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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
401

Development of cancer diagnostics using nanoparticles and amphiphilic polymers

Rhyner, Matthew N. 14 January 2008 (has links)
This dissertation presents a new class of cancer diagnostic agents composed of quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and amphiphilic polymers. The central hypothesis is that biocompatible, amphiphilic block copolymers can be used to create multinanoparticle micellar probes with imaging capabilities and surface properties optimized for applications in cancer diagnostics. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a number of different block copolymer structures and synthetic procedures. We found that use of a poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(ethylene oxide) polymer in conjunction with a dialysis-based procedure produced uniform probes with excellent imaging properties. We also found that the probes formed using these materials and methods were surprisingly stable, even after incubation in whole human blood for 24 hrs at 37oC. As a corollary, we hypothesized that modified polymer structures could be used to introduce functional groups for use in linking the micellar probes to biological molecules. To test this hypothesis, we used a modified version of our synthetic procedure and utilized a novel method for studying nanoparticle binding to biological molecules in real time. We found that active amine groups could be added to the polymer shell using these methods, and that surface plasmon resonance could be used for studying nanoparticle binding. In sum, this dissertation makes several contributions to the field of cancer nanotechnology. First, we provide a new encapsulation procedure and nanostructure that has promising physical and biological properties. Secondly, we provide general strategies that can be used for future nanoprobe development. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of a new method for quantitative study of probe binding characteristics. Together, these contributions drive the field of cancer nanotechnology forward by providing a deeper understanding of the relationship between surface design and behavior in biological systems.
402

Nanocompósitos baseados em quantum dots de CdS e CdS:Cu suportados em mercaptopropilsílica : síntese, caracterização e aplicação em fotocatálise / NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON CdS AND CdS:Cu QUANTUM DOTS SUPPORTED ON MERCAPTOPROPYL-SILICA: synthesis, characterization and application in photocatalysis.

Andrade, George Ricardo Santana 18 March 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Textile dyes and other commercial dyestuffs have become a focus of environmental remediation efforts in the last few years. Considerable attention has been expended recently on the photocatalytic oxidative degradation of colored contaminants in waste water over semiconductor surfaces. In this work, we evaluated the photocatalytic activities of nanocomposites based on cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots anchored on (mercaptopropyl)silica (MPS) monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue and rhodamine 6G aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation. Herein, MPS was selected as the stabilizing agent to prepare the CdS and CdS doped with Cu2+ Qdots by the chemical reaction of cadmium acetate and thiourea in dimethylformamide Abstract|viii (DMF) by a rather simple one-step method. The quantum size effect has been monitored by UV visible spectroscopy, which showed a blue shift of about 16 48 nm relative to bulk CdS in the range 442-474 nm. Particle sizes calculated from Brus s model were found to be dependent on the MPS amount. These results evidenced that as-prepared CdS nanocrystals behave as Qdots. Additionally, XRD mensurements and HRTEM images indicated CdS cubic structure for the nanocrystals, which also exhibited an increment in the fluorescence intensity with decreasing particle size. UV absorption spectra for Cu-doped CdS are essentially similar to that of the undoped Qdots, but the luminescence properties are quite different from those of the undoped samples. Moreover, these materials could effectively degrade the organic dyes under sunlight irradiation by pseudo-first-order kinetics. This suggested that the CdS Qdots prepared in this work can be used as the potential photocatalyst to effectively treat the organic pollutants under sunlight irradiation. / Indústrias têxteis produzem elevado volume de efluentes ricos em corantes tóxicos e não-biodegradáveis. A degradação fotocatalítica de poluentes aquosos usando nanocristais semicondutores é uma área emergente na remediação ambiental. Neste trabalho, a atividade fotocatalítica de quantum dots (Qdots) de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS) ancorados em (mercaptopropil)sílica (MPS) foi investigada a partir da degradação dos corantes azul de metileno (AM) e rodamina 6G (R6G). Nanocristais de CdS e CdS dopado com íons Cu2+ foram preparados pela reação química de acetato de cádmio e tiouréia em presença da matriz de sílica organofuncionalizada, por um método bastante simples e de uma única etapa. Pelos espectros eletrônicos, foi possível notar um Resumo|vi deslocamento para o azul com o aumento da quantidade de MPS e band gaps mais largos do que o bulk de CdS. Os diâmetros das nanopartículas, estimados a partir do modelo de Brus, são dependentes da quantidade da matriz. Estes resultados sugerem que as partículas se comportam como Qdots. Fases cúbicas dos nanocristais são estabelecidas de acordo com dados de DRX e HRTEM e os espectros de emissão corroboram a presença de Qdots no material formado. A dopagem do nanocompósito com íons Cu2+ propiciou mudanças na recombinação elétron-buraco das nanopartículas de CdS, o que foi observado pelos espectros de absorção no UV-vis e de emissão. Avaliação temporal no espectro de absorção no UV-vis dos corantes AM e R6G em contato com CdS/MPS e CdS:Cu/MPS durante irradiação com luz solar mostrou uma pronunciada diminuição da intensidade de absorbância e um deslocamento do máximo de absorção para menores comprimentos de onda, em resposta à formação de subprodutos de degradação.
403

