My dissertation thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles of securitization techniques, of their attendant shortcomings, their regulatory treatment and the recent proposals for reducing complexity in accounting standards with relevance for securitizations. The explosion of securitization and related innovative credit risk transfer products largely expanded the magnitude and diversity of issuers, investors and securities. With this expansion numerous market participants began to wrongly believe that risk was not only shared more widely, but also that it disappeared from the system altogether. The application, or to be more precise, the misapplication of securitization in the mortgage market had fatal consequences for the financial sector worldwide. Before securitization, sub-prime mortgage lenders retained the loans that they originated on their balance sheets and therefore cared about their credit quality. Securitization techniques and related innovative financial instruments enabled the export of sub-prime mortgage structural problems from the United States globe-wide via the financial intermediaries. More over, securitization techniques and related credit risk transfer products enabled single banks to reduce their individual risk while at the same time transferred new and greater risks to the financial system. Meanwhile a lot was written on the causes for the recent financial crisis. In most cases inadequate ratings provided by the credit rating agencies and different principal agent problems were addressed. I present both for completeness in my work. However, I argue that not only the credit rating agencies are to blame for the inadequate reflection of securitization and related financial innovations and subsequently for the financial turmoil. The international and national financial supervisors in fact supported the credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. What turned obvious during and after the financial turmoil started mid-2007 is that financial regulation failed to reach its main goal - ensuring stability of the financial system. It failed despite of the "regulatory achievements within Basel II" elaborated over the past ten years. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were not adequately treated in Basel II. Securitization-related products such as Credit Derivatives on Securitization Underlyings and numerous other complex financial innovations, as presented in my thesis, were not even thought of in Basel II. In fact, Basel II turned to do little to make the financial system more resilient. The need for further revisions in banking regulation is currently more than obvious. Furthermore, it is time to ask if the developments in Basel II are the right way to address the current risks within the financial system and hence if Basel II is the right way of banking regulation and supervision altogether. With the development of both Basel Accords (Basel I and Basel II) capital ratios became the center of banking regulation. However, capital ratios are obviously not sufficient as a measure for a systemic financial stability. These questions arise at least when financial stability and soundness are still the intended objectives and believed to be ensured through Basel II. My merits in this dissertation work root in the multi-facet analysis of securitization techniques that I provide. Up to date a comparable analysis of securitization techniques which addresses the wide spectrum of securitizations' issues - such as (i) their treatment and the related attendant flaws within the regulatory framework Basel II, (ii) the various microeconomic deficiencies related to securitizations, and (iii) the implicit macroeconomic threads of exporting credit risk and de-balancing financial stability through securitization techniques - has not been provided in the comprehensive way I built up my analysis. As a basis for my analysis, I provide a new classification of the characteristics of securitization techniques which were pre-crisis wrongly perceived as benefits. I analyze the reasons for the turmoil in the financial markets in their interplay and complexity and consider securitization techniques as a key driver for the financial crisis. I comprehensively criticize the current regulatory treatment. I present in detail why the recent financial crisis should be considered a clear regulatory failure due to the up to date short-sightedness of financial regulation. Through providing partial solutions and professional author's assessment of selected regulatory and accounting changes to securitizations I deliver an expert's contribution to the topic. My conclusions are that securitization markets, as they have been operating until today, brought a negative net macroeconomic effect which has been largely damaging to the global economy. I argue that international and national financial supervisors established an inadequate framework for financial regulation and supervision, and among other failures, even supported credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. Further on, I show that early warning indicators of systemic risk in the financial sector and signs of the coming turmoil were irresponsibly ignored at the time they were perceived. What turned obvious during and after the recent financial turmoil is that capital regulation failed to reach its main goal -- ensuring stability of the financial system. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were adequately treated neither in Basel I nor in Basel II. Finally, I conclude that capital ratios as established with the development of both Basel Accords are not sufficient as a central measure for banking regulation and ensuring systemic financial stability.

