La génération de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC) est très prometteuse en médecine régénérative, pour la modélisation physiopathologique et le criblage de nouveaux médicaments. A l’origine, des cellules somatiques ont été reprogrammées en iPSC par l'expression forcée de facteurs de transcription (FT) impliqués dans les cellules souches embryonnaires. Depuis, de nombreuses lignées d’iPSC ont été générées mais les vecteurs actuels les plus représentés et efficaces pour exprimer les FT sont les virus intégratifs. Ils comportent du matériel génétique. Des stratégies alternatives ont été développées dans un contexte de sécurisation et de transfert clinique mais sont ont encore besoin d’être acceptées par les comités d’éthique. La méthode la plus sûre et rationnelle serait alors d’apporter ces FT directement sous forme protéique mais le défi est de traverser les membranes. Dans ce contexte, notre laboratoire a développé un peptide de pénétration cellulaire (CPP) basé sur le FT ZEBRA du virus d’Epstein-Barr. La séquence impliquée dans la prise en charge cellulaire a été caractérisée au laboratoire et se nomme MD (Minimal Domain). Elle est capable de vectoriser des protéines et des biomolécules de haut poids moléculaire via un mécanisme indépendant de l'endocytose, permettant leur internalisation sous une forme biologiquement active. Dans ce projet, nous avons produit et purifié les protéines Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28, Klf4 et c-Myc chacune fusionnée au CPP MD. Ce domaine n'interfère pas avec la capacité d'Oct4 à lier sa séquence cible d’ADN. Le traitement in vitro de cellules primaires conduit à l’internalisation des protéines MD en 30 minutes à 1 heure. MD-Oct4 et MD-Nanog peuvent être localisés au noyau en 3 heures. Dans un contexte de reprogrammation, la combinaison de MD-Oct4, MD-Sox2, MD-Nanog et MD-Lin28 lors de traitements répétés conduit à l'activation transcriptionnelle de gènes cibles composant le réseau de pluripotence. / The generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) holds great promise for regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug screening. Leading the original cell to an iPSC has been originally made by the forced expression of Transcription Factors (TF) involved in embryonic stem cells. Since the discovery of those mechanisms, many teams have engineered iPSC by well-defined cell culture tools such as the use of retroviruses in order to express TF. Those techniques use genetic material. Delivery techniques have evolved but most of reprogramming experiments still need TF. Development of alternative strategies has been conducted in a context of clinical application but still needs to be accepted by ethics comities. Thus, the use of recombinant proteins instead of genetic material is safe and rational but the challenge is to access the intracellular medium. In this context, our laboratory has developed a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) based on the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA TF. The sequence implicated in cellular uptake has been characterized and is named MD (Minimal Domain). It is able to translocate high molecular weight proteins in an endocytosis-independent mechanism, allowing the internalization of cargos in fully biologically active form. Here we develop 6 MD fusions at the N-terminus of the following TF: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, cMyc, Nanog & Lin28. This domain does not interfere with Oct4 capacity to associate with its own DNA sequence. Moreover, MD fused proteins transduce in vitro treated cells in 30 minutes to 1 hour ; MD-Oct4 & MD-Nanog can be localized in the nucleus after 3 hours only. In a context of reprogramming experiences, the combination of MD-Oct4, MD-Sox2, MD-Nanog and MD-Lin28 in repeated treatment leads to the activation of target genes transcription such as those constituting the pluripotency network.