Cálculo de propriedades eletrônicas de heteroestruturas semicondutoras quase zero-dimensionais quantum dots (QDs) / Electronic properties calculation of quasi-zero-dimensional semiconducting heterostructures (quantum dots)

Elton Márcio da Silva Santos 28 June 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho utilizamos o método k.p na aproximação de função envelope, que é uma ferramenta muito útil para a solução de problemas relacionados a heteroestruturas em geral. Apresentamos a análise de heteroestruturas semicondutoras com confinamento espacial nas três direções de crescimentos {Quantum Dots}, utilizando o Hamiltoniano de Kane (8x8) em sua forma generalizada para descrever os estados do elétrons na banda de condução e na banda valência. Fazendo uso dessa ferramenta foram realizadas simulações de estruturas de banda em sistemas quase zero-dimensionais de InAs em matrizes de GaAs, em vários formatos e dimensões e sob diferentes estados de tensionamento. Um estudo sistemático de como as propriedades geométricas e as dimensões de um dado sistema podem influenciar os estados eletrônicos do mesmo foi também realizado, onde puderam ser confirmadas a presença de estados localizados e a sensibilidade do comportamento dos estados eletrônicos a estas propriedades. Pudemos observar um deslocamento para o vermelho no espectro de fotoluminescência com o aumento das dimensões do sistemas estudados. Foram ainda realizados cálculos de {Quantum Dots} de InN em matriz de GaN, que permitem explorar outras regiões do espectro eletromagnético e observamos o comportamento dos mesmos sob estados de tensionamentos diferentes. Com base nos autoestados do sistema foram calculados espectros de fotoluminescência para as heteroestruturas aqui estudadas, permitindo uma comparação direta com resultados experimentais. Como pode-se verificar o strain exerce importância primordial na determinação dos estados eletrônicos dos sistemas estudados e na presença do hidrostático pode-se verificar mudanças apreciáveis na resposta óptica do material, onde pode ser observado um deslocamento para o azul quando levado em consideração a presença de um hidrostático. / In this work, we use the k.p method in the approximation of the envelope function, that is a very useful tool, to the solution of heterostructure related problems. We present a semiconductor heterostructure analysis with confinement on the three directions (Quantum Dots), using the Kane Hamiltonian (8x8) on its generalized form to describe electron eigenstates on the conduction and valence bands. Using this tool, we have made band structure simulations in quasi zero-dimensional systems of InAs in GaAs matrices, in diverse shapes and dimensions and on different tension states. A systematic study of how the geometrical properties and dimensions of a given system could influence the electronic states was also done. There can be confirmed the presence of localized states and the sensitivity of the electronic states to these properties.We could observe a deviation to the red on the photoluminescence spectrum with the increase of the system dimensions. There were also made calculations on InN dots in a GaN matrix, which allow to explore other electromagnetic spectral regions and we have studied their behavior under different tension states. From the system eigenvalues, we calculated the photoluminescence spectra from the heterostructures studied here, allowing a direct comparison with experimental results. It can be verified that the strain is is extremely important on the determination of the electronic states of the studied systems in the presence of an hydrostatic strain. We could observe important modifications on the optical responseof the material, where there is a deviation to the blue when it is considered the presence of the hydrostatic strain.
404

Nanocompósitos baseados em quantum dots de CdS e CdS:Cu suportados em mercaptopropilsílica : síntese, caracterização e aplicação em fotocatálise / NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON CdS AND CdS:Cu QUANTUM DOTS SUPPORTED ON MERCAPTOPROPYL-SILICA: synthesis, characterization and application in photocatalysis.

Andrade, George Ricardo Santana 18 March 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Textile dyes and other commercial dyestuffs have become a focus of environmental remediation efforts in the last few years. Considerable attention has been expended recently on the photocatalytic oxidative degradation of colored contaminants in waste water over semiconductor surfaces. In this work, we evaluated the photocatalytic activities of nanocomposites based on cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots anchored on (mercaptopropyl)silica (MPS) monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue and rhodamine 6G aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation. Herein, MPS was selected as the stabilizing agent to prepare the CdS and CdS doped with Cu2+ Qdots by the chemical reaction of cadmium acetate and thiourea in dimethylformamide Abstract|viii (DMF) by a rather simple one-step method. The quantum size effect has been monitored by UV visible spectroscopy, which showed a blue shift of about 16 48 nm relative to bulk CdS in the range 442-474 nm. Particle sizes calculated from Brus s model were found to be dependent on the MPS amount. These results evidenced that as-prepared CdS nanocrystals behave as Qdots. Additionally, XRD mensurements and HRTEM images indicated CdS cubic structure for the nanocrystals, which also exhibited an increment in the fluorescence intensity with decreasing particle size. UV absorption spectra for Cu-doped CdS are essentially similar to that of the undoped Qdots, but the luminescence properties are quite different from those of the undoped samples. Moreover, these materials could effectively degrade the organic dyes under sunlight irradiation by pseudo-first-order kinetics. This suggested that the CdS Qdots prepared in this work can be used as the potential photocatalyst to effectively treat the organic pollutants under sunlight irradiation. / Indústrias têxteis produzem elevado volume de efluentes ricos em corantes tóxicos e não-biodegradáveis. A degradação fotocatalítica de poluentes aquosos usando nanocristais semicondutores é uma área emergente na remediação ambiental. Neste trabalho, a atividade fotocatalítica de quantum dots (Qdots) de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS) ancorados em (mercaptopropil)sílica (MPS) foi investigada a partir da degradação dos corantes azul de metileno (AM) e rodamina 6G (R6G). Nanocristais de CdS e CdS dopado com íons Cu2+ foram preparados pela reação química de acetato de cádmio e tiouréia em presença da matriz de sílica organofuncionalizada, por um método bastante simples e de uma única etapa. Pelos espectros eletrônicos, foi possível notar um Resumo|vi deslocamento para o azul com o aumento da quantidade de MPS e band gaps mais largos do que o bulk de CdS. Os diâmetros das nanopartículas, estimados a partir do modelo de Brus, são dependentes da quantidade da matriz. Estes resultados sugerem que as partículas se comportam como Qdots. Fases cúbicas dos nanocristais são estabelecidas de acordo com dados de DRX e HRTEM e os espectros de emissão corroboram a presença de Qdots no material formado. A dopagem do nanocompósito com íons Cu2+ propiciou mudanças na recombinação elétron-buraco das nanopartículas de CdS, o que foi observado pelos espectros de absorção no UV-vis e de emissão. Avaliação temporal no espectro de absorção no UV-vis dos corantes AM e R6G em contato com CdS/MPS e CdS:Cu/MPS durante irradiação com luz solar mostrou uma pronunciada diminuição da intensidade de absorbância e um deslocamento do máximo de absorção para menores comprimentos de onda, em resposta à formação de subprodutos de degradação.
405

Interações entre nanocristais semicondutores de CdTe e complexos polipiridínicos de rutênio (ll)

Bispo, Thalita Santos 13 May 2016 (has links)
In this work Ru(II) polypyridine complexes were used as redox active molecules to study interactions with quantum dots (QDs) surface. The synthesis of cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots passivated with the organic stabilizer mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and with stabilizer mixture of MPA and L-cysteine (CYS) was carried out in aqueous solution via hydrothermal heating, and the synthesis parameters such as pH and Cd/Te/stabilizer ratio were fixed according to the literature. The colloidal dispersion was characterized by UV visible absorption spectroscopy, as well as infrared and photoluminescence. Absorption spectra were broad with a single band and the emission showed band maxima at 612 nm and 598 nm for CdTe-MPA and CdTe-MPA/CYS (labelled in this work as CdTe-CYS) respectively (indicating quantum confinement). Particle diameters were calculated using a cubic empirical formula based on the maximum absorption wavelength. Cyclic voltammetry showed the presence of anodic and cathodic peaks corresponding to redox processes of CdTe QDs. Electrochemical band gaps were estimated from the onset values of oxidation and reduction peaks, finding a correspondence with the optical band gaps estimated from absorption and emission spectra. Polypyridine ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 and [Ru(Me-bpy)3](PF6)2 (labelled in this work as Ru-1 and Ru-2, respectively) were synthesized via hydrothermal method for 72 h at 170ºC. The solids obtained were characterized by UV visible spectroscopy and the main transitions involved in the polypyrinde complexes were observed. Fluorescence spectroscopy exhibited a band assigned to the radiative deactivation of the lowest energy excited state (3MLTC). A redox pair of the complex was observed in the cyclic voltammograms, assigned to Ru2+/Ru3+ metal center. The possibility of interactions between the quantum dots and the complexes was evaluated by electrochemical measurements. Anodic differential pulse voltammograms showed that the redox potentials of QDs were modified due to the presence of the Ru(II) polypyridine complexes onto the QD’s surfaces. Oxidation peak from QDs was shifted to more positive values while the complexes’s redox peaks shifted to less positive values, indicating that the system shows characteristics of a nanocrystal molecular conjugated. / Neste trabalho utilizou-se complexos polipiridínicos de Ru(II) como molécula redox ativa no estudo da interação com a superfície dos quantum dots (QDs). A síntese dos quantum dots de Telureto de Cádmio (CdTe) passivados com o estabilizante orgânico MPA (ácido mercaptopropiônico), e com a mistura de estabilizantes MPA e CYS (� – Cisteína) foi realizada em solução aquosa, via hidrotermal, e os parâmetros de síntese, como pH e relação Cd/Te/estabilizantes fixados conforme a literatura. A dispersão coloidal foi caracterizada por espectroscopia de absorção no UV Visível, no infravermelho e de emissão. Os espectros de absorção se apresentaram largos com apenas uma banda, e de emissão com máximo em 612 e 598 nm, para CdTe-MPA e CdTe-MPA/CYS (nomeado neste trabalho como CdTe- CYS), respectivamente (indicando confinamento quântico). Os diâmetros das partículas foram calculados usando-se uma fórmula empírica cúbica, a partir do comprimento de onda máximo de absorção. A voltametria cíclica mostrou a presença de picos anódicos e catódicos correspondentes a processos redox dos QDs de CdTe. Os band gaps eletroquímicos foram estimados pelos valores dos onsets e dos picos de oxidação e redução e encontrados correspondência com os band gaps ópticos estimados a partir dos espectros de absorção e emissão. Os complexos polipiridínicos de rutênio (II), [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 e [Ru(Me-bpy)3](PF6)2 (nomeados neste trabalho como Ru-1 e Ru-2, respectivamente), foram sintetizados através do método de síntese hidrotermal por 72 h a 170 ºC. O sólido obtido foi caracterizado por espectroscopia de absorção no UV Visível e principais transições eletrônicas envolvidas nos complexos polipiridínicos foram observadas, a espectroscopia de fluorescência exibiu a banda atribuída a desativação radiativa do estado excitado de menor energia (3TCML). Na voltametria cíclica foi observado um par redox do complexo atribuído ao centro metálico Ru(II)/(III). A possibilidade de interação entre os quantum dots de CdTe e os complexos foi avaliada por medidas eletroquímicas. Voltamogramas de pulso diferencial anódico mostraram que os potenciais redox dos QDs são modificados devido a presença dos complexos polipiridínicos de Ru(II) na superfície dos QDs. Os picos de oxidação dos QDs foram deslocados para potenciais mais positivos enquanto o pico redox dos complexos deslocou para potenciais menos positivos, indicando que o sistema exibiu características de um conjugado nanocristal-molecular.
406

Síntese, caracterização e aplicação em fotocatálise de nanocristais semicondutores de sulfeto de cádmio suportados em argila tiolada / SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION IN PHOTOCATALYS OF SEMICONDUCTOR CADMIUM SULFIDE NANOCRYSTALS SUPPORTED ONTO THIOLATED CLAY.

Nascimento, Cristiane da Cunha 11 March 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The challenge of nanotechnology, the science that studies the phenomena as well as the manipulation of materials at nanoscale (1-100 nm) is the control of composition, shape and size of nanoparticles, parameters that influence the physical, chemical, optical and electronic properties. In this context, the so-called quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles which have attracted considerable attention due to their heavily size-dependent optical and electronic properties. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs exhibit important photoluminescent properties, allowing applications in optoelectronic systems, photocatalysis, photodegradation of pollutants in the water medium etc. In this work, we present the results of the synthesis and characterization of CdS nanocrystals, in the absence and in the presence of doping Mn (II) ions, supported on Montmorillonite thiolated (MT) as well as their application as photocatalysts. The materials were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy and High-Resolution transmission electron microscopy. The effects of nanoparticle size, evaluated first by UV-visible spectroscopy, showed that the absorption maximum changed from 470 to 460 nm for different proportions of the support relative to CdS precursors. The XRD patterns showed three peaks of CdS nanocrystals related to the cubic phase of CdS. The photoluminescence spectra have shown emission bands around 470, 476, 484 and 495 viii nm, attributed to direct recombination of electron-hole pairs, and the presence of a shoulder around 578 nm, attributed to radiative recombination in trap levels from surface deffects. HRTEM images for the sample of CdS/MT 200 mg suggest the presence of monocrystalline CdS nanocrystals with approximately 4.8 nm which assemble together forming polycrystalline aggregates with a size from about 45 nm intercalated into clay layers. The photocatalytic activity of CdS/MT and CdS:Mn / MT was studied by Rhodamine 6G (R6G) photodegradation under sunlight irradiation. The results have shown a decrease in the intensity of the bands in addition to a shift from 526 to 505 nm in the absorption maximum with increasing time. According to the results of photocatalysis after 80min practically all the dye had been degraded, on the other hand, for the adsorption test, after the first 20 minutes there were no significant changes in the dye concentration. The rate of decolorization of dye showed that after 80 min the QDs have an effective induction in the degradation of R6G and the photocatalytic decolorization of R6G can be described by a pseudo first order kinetic model. / O desafio da nanotecnologia, ciência que estuda os fenômenos e manipulação de materiais em escala nanométrica (1-100 nm), é o controle de composição, forma e tamanho de nanomateriais, parâmetros que influenciam as propriedades físicas, químicas, óticas e eletrônicas. Dentro desse contexto, os quantum dots (QDs) são nanopartículas semicondutoras que têm atraído uma atenção considerável devido as suas propriedades ópticas e eletrônicas, que são fortemente dependente da sua dimensão. Os QDs de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS) apresentam importantes propriedades de fotoluminescência, que possibilitam aplicações em sistemas optoeletrônicos, nanosemicondutores, fotocatálise, fotodegradação de poluentes na água etc. Neste trabalho, apresentamos os resultados da síntese, caracterização e aplicação em fotocatálise e adsorção dos nanocristais de CdS, na presença e na ausência de dopagem com íons Mn (II), suportados em Montmorilonita Tiolada (MT). Os materiais obtidos vi foram caracterizados por Espectroscopia de Absorção no UV-vis, Difração de Raios-X, Fotoluminescência e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução. Os efeitos do tamanho das nanopartículas foram estudas por espectroscopia de UV-visível que mostraram uma absorção máxima em 470 e 460 nm para diferentes proporções da MT. Os difratogramas indicaram três picos relacionados às nanopartículas do CdS que corresponde a fase cúbica do CdS, o que foi corroborado com os dados de HRTEM. Os espectros de fotoluminescência mostram bandas de emissão em torno de 470, 476, 484 e 495 nm atribuídas à recombinação direta dos pares elétron-buraco, e a presença de um ombro em torno de 578 nm, atribuída a recombinação radiativa em níveis de armadilhas provenientes de imperfeições do material. As imagens de HRTEM para a amostra de CdS/MT 200 mg sugerem a presença de nanocristais de CdS monocristalinos, com diâmetro de aproximadamente 4,8 nm, agregados na forma de partículas policristalinas com um tamanho aproximadamente entre 45 nm intercalados nas lamelas da argila. A atividade fotocatalítica do CdS/MT e do CdS:Mn/MT foi estudada através da fotodegradação da Rodamina 6G (R6G) sob irradiação solar.Os resultados evidenciaram uma diminuição da intensidade das bandas e um deslocamento de 526 para 505 nm do máximo de absorção com o aumento do tempo, indicando a formação de intermediários de degradação. De acordo com os resultados de fotocatálise, após 80min de reação praticamente, praticamente todo o corante havia sido degradado, enquanto que para o ensaio de adsorção após os 20 primeiros minutos não houve mudanças significativas na concentração do corante nas amostras. A taxa de descolorização do corante mostrou que, depois de 80 min, os QDs tiveram uma efetiva indução na degradação da R6G e que a descoloração fotocatalítica da R6G pode ser descrita por um modelo cinético de pseudo primeira ordem.
407

Síntese de nanoestruturas core/shell de Co/Au magnetoplasmônica e pontos quânticos de CdSe/ZnS / Syntheses of Core/Shell Nanostructures of Magnetoplasmonic Co/Au and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

João Batista Souza Junior 28 April 2017 (has links)
Nanomateriais apresentam propriedades ajustáveis pelo seu tamanho e forma, como o fenômeno de superparamagnetismo em nanopartículas magnéticas ou o confinamento quântico dos portadores de carga em pontos quânticos (quantum dots). Assim, a síntese de nanopartículas esféricas monodispersas torna-se um fator extremamente importante, haja visto que tais propriedades podem ser ajustáveis para diferentes aplicações na área de tecnologia e biomedicina. Nanopartículas magnéticas e quantum dots podem ser apontados como promissores materiais para diagnóstico e terapia de neoplasias (câncer), e o desenvolvimento desses sistemas busca, atualmente, intensificar a magnetização e a eficiência de emissão, respectivamente, relativo às propriedades magnéticas e ópticas, além de outros requisitos. Neste trabalho, nanopartículas esféricas de cobalto metálico foram sintetizadas com diâmetro médio de 5,3 nm e desvio padrão de 0,4 nm, distribuição de tamanhos lognormal. A equação de Langevin modificada pelo modelo de partículas interagentes foi utilizada no ajuste da curva de magnetização M(H) para obtenção do diâmetro magnético médio e desvio padrão, 4,7 nm e 1,0 nm, respectivamente. Comparando os dois diâmetros, encontra-se uma camada morta de magnetização de aproximadamente 3,0 Å a qual, praticamente, não contribui para a magnetização da amostra, sendo a magnetização de saturação de 125 emu g-1. Nanoestruturas core/shell de Co/Au apresentaram a propriedade de ressonância plamon de superfície, uma propriedade adicional também desejada para aplicações biomédicas, sendo este sistema denominado magnetoplasmônico. Quantum dots de CdSe foram sintetizados como elevado controle de tamanho e forma. Utilizando rotas de síntese diferentes dos clássicos procedimentos denominados TOP-TOPO, e dióxido de selênio como precursor, estudos mostraram que na presença de um agente redutor no meio de reação e do solvente 1-octadeceno, as amostras apresentaram melhores propriedades óticas. A estrutura cristalina das amostras de CdSe corresponde à formação da fase blenda de zinco, diferentemente das sínteses TOP-TOPO que levam à formação da fase hexagonal wurtzita. A cinética de crescimento dos quantum dots de CdSe também foram avaliadas através de alíquotas retiras com o tempo de reação mostrando um crescimento exponencial do diâmetro das partículas, como previsto pelas teorias de nucleação e crescimento. Estudos por microscopia de fluorescência mostraram que os quantum dots apresentaram o comportamento de intermitência de fluorescência relatado na literatura como um dos fatores que levam a uma diminuição do rendimento quântico de fluorescência. Nanoestruturas core/shell de CdSe/ZnS foram obtidas com elevado controle da espessura da camada de recobrimento e a intensificação das propriedades de fotoluminescência foram mostradas. Os objetivos do trabalho foram alcançados com sucesso, onde foi possível observar a estabilização e a intensificação da magnetização da fase de cobalto metálico, pouco relatado na literatura. Ainda, foi possível conferir maior estabilidade química, versatilidade de funcionalização da superfície e uma segunda propriedade de ressonância plasmônica com o recobrimento com ouro, sem grande prejuízo da propriedade magnética. Em relação aos sistemas ópticos, os semicondutores de CdSe foram obtidos por nova rota de síntese com expressivo controle de tamanho e forma, recobertos com ZnS intensificando as propriedades ópticas do sistema.  / Nanomaterials properties are size- and shape-controlled, such as the superparamagnetism phenomenon of magnetic nanoparticles or the quantum confinement of charge carriers of quantum dots. Therefore, synthesis of monodisperse spherical nanoparticles became extremely important over the past few deacades, since nanoparticles can be used for plenty of applications in technology and biomedicine. Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots are promising materials for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Spherical nanoparticles of metallic cobalt were synthesized with mean diameter of 5,3 nm and standard deviation of 0,4 nm, lognormal distribution. A modified Langevin equation using the interacting superparamagnetic model was used to fit magnetization curves obtaining the mean magnetic diameter and standard deviation, 4,7 nm and 1,0 nm, respectively. The difference between these two diameters was assigned to the magnetic dead layer (∼3.0 Å), which does not contribute to the sample magnetization, being the saturation magnetization of cobalt nanoparticles around 125 emu g-1. Co/Au core/shell nanostructures were synthesized and the surface plasmon ressonance property was observed, an additional property also desired for biomedical applications, being the Co/Au core/shell system called magnetoplasmonic. CdSe quantum dots were synthesized with high size- and shape-controlled. Using different synthetic routes from the classic TOP-TOPO synthesis, and selenium dioxide as a precursor, the results show that and reducing agent is necessary and 1-octadecene solvent leads to better optical properties. CdSe samples showed a zinc blend (cubic phase) crystal structure, different from TOP-TOPO syntheses that leads to wurtzite structure (hexagonal phase). The growth kinetics of CdSe particles were also evaluated through aliquots from reaction showing exponential growth of particles diameter, as predicted on the theory of nucleation and growth. Fluorescence microscopy studies showed that quantum dots exhibited fluorescence intermittence behavior already reported in the literature as one fo the reasons for the quantum yield decrease. CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanostructures were obtained with high control of the coating layer thickness and the increase of the photoluminescence properties were shown.
408

Preparation and Optical Properties of Hybrid Assemblies of Metallic Gold Nanoparticles and Semi-Conducting CdSe Quantum Dots