[pt] A securitização desenvolvida no modelo de Steinert e Torres-Martínez(2005) é similar em muitos aspectos àquela encontrada no mercado de Mortgage- Backed Securities(MBS). Afinal, uma MBS é um título cujos fluxos de caixa são gerados por contratos de dívida garantidos por um imóvel. Porém, MBS estão sujeitas não só a risco de default, mas também a risco de pré- pagamento, já que qualquer um dos contratos de dívida que as lastreiam pode ser sempre pago, parcialmente ou integralmente, antes do vencimento pelo seu valor de face. Nesse trabalho construímos um modelo de equilíbrio geral com securitização e risco de default e pré- pagamento, tratando, assim, uma economia mais próxima ao mercado de MBS. / [en] The securitization developed in Steinert and Torres- Martínez (2005) model is similar in many aspects to that in the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities. After all, a MBS is a bond whose cash flows are generated by debt contracts insured by a property. However, MBS are subjected not only to default but also to prepayment risk, since any debt contract backing it can be paid partially or totally by its face value before retirement. In this work, we set up a general equilibrium model with securitization and both default and prepayment risks. By doing this, we model an economy more realistic when we consider the market for MBS.

The overall aim of this study is to determine the impact of text and language in the form of how political speech can affect and form a discourse that excludes a certain category of people and how such an exclusion leads to exercise of power beyond normal, democratic rules of state intervention towards said group of people. This is a case study investigating the drug war of the Philippines, initiated by the country’s president Rodrigo Duterte, and his speeches related to the drug issue. The method of use is discourse analysis and the study is based upon the international relations theory of securitization by the so called Copenhagen School, consisting of Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Wilde. Among the key findings are the picture of a discourse, formed by political speech, where individuals using or dealing with drugs are described as a threat is a central aspect, alongside with discursive elements such as a collective identity, human rights aspects, economic arguments, the future of the nation, certain values and the judicial system. These elements and values are given meaning as reference objects and within the discourse that makes them part of the establishment of a notion where people who use or deal with drugs are regarded as a threat and therefore can be legitimate subjects of exercise of power outside of the normal rules of democratic authority. Keywords: securitization, drugs, Philippines, discourse analysis, Copenhagen School, extra- judicial executions, otherness.

This study explores different perceptions of security and investigates if recognition of climate change as a security issue has implications for countries’ armed forces. I use a securitization framework to understand how discursive positions are created, and by making the framework more dynamic I investigate how similar security matters are represented in different ways. I argue that securitization of climate change in national contexts changes the armed forces’ strategies to bring about security and that their activities are affected by the underlying logics of the discursive arguments. To investigate the proposed relation, I conduct a comparative case study of Norway and Sweden, and find that different ideas about the security dimension of climate change have different implications for the armed forces’ practices and organization.

A construção civil, e mais especificamente os empreendimentos de base imobiliária, necessitam de grandes volumes de recursos concentrados em um curto período para o desenvolvimento de seus produtos, cujo payback é de horizonte largo, dependendo assim de ferramentas que permitam alavancar os empreendimentos para que os recursos sejam utilizados nas atividades fim das empresas deste setor. Desta forma, o setor ganha em produtividade, competitividade e agilidade, incluindo a diminuição da rotatividade de sua mão-de-obra. A securitização vem ao encontro dos interesses do setor por ser um sistema flexível para a captação dos recursos que possibilita o re-direcionamento de recursos da poupança brasileira para o mercado de empreendimentos de base imobiliária. É neste contexto que o presente trabalho apresenta a securitização de empreendimentos de base imobiliária, mais especificamente de edifícios de escritório voltados à locação, como um vetor de impulsão deste mercado a partir do momento que se torna uma alternativa de investimento atrativa aos poupadores, da mesma forma como é vista em países onde este já é um procedimento consagrado. Como o Brasil ainda tem um mercado incipiente, o mercado americano, que já apresenta maturidade, será utilizado como referência para as projeções que serão feitas acerca do desenvolvimento da securitização no Brasil. Com isto, com a projeção das expectativas para o mercado paulistano de edifícios de escritórios e com a demonstração da atratividade dos papéis, pretende-se mostrar que a securitização é um meio de funding2 que pode sustentar grande parte da demanda por recursos para a implantação de novos produtos deste mercado. / Construction industry, specifically, real state ventures, needs great amount of capital concentrated on a short period of time in order to develop its products, which have a long term payback. For that reason, this sector become dependant on methods that allows the leverage of undertakings, so the entrepreneurs’ resources can be employed on the their core business. Such methods allow this sector to have significant gains in terms of productivity, competitiveness and agility, including also the diminution of its employees’ turnover. The securitization comes across the interests of this sector, as it is a flexible financial resource’s gathering system that conducts to the steering of Brazilian’s savings accounts to the real state market. On this context, the present work introduces the real state ventures securitization, focused on office buildings, as an important tool for the development of this market, as it becomes an attractive investment opportunity when compared with the savings options available on the market. As the Brazilian market is still incipient, the American market, that shows more maturity, will be used as benchmark for projections concerning the securitization’s development on Brazil. This projection, combined with São Paulo’s office building market analysis and the demonstration of the attractiveness of the securities as an investment option, will be used to demonstrate that the securitization is a funding structure that can sustain great part of the capital demand for the development of new ventures on this market.

A dissertação mapeia a formação da identidade internacional da União Europeia através da sua arquitetura de segurança internacional que tem como um dos seus nós a securitização da imigração, utilizando ferramentas metodológicas não-tradicionais para confirmar a nossa tese. A primeira parte do trabalho é um marco teórico: discutimos a virada linguística nas relações internacionais para entender a intersubjetividade entre pesquisador e objeto, de modo que nós escolhemos reflexividade como a nossa abordagem metodológica; em seguida, discutimos as escolas europeias em segurança internacional do pós-guerra fria, como a Escola de Copenhague, Escola Crítica de Gales e Escola de Paris, apresentando conceitos e objetos estudados por especialistas que nos são caros para entender nosso estudo e colocar nossa pesquisa dentro de sua comunidade epistêmica; finalmente, discutimos e incorporamos conceitos e abordagens da Teoria do Discurso (estudos de Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe e Escola de Essex) para fazer uma construção cronológica e geodiscursiva da região euromediterrânea. Na segunda parte, reconstruímos histórica e institucionalmente a arquitetura europeia de segurança internacional do pós-guerra a hoje vis-à-vis com suas políticas de migração notando suas correlações, também com foco na análise detalhada dos principais documentos oficiais de segurança. A parte quantitativa final (e nossa contribuição original) procura confirmar a causalidade do link segurança-imigração na arquitetura europeia; para isso, utilizamo-nos da linguística computacional para análise semântica semi-automatizada, mais especificamente Topic Model; analisamos cerca de 20.000 documentos oficiais de segurança da União Europeia para indicar estatísticas, agentes, instituições, agendas e discursos que confirmam nossa tese. / The dissertation maps the formation of the international identity of European Union through its international security architecture that has as one of its nodes the securitization of immigration, using non-traditional methodological tools to confirm our thesis. The first part of the work is a theoretical framework: we discuss the linguistic turn in international relations to understand the intersubjectivity between researcher and object so we choose Reflexivity as our methodological approach; then we discuss the European schools in international security from post-cold war such as the Copenhagen School, Wales Critical School and Paris School, presenting concepts and objects studied by experts who are dear to us to understand our study and place our research within its epistemic community; Finally, we discuss and incorporate concepts and approaches from Discourse Theory (studies from Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe and Essex School) to make a chronological geodiscursive construction of the euromediterranean region. In the second part, we reconstruct historically and institutionally the European international security architecture from post-war till today vis-à-vis with its migration policies and noting their correlations, also focusing on detailed analysis of the main official security documents. A final quantitative section (and our original contribution) seeks to confirm the causality of the security-immigration link in European architecture; for this we use computational linguistics for semi-automated semantic analysis, more specifically Topic Model; We analyze around 20,000 official security documents from European Union to indicate statistics, agents, institutions, agendas and speeches which confirm our thesis.

A negociação do novo Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (RSI) foi um processo complexo que durou dez anos e envolveu preocupações que extrapolam o campo da saúde pública. Este artigo, resultado final da pesquisa de Mestrado desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo (IRI/USP), busca demonstrar, por meio de vasta pesquisa documental, revisão de literatura e entrevistas com atores, que a agenda de segurança internacional influenciou as negociações do RSI em vigor, contribuindo para o avanço do processo de securitização da saúde pública. Temas de segurança internacional, notadamente o uso intencional ou acidental de agentes químicos, biológicos, radio-nucleares e a potencial ameaça de bioterrorismo foram determinantes tanto do avanço das negociações como da natureza do documento final aprovado, que promoveu mudanças substanciais na regulação internacional da saúde pública. / The negotiation of the new International Health Regulations (IHR) was a complex 10-year-long process and involved concerns which go beyond the public health field. This article, the final result of the Master\'s program at the Institute of International Relations of the University of Sao Paulo (IRI/USP), aims to demonstrate, through vast documental research, literature review and interview with actors, how the international security agenda influenced the IHR negotiations, advancing the securitization process of public health. International security issues, specially the intentional or accidental use of biological, chemical or radio-nuclear agents and the potential threat of bioterrorism were determinant both for the negotiation advancement and the character of the approved final document, which promoted substantial changes in the international public health regulation.

O estudo tem por escopo avaliar a conveniência e os impactos da redação do art. 136, §1º, da Lei 11.101/05, que protege as cessões de crédito para veículos de securitização dos efeitos dos artigos 129 e 130 do mesmo normativo, que, respectivamente, tratam dos atos ineficazes e dos atos revogáveis, em relação à massa falida. Isto em um ambiente de ausência de normas que regulem as cessões de crédito em operações de securitização. A análise perpassa a proteção pela normativa competente das relações creditícias, em um cenário já bastante comprometido pela crise financeira, isto é, a hipótese de falência do originador. Em suma, a ideia é entender o balanço entre a circulação do fluxos financeiros, as influências dos riscos no mercado de capitais e a tutela legal das operações a crédito no Brasil. / The study aims to assess the appropriateness and the impact of the article 136, paragraph 1, of the Law no. 11.101/05, which protects credit transfers to securitization vehicles of the effects of articles 129 and 130 of the same Law, which, respectively, deal with ineffective acts and the acts revocable, in relation to the bankruptcy. This in an environment of lack of rules governing the assignment of credit securitization operations. The analysis pervades the protection by competent regulatory credit relations, in a scenario already compromised by the financial crisis: the credit sellers bankruptcy. In short, the idea is to understand the balance between the circulation of financial flows, the influences of the risks on the capital market and legal guardianship of the credit operations in Brazil.

Securitização de ativos tornou-se um importante instrumento de captação de recursos no mercado de capitais. Securitização de ativos é utilizada como um instrumento de redução de custos de captação para o cedente, através da eliminação dos custos relacionados à falência, tanto do cedente como da Entidade de Propósito Específico (EPE), possibilitado pelo isolamento dos ativos transferidos na EPE (contra qualquer incursão dos credores do cedente) e pelo oferecimento de mecanismos de reforço de crédito (para mitigar os problemas advindos do risco moral e seleção adversa na transferência). O oferecimento de mecanismos de reforço de crédito traz controversas e complexas questões contábeis de divulgação, relacionadas à forma de reconhecimento dessas operações. Através da estimação de modelos de regressão de dados em painel de avaliação do patrimônio líquido do cedente, o objetivo deste estudo é examinar se os participantes do mercado de capitais tratam os ativos e passivos da EPE como se fossem do cedente e se o nível de interesse subordinado retido afeta a forma de avaliação. Para a consecução desse objetivo utilizou-se uma amostra composta por Fundos de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios - FIDC em operação de 2002 a 2012, cujo cedente seja companhia listada na BM&FBOVESPA. Embora as operações sejam consolidadas no cedente, os resultados encontrados sugerem que os participantes de mercado não tratam os ativos e passivos da EPE como se fossem do cedente, não havendo influência do nível de subordinação nessa avaliação. Uma consideração importante é que a análise dos regulamentos dos fundos da amostra identificou que, em quase todos os casos, o risco do cedente não estava limitado ao nível do interesse subordinado retido (havia outros mecanismos de reforço de crédito presentes na estrutura). A respeito desta evidência, os achados sugerem que, como os participantes de mercado não precificam os ativos e passivos da EPE como se fossem do cedente, a aplicação da norma contábil pode estar conduzindo a uma situação conservadora, pela manutenção de todo o ativo transferido e pelo reconhecimento de um passivo pelo valor do caixa recebido no cedente. / Asset securitization has become an important capital market instrument for funding. Asset securitization is used as a means to lower the S-O\'s (Sponsor-Originator) borrowing cost. This reduction is achieved by attempts to eliminate the cost associated with bankruptcy of the S-O and the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) itself. This can only be done through isolation of the transferred assets (against any attempt of S-O\'s bondholders recourse) and by credit enhancements (so as to mitigate the moral hazard and adverse section problems in the transfer). The drawback is that credit enhancements cause accounting and disclosure for financial assets transfers to be controversial and complex. By estimating panel data equity valuation regressions, the objective of this study is to examine whether the stock market treats securitized assets and liabilities held by the SPV as assets and liabilities of the S-0 and whether S-0\'s subordinated retained interest in the transferred assets influences the valuation model. Data were obtained by sampling of active Credit Rights Investment Funds (investment funds that issue asset-backed securities) from 2002 to 2012 whose S-O is a listed company in BM&FBOVESPA. Although sampled S-Os consolidate investment funds, the results suggest that market doesn\'t view securitized assets and liabilities of the SPV as assets and liabilities of the S-O, despite high or low level of subordinated retained interest held by S-O. Moreover, the analyses of funds prospectuses and other legal documents call attention into the striking fact that in almost all cases the S-O\'s risk exposure was not limited by the subordinated retained interest in the transferred assets (there were other credit enhancement mechanisms). Notwithstanding this evidence, the results suggest that as market participants don\'t price the securitized assets and liabilities of the SPV as belonging to S-O the accounting standards may be too conservative in requiring S-O to hold the transferred assets and recognizing the entire value of asset-backed securities issued by the SPV as liabilities.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a securitização imobiliária como uma alternativa viável de captação de recursos para financiamento imobiliário no Brasil. Este trabalho possui uma natureza essencialmente analítica, não sendo estabelecido nenhum modelo empírico de testes e análise dos dados apresentados. Por outro lado, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre crédito imobiliário e securitização imobiliária no Brasil a partir da criação do SFH (Sistema de Financiamento Habitacional), em 1964. O volume de negociações de CRI (Certificado de Recebíveis Imobiliários), principal título securitizado, apresentou alta taxa de crescimento nos últimos anos, passando de R$ 11 milhões em 2000 para R$ 4,1 bilhões em 2010. A Caixa Econômica Federal, agente com a maior carteira de financiamento imobiliário, realizou em 2011 a cessão de 4.324 contratos de financiamento habitacional para securitização, através da emissão de CRIs. Os CRIs emitidos totalizaram R$ 232.766.000,00 (duzentos e trinta e dois milhões, setecentos e sessenta e seis mil reais). A análise realizada indica que as recentes alterações institucionais e o crescimento das operações permitem considerar a securitização como uma alternativa de funding viável para o mercado imobiliário brasileiro. / This paper aims to analyze the real estate securitization as a viable alternative to raise funds for the real estate financing in Brazil. This work has an essentially analytical nature, and no empirical tests model and analysis of the presented data was established. Moreover, a literature review on mortgage and real estate securitization in Brazil was performed since the creation of the SFH (Sistema de Financiamento Habitacional), in 1964. The trading volume of CRI (Certificado de Recebíveis Imobiliários), the main security securitized, showed a high rate of growth in recent years, going from 11 million reais in 2000 to 4.1 billion reais in 2010. The Caixa Econômica Federal, an institution with the largest portfolio of real estate financing, made 4,324 cessions of housing financing contracts for securitization in 2011, through the emission of CRIs. The issued CRIs amounted 232,766,000.00 reais (two hundred and thirty-two million, seven hundred and sixty-six thousand reais). The analysis indicates that recent institutional changes and growth of securitization operations can be considered as a viable funding alternative of funding alternative for the Brazilian real estate market.