Orientador: Rosangela da Silva de Laurentiz / Resumo: Os produtos naturais são uma fonte inesgotável de compostos químicos com as mais variadas propriedades biológicas, entretanto, muitos deles têm baixa biodisponibilidade e/ou são degradados pelas condições fisiológicas, o que os torna de pouco interesse para uso como potenciais fármacos. Dentre os vários produtos naturais bioativos as lignanas apresentam um significativo potencial citotóxico contra várias linhagens de células tumorais, como a (-)-hinoquinina (HNK), (-)-cubebina (CB) e (-)-6,6’-dinitrohinoquinina (DN), determinado em outros trabalhos. Entretanto, essa lignanas possuem caráter hidrofóbico e podem ser degradadas em condições fisiológicas dependendo do pH. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a incorporação dessas lignanas em nanopartículas poliméricas (NNPs), como forma de melhorar a biodisponibilidade, perdas por degradação e os efeitos da incorporação sobre a atividade citotóxica desses compostos. Neste estudo a HNK e CB foram extraídas da Piper cubeba e a DN foi sintetizada a partir da reação de nitração da HNK. Essa lignanas foram submetidas a ensaios de citotoxicidade contra as linhagens tumorais Hep-2 e Si-Ha. As NNPs com e sem a lignana foram sintetizadas utilizando como matriz polimérica inicialmente o PLGA (Poli(ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico). As NNPs sintetizadas foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu tamanho, morfologia e estabilidade utilizando análises de MEV, DSC, MET, UV/Vis, FTIR, DLS e potencial zeta. A eficiência da incorpora... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The natural products are inexhaustible source of chemical compounds with the most varied biological properties; however, many of them have low bioavailability and / or are degraded by physiological conditions, which makes them less interesting for use as potential drugs. Among the several bioactive natural products the lignans present a significant cytotoxic potential against several tumor cell lines, as (-)-hinokinin (HNK), (-)-cubebin (CB) and (-)-6,6’-dinitrohinokinin (DN), determined in previous works. However, these lignans have a hydrophobic character and can be degraded in physiological conditions depending on pH. Thus, the present work aimed to study the incorporation of these lignans into polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), as a method to improve bioavailability, avoid losses by degradation and evaluate as this incorporation affects the its cytotoxic activity. In this study, the HNK and CB were extracted from Piper cubeba and the DN was synthesized from the nitration reaction of the HNK. These lignans were submitted to cytotoxicity assays against tumoral cells Hep-2 and Si-Ha. The empty and content lignans PLGA (Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid, 65:35) PNPs were synthesized using the emulsion-evaporation methodology on mechanical agitation and dripping. The PNPs were investigated for their size, morphology and stability through SEM, DSC, TEM, UV/Vis, FTIR, DLS and zeta potential. Encapsulation efficiency incorporation of the lignan was determined by analysis of UV/Vis. In th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Regiane Godoy de Lima (regigodoy@gmail.com) on 2018-07-10T18:42:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Regiane versão final.pdf: 4431175 bytes, checksum: ae162e9e86a8dc06ab1e81dc83a8f1cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-07-10T19:18:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_rg_dr_ilha.pdf: 4431175 bytes, checksum: ae162e9e86a8dc06ab1e81dc83a8f1cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T19:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_rg_dr_ilha.pdf: 4431175 bytes, checksum: ae162e9e86a8dc06ab1e81dc83a8f1cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os produtos naturais são uma fonte inesgotável de compostos químicos com as mais variadas propriedades biológicas, entretanto, muitos deles têm baixa biodisponibilidade e/ou são degradados pelas condições fisiológicas, o que os torna de pouco interesse para uso como potenciais fármacos. Dentre os vários produtos naturais bioativos as lignanas apresentam um significativo potencial citotóxico contra várias linhagens de células tumorais, como a (-)-hinoquinina (HNK), (-)-cubebina (CB) e (-)-6,6’-dinitrohinoquinina (DN), determinado em outros trabalhos. Entretanto, essa lignanas possuem caráter hidrofóbico e podem ser degradadas em condições fisiológicas dependendo do pH. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a incorporação dessas lignanas em nanopartículas poliméricas (NNPs), como forma de melhorar a biodisponibilidade, perdas por degradação e os efeitos da incorporação sobre a atividade citotóxica desses compostos. Neste estudo a HNK e CB foram extraídas da Piper cubeba e a DN foi sintetizada a partir da reação de nitração da HNK. Essa lignanas foram submetidas a ensaios de citotoxicidade contra as linhagens tumorais Hep-2 e Si-Ha. As NNPs com e sem a lignana foram sintetizadas utilizando como matriz polimérica inicialmente o PLGA (Poli(ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico). As NNPs sintetizadas foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu tamanho, morfologia e estabilidade utilizando análises de MEV, DSC, MET, UV/Vis, FTIR, DLS e potencial zeta. A eficiência da incorporação foi determinada através de analises de UV/Vis. Nos ensaios de citotoxicidade todas as lignanas foram ativas, com destaque para a inibição de 98% da HNK sobre a linhagem Hep-2. As três lignanas foram incorporadas em NNPs de PLGA utilizando o método de nanoemulsão-evaporação com agitação mecânica e gotejamento, entretanto a estabilidade dessas NNPs e as porcentagens de incorporação indicaram que apenas as NNPs-PLGA-HNK apresentaram os parâmetros necessários para a utilização nos ensaios de citotoxicidade. Portanto, outros estudos foram realizados com as três lignanas visando a melhora nos métodos de obtenção e estabilidade com o uso de sonicador e diferente composição do PLGA (50:50) e PLGA-PEG. As análises físicas mostraram que as nanopartículas de PLGA (50:50) obtidas através da metodologia por sonicação foram mais estáveis com menores tamanhos e maior potencial zeta em valores absolutos, entretanto, a DN e a CB não foram encapsuladas de forma eficiente. Desta forma, somente a HNK prosseguiu no estudo. O uso do PLGA-PEG alterou de forma significante os parâmetros físicos e químicos das NNPs-PLGA-PEG-HNK em relação as de PLGA-HKN. Os testes de liberação mostraram melhores resultados com as NNPs-PLGA-HNK, principalmente em pH 7,4. O tempo de liberação total da HNK em todas as NNPs avaliadas foi em torno de 30 minutos o que sugere que as nanopartículas obtidas são nanocápsulas. A comparação dos resultados dos ensaios de citotoxicidade mostraram que o CI50 das NNPs de PLGA-HNK foi de 29,8 µM sobre as células tumorais Si-Ha, enquanto a HNK livre apresentou CI50 = 110 µM. Para as outras células tumorais mais agressivas as NNPs de PLGA(50:50)-HNK foram menos eficazes do que a HNK livre, com cerca de 50% de perda da atividade. Esses resultados indicam a efetividade das NPPs de PLGA(65:35)-HNK sobre as células da linhagem Si-Ha, e que o encapsulamento da HNK em NNPs de PLGA pode ser uma alternativa para diminuir a decomposição e aumentar a biodisponibilidade para a condução de em ensaios in vivo. / The natural products are inexhaustible source of chemical compounds with the most varied biological properties; however, many of them have low bioavailability and / or are degraded by physiological conditions, which makes them less interesting for use as potential drugs. Among the several bioactive natural products the lignans present a significant cytotoxic potential against several tumor cell lines, as (-)-hinokinin (HNK), (-)-cubebin (CB) and (-)-6,6’-dinitrohinokinin (DN), determined in previous works. However, these lignans have a hydrophobic character and can be degraded in physiological conditions depending on pH. Thus, the present work aimed to study the incorporation of these lignans into polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), as a method to improve bioavailability, avoid losses by degradation and evaluate as this incorporation affects the its cytotoxic activity. In this study, the HNK and CB were extracted from Piper cubeba and the DN was synthesized from the nitration reaction of the HNK. These lignans were submitted to cytotoxicity assays against tumoral cells Hep-2 and Si-Ha. The empty and content lignans PLGA (Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid, 65:35) PNPs were synthesized using the emulsion-evaporation methodology on mechanical agitation and dripping. The PNPs were investigated for their size, morphology and stability through SEM, DSC, TEM, UV/Vis, FTIR, DLS and zeta potential. Encapsulation efficiency incorporation of the lignan was determined by analysis of UV/Vis. In the cytotoxicity assays all lignans were active, with