context, a phase marked by the loss of the semantic function of the negation of the construction “não” and the process of a chunking between the constructions “pois” and “não”, resulting in microconstruction “pois não” with innovative use which integrates a new node in the network of discursive markers, revealing a process of expansion. / Esta Tese visa analisar, mediante um estudo pancrônico, os usos de “pois não” na perspectiva da Gramática de Construções a fim de alocá-los em uma rede construcional hierárquica e verificar qual o contexto típico (fonte) dessa microconstrução tão recorrente na fala brasileira. Toma-se como referencial teórico Tomasello (2003), Croft e Cruse (2004), Langacker (2013), entre outros, no que se refere às questões cognitivas da linguagem; Croft (2001), Goldberg (2006, 2013), Traugott (2008a), Bybee (2010), Traugott (2012) e Traugott e Trousdale (2013) para o entendimento de princípios gerais sobre abordagens construcionais; e Traugott e Trousdale (2013) e Diewald (2006a) para definir os parâmetros de análise. Observa-se como ocorreu o processo de mudança que resultou nos diferentes usos de “pois não”, a partir da análise de dados do português brasileiro falado e escrito no período de implementação do Português Brasileiro, que se estende do século XIX ao século XXI (cf. MATTOS e SILVA, 2008). Os dados de língua oral e escrita contemporânea integram o Corpus do Português (DAVIES e FERREIRA, 2006). São relevantes, em dados da escrita, usos de “pois não” em sequências dialogais. O pressuposto é o de que o texto com caráter mais interativo, por seus aspectos funcionais, estruturais e informacionais, apresenta uma forte carga de verossimilhança em relação à conversação face a face e, por isso, é um excelente exemplar da língua em uso (PRETI, 2004). Os parâmetros iniciais de análise estão baseados: no modelo de estrutura simbólica de uma Gramática de Construção Radical, proposto por Croft (2001); nas características de dimensões da construção (tamanho, especificidade fonológica, conceito), nos fatores de esquematicidade, produtividade e composicionalidade, tais como propostos e entendidos por Traugott e Trousdale (2013); e nos mecanismos de (inter)subjetividade trabalhados por Traugott (2010). Os postulados da Gramática Discursivo Funcional, propostos por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), especialmente aqueles relacionados ao nível interpessoal, servem de aporte teórico auxiliar. A pesquisa mostra que a microconstrução “pois não” manifesta no nível interpessoal da língua a função de marcador discursivo. Os resultados das análises demonstraram a ocorrência de construtos mais abstratizados (menos composicionais) a partir do século XIX. O processo de implementação desses usos está relacionado ao mecanismo de intersubjetificação, pois o locutor ao usar “pois não” atenta-se às atitudes e necessidades pragmáticas do interlocutor. Mediante tais constatações, houve uma necessidade de recorrer a uma teoria que reconhece o nível interpessoal como um nível de gramática, por isso utiliza-se a Gramática Discursivo funcional como teoria complementar. Com base na descrição feita por Hengevald e Mackenzie (2008) sobre o nível interpessoal, distingue-se detalhadamente as funções semântico-pragmáticas de “pois não” em contextos mais intersubjetivos. Mediante a análise dos contextos de mudança, conforme proposto por Diewald (2006a), constatou-se que a microconstrução em estudo é resultado de uma construcionalização gramatical. As alterações sintático-semânticas percorrem um trajeto que parte de um contexto atípico em que a construção “pois” evidencia perda de propriedade categorial e deixa de atuar como conjunção. Logo após, a mudança passa pelo contexto crítico no qual “pois” perde sua função conclusiva e assume função discursivo-pragmática. Por fim, atinge o contexto isolado, fase marcada pela perda da função semântica de negação da construção “não” e do processo de chunking entre as construções “pois” e “não”, resultando na microconstrução “pois não” com uso inovador a qual integra um novo nó na rede dos marcadores discursivos, revelando um processo de expansão.

中文可說是個篇章導向的語言(discourse-oriented language)，以篇章為其基本單位，數個中文子句不藉連接詞即可連結成主題串(topic chain)。當如此龐大的篇章單位翻譯成主語顯著的英文時，譯者會面臨的困難是，如何將主題串切割成數個英文句子。然而，此議題卻鮮少前人研究。因此，本論文試圖探討中文主題串英譯時的翻譯策略，並著重於斷句的影響因素。分析的語料來自漢英對照版的台灣光華雜誌以及翻譯教科書。為了瞭解翻譯策略，本研究分析中文的語意分段標記與資訊順序，並與譯文比較。分析結果顯示譯者在翻譯時會採用三種策略：反映段落標記(Reflecting the Markers)、建立語句關係(Establishing Textuality)、重整資訊(Rearranging Information)。第一個策略是將中文段落標記作為英譯斷句的依據。段落標記包括三類：主題的形式、連接詞、標點符號。第二個策略，建立語句關係，表示英譯斷句依據中文主題串各句子之間的篇章關係。第三個策略，重整資訊，表示透過增加、刪除、調換順序等方式調整原文的資訊。 / Chinese is considered a discourse-oriented language. The basic unit of the Chinese language is discourse-based. Several Chinese clauses can be linked together without any connectives to form a topic chain. When such a large discourse is translated into English, a subject-prominent language, translators may have difficulty deciding how to segment a Chinese topic chain into English sentences. However, little research has been done on this topic. The present study aims to explore translation strategies used in translating Chinese topic chains into English. In particular, the demarcation mechanism will be the focus. Chinese-to-English translation data from Taiwan Panorama, a Chinese-English bilingual magazine, and from translation textbooks are collected for analysis. The demarcation markers and information flow in Chinese are analyzed and compared to understand how they are treated in the English translation. Three strategies have been found: Reflecting the Markers, Establishing Textuality, and Rearranging Information. Reflecting the Markers is to reflect the Chinese boundary markers as English demarcation points. Boundary markers contain nominal references of topic, connectives, and punctuation marks. Establishing Textuality is to organize the Chinese topic chain based on the internal textual relationships. Rearranging Information is to add, delete, or reorder the information.

The master’s thesis is devoted to the comparison operators as and like, comparison being their first and basic meaning. Over the course of time they have undergone various metaphorical transfers, which have led to their polysemy. According to the authors of dictionaries and English grammars, the word as can function as a conjunction (denoting comparison, time, cause, condition, concession, manner, purpose), preposition, adverb, pronoun. As regards the word like, it can function as a conjunction, preposition, particle, adverb (discourse marker). The author attempts to present the diachronic sense development of the two lexemes with the help of etymological dictionaries and books on the history of English. The word as is described as a precedent linguistic unit, which involves the transfer of meaning from basic comparison to new situations. The thesis examines the pragmatic and socio-linguistic aspects of the development of the word like, as they are presented in the works of Russian and foreign linguists. The peculiarities of grammaticalization and subjectification of the English word like, owing to which it has acquired the function of a discourse marker, are also described. The following pragmatic functions are identified: metalinguistic, emphatic, hesitational, quotative, examplificatory, approximative. The thesis also presents a comparative analysis of the usage of the words as and like in fiction and scientific prose (with reference to the British novel Bridget Jones’s Diary by Helen Fielding and the journal Nature). / Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию английских служебных слов as и like как инструментов логической операции сравнения. Сравнение является их понятийной основой, из которой развились другие значения, в частности, на основе метафорического переноса. Обе единицы обладают широкой семантикой и выполняют множество функций. Согласно авторам словарей и английских грамматик, слово as может функционировать как союз (сравнения, времени, причины, условия, уступки, образа действия, цели), предлог, наречие, местоимение. Слово like может выполнять функции союза, предлога, частицы, наречия (дискурсивного маркера). Предпринята попытка выстроить порядок развития значений двух единиц с привлечением данных этимологических словарей и работ по истории английского языка. В диссертации доказывается статус слова as как прецедентной грамматической единицы, в которой реализуется грамматическая метафора и происходит перенос базового значения сравнения на новые ситуации. Рассматриваются прагматические и социолингвистические аспекты развития слова like, как они представлены в работах отечественных и зарубежных лингвистов. Особое внимание уделяется особенностям грамматикализации и субъектификации данной единицы, вследствие которых она приобрела функции дискурсивного маркера. Отмечаются такие прагматические функции like, как металингвистическая, эмфатическая, функция заполнения хезитационной паузы, функция введения в предложение прямой речи, примера, примерного количества. Кроме того, проводится сопоставительный анализ функционирования слов as и like в английской художественной и научной прозе (на материале романа Хелен Филдинг «Bridget Jones’s Diary» и научно-популярного журнала «Nature»).