Tripathi, Laxmi Narayan January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis summarizes the methods of preparation and optical properties of hybrid assemblies of Au NPs and cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs. First chap-ter deals with the literature survey and theoretical aspects of plasmonics and discussions on optical excitations of metal (plasmons) and semiconducting QDs (excitons). Variation of energy levels of CdSe QDs and its optical properties i e. absorption and emission properties under strong confinement regime have been discussed with respect to effective mass approximation (EMA) model. This is followed by the discussion on optical properties of Au NPs and rods, describing absorption properties, based on Mie theory. Size and shape depen-dent variation of absorption properties. Theoretical discussions of collective effects in QDs assemblies and plasmonic interactions with the QDs assemblies i.e. plasmonic Dicke effect and metal nanoantenna interaction with CdSe QDs arrays is provided. In the second chapter a discussion on experimental techniques used for the study is provided. It starts with a discussion on the synthesis methods for CdSe QDs and Au NPs/rods with different capping ligands. Different techniques of preparation of CdSe QDs assemblies and their hybrid with metallic nanoparti-cles has been discussed. Further discussion on optical microscopy techniques, confocal, near field scanning microscopy (NSOM), Brewster angle microscopy and electron microscopy techniques i. e transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry analysis of the samples is provided. In the third chapter the details of the different self-assembly methods of preparation of hybrid assemblies of CdSe QDs and Au NPs /rods are given. The different strategies are used for different type of hybrids. In first method of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) , effect of different capping agents, core size, and number ratios of Au NPs/rods to CdSe QDs, effect of anisotropy of Au NPs on the LB films of CdSe QDs assemblies is discussed. In another method of dip coating several control parameters like dip time, concentration of the solution and dip speed of transferring an aligned GNRs is given. Finally a combination of LB and dip coating methods is described for transferring aligned GNRs over a compact layer of CdSe QDs. At the end, a section is devoted to hit and trials of self-assemblies of hybrid of GNRs and CdSe QDs using LB method, the failures of which resulted in devising a method which uses a combination of LB and dip coating. In fourth chapter effects of plasmons on the collective emission of CdSe QDs assemblies are investigated. A plasmonic tuning of photoluminescence from semiconducting QD assemblies using Au NP in different ratio and different packing density has been discussed. We have described how the emission from a closed pack assemblies, prepared with different packing densities depends on the packing density and extent of spectral overlap between QD photolumi-nescence and the metal nanoparticle absorbance. We have provided possible evidence for plasmon mediated coherent emission enhancement from some of these assemblies from the case of strong spectral overlap between CdSe QDs and Au nanoparticle. In fifth chapter, we have demonstrated non local far field enhancement of PL in QDs assemblies induced by isolated and partially aligned GNRs nano-antenna located on such assemblies. It is shown that the emission is also anisotropic with the maxima being near such GNRs assembly which decays to finite, nonzero and significantly large values even away from the vicinity of any such assemblies. For this novel effect it is shown to have a clear spec-tral dependence. It is shown to be maximum when the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance absorption maxima is resonant with the CdSe QD photolu-minescence maxima and the excitation wavelength and is always non-existent for the off resonant case. We have also shown that finite difference time do-main simulations could model some of the observed near field effects but the far field effects could not be modelled in such simulations.
409

Transistor silicium en couche mince à base de nano-particules de PbS : un efficace phototransistor pour la détection de lumière infrarouge / Silicon thin film transistor based on PbS nano-particles : an efficient phototransistor for the detection of infrared light

Liu, Xiang 27 December 2016 (has links)
Le phototransistor est un nouveau type de photo-détecteur avec une structure MOSFET spéciale qui peut non seulement convertir la lumière absorbée en variation de courant, mais également auto-amplifier ce photo-courant. En particulier, avec des progrès continus dans la synthèse des points Quantum Dots (QDs), les caractères optiques et électriques uniques renforcent le coefficient d'absorption et la génération des trous d'électrons par des processus intégrés faciles. Dans cette thèse, on a synthétisé les PdS infrarouges PbS avec une large absorption infrarouge (IR) (600-1400 nm) et un rendement élevé pour être mélangés avec l'isolateur de porte SU8 des TFT à faible température de poly-silicium (LTPS). Grâce à l'utilisation de cet isolateur de porte photo-sensoriel hybride, ces LTPS TFT peuvent encore obtenir d'excellentes performances électriques telles qu'une mobilité suffisante (3.1 cm2 / Vs), des caractères TFT stables, un rapport marche / arrêt raisonnable (104 ~ 105) et une tension sous-seuil /Déc). De plus, en cas d'exposition à la lumière infrarouge incidente, la sensibilité élevée (1800 A/W) et la sensibilité non négligeable (13 A/W) se trouvent respectivement à 760 nm et 1300 nm. De plus, la photosensibilité atteint également jusqu'à 80 et le temps de réponse est d'environ 30 ms pendant un balayage du signal IR pulsé. Elle prend des mesures concrètes pour l'application générale du phototransistor IR. / Phototransistor is a novel type of photodetector with special MOSFET structure which can not only convert absorbed light into variation of current but also self-amplify this photocurrent. Especially, with continual advances in quantum dots' (QDs) synthesis, the unique optical-electrical characters reinforce absorption coefficient and electron-hole's generation by easy integrated processes. In this thesis, the infrared PbS QDs with wide infrared (IR) absorption (600-1400 nm) and high efficiency were synthesized to be blended with SU8 gate insulator of Low-Temperature-Poly-Silicon (LTPS) TFTs. Through using this hybrid photo-sensing gate insulator, this LTPS TFTs can still obtain excellent electrical performance such as enough mobility (3.1 cm2/Vs), stable TFT's characters, reasonable on/off ratio (104~105) and subthreshold voltage (3.2 V/Dec). Moreover, under incident IR light's exposure, the high responsivity (1800 A/W) and not negligible responsivity (13 A/W) can be found at 760 nm and 1300 nm respectively. In addition, the photosensitivity also reaches up to 80 and the response time is approximately 30 ms during a pulsed IR signal's scanning. It takes concrete steps forward for the broad application of IR phototransistor.
410

En jämförelse mellan dataorienterad design och objektorienterad design / A Comparison Between Data-Oriented Design and Object-Oriented Design

Westerberg, Charlotte January 2020 (has links)
Dagens applikationer hanterar mer och mer data vilket resulterar i att de blir allt mer resurskrävande och kräver mer av hårdvaran. Vilket i förlängningen kan innebär att hårdvaran måste bytas ut med jämna mellanrum för att kunna köra mjukvaran på ett för användaren tillfredsställande sätt. Detta arbete undersöker om det genom att byta designteknik är möjligt att utveckla mindre resurskrävande applikationer. Arbetet presenterar en jämförelse mellan objektorienterad design (även kallad objektorienterad programmering, OOP) och data orienterad design (DOD). Detta genom att dels ta upp kända för- och nackdelar med respektive designteknik samt genom att utföra en mätning på respektive teknik. Det som anses vara de främsta fördelarna med OOP är återanvändning av kod, att koden är lätt att underhålla, säkerhet i form av inkapsling samt att objekten som används reflekterar den mänskliga verkligheten. Dessa fördelar är dock även något som bidrar till det som anses vara den främsta nackdelen med OOP, nämligen att den är prestandakrävande. När det gäller DOD så anses de främsta fördelarna vara att det medför en cachevänligare kod som leder till färre cachemissar. Det anses även vara lättare att parallellisera koden i jämförelse med OOP. Den nackdelen som tas upp med DOD är att de tar tid att lära sig och kräver en del övning. Dock är DOD väldigt okänt vilket resulterade i ett svagt underlag. Två simuleringar utvecklades i Unity varav den ena använder sig av den nya teknikstacken DOTS som är dataorienterad. Resultatet av mätningarna indikerar på att DOD använder mindre av hårdvaruresurserna vid prestandakrävande applikationer. Om applikationen ej är prestandakrävande märks dock ingen skillnad mellan de olika teknikerna vid fråga om processoranvändning. / Today, applications handle more and more data, which results in them becoming increasingly resource-intensive and requiring more of the hardware. Which in the long run may cause that the hardware must be replaced at regular intervals to be able to run the software in a way that is satisfactory for the user. This thesis investigates whether it is possible to get less resource-intensive applications by changing the design technology. The paper presents a comparison between object-oriented design (also known as object-oriented programming, OOP) and data-oriented design (DOD). This is performed by addressing the known advantages and disadvantages of each design technique and by measuring each technique in the matter of performance. What was considered to be the main advantages of OOP is the reuse of code, that the code is easy to maintain, security in the form of encapsulation and that the objects that are used reflect human reality. On the other hand, these advantages also contribute to what is considered to be the main disadvantage of OOP, namely that it is performance-intensive. When it comes to DOD, the main advantages are considered to be that it results in a more cache-friendly code that leads to fewer cache misses. DOD is also considered easier to parallelize the code compared to OOP. The disadvantage of DOD is that it is time consuming to learn and requires some practice. Though, DOD is very unknown which resulted in a narrow basis. Two simulations were developed in Unity, one of which uses the new technology stack DOTS, which is data-oriented. The results of the measurements indicate that DOD uses less of the hardware resources in performance-intensive applications. If the application is not performance-intensive, though, no difference is noticed between the different technologies when it comes to CPU-usage.

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