emphasis on inhibition of 98% da (-)-hinokinin about the Hep-2 tumoral line. The three lignans were incorporated into PLGA (65:35) NNPs, however the stability of these PNPs and the percentages of incorporation indicated that only the PLGA-HNK PNPs had the parameters required for use in the cytotoxicity assays. Therefore, other studies were performed with the three lignans aiming to improve the methods of obtaining and stability from sonicator and different composition in PLGA: (50:50) and PLGA-PEG. The physical analyzes showed that PLGA (50:50) nanoparticles obtained by sonication were more stable with smaller sizes and higher zeta potential in absolute values. However, even in this method, DN e CB were not efficiently encapsulated. In this way, only HNK continued the study. The use of PLGA-PEG altered the physical and chemical parameters of PLGA-PEG-HNK NNPs obtained when compared to PLGA-HNK NNPs. Release tests showed better results with NNPs-PLGA-HNK, especially at pH 7.4. The total release time of HNK in all NNPs evaluated was around 30 minutes, which suggests that the nanoparticles obtained are nanocapsules. Comparison of cytotoxicity assay results showed that PLGA-HNK PNPs IC50 was 29.8 μM on the Si-Ha tumor cells, while the free HNK showed IC50 = 110 μM. For the other more aggressive tumor cells PLGA (50:50)-HNK PNPs were less effective than free HNK with about 50% loss of activity. These results indicate the effectiveness of PLGA(65:35)-HNK NPPs on cells of the Si-Ha line, and that the encapsulation of HNK in PLGA NNPs may be an alternative to decrease decomposition and increase bioavailability for conducting biological assays in vivo. / PSDE/88881.134923/2016-01

Une nouvelle approche de synthèse a été développée pour non seulement contrôler la morphologie, la taille et la texture de particules de silice mais aussi incorporer une ou plusieurs fonctionnalités à la surface interne de leurs pores. La morphologie sphérique, la monodispersité des particules, la porosité radiale, la dispersion et l'accessibilité des fonctionnalités ainsi que leur taux d'incorporation constituent les propriétés et les paramètres physico-chimiques privilégiés dans notre approche qui est basée sur la méthode de Stöber modifiée et la fonctionnalisation in-situ. Deux différentes applications ont été retenues pour étudier la quintessence de cette approche. La première consiste à incorporer des espèces métalliques (Al et Cu par exemple) dans les sphères de silice afin de les rendre fonctionnelles pour des applications catalytiques en phase liquide; et la deuxième consiste à greffer à la surface des particules des nanomachines sensibles permettant de contrôler le relargage des molécules actives pour des applications thérapeutiques. Dans les deux cas d'application, des performances optimales sont attendues. / A novel approach of synthesis has been developed in order to control simultaneously the morphology, size and textural parameters of silica particles, as well as to incorporate one or more functional groups in the pore walls. In this approach, based on the modified Stöber method and in-situ functionalization, emphasis is put on the spherical morphology, the particle monodispersity, the radially disposed porous structure, and the appropriate dispersion and accessibility of surface functional groups. Two potential applications have been selected so as to verify the feasibility of the approach. In view of materials use for heterogenous catalysis in the liquid phase, the monodisperses mesoporous silica spheres were derivatized with metallic species (e.g., Al and Cu) by direct incorporation in the synthesis stage. The second type of applications concerned the use of silica spheres as sensitive nanomachines for the controlled drug release and required grafting of appropriate organic molecules onto the silica surface.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BolivarPGLD_DISSERT.pdf: 1624811 bytes, checksum: 4e49d5598ae806bbd9ddd7c33b6e903c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Several pharmaceutical products have been developed in recent years aiming to enhance the treatment of diseases by increasing the effectiveness of drugs. Many of these new products are based on new drug delivery systems. Among these, microemulsions, which were first studied in 1943 by Hoar and Schulman, is of great interest. Microemulsion can be defined as a thermodynamically stable, isotropic, translucent and transparent system of two immiscible liquids stabilized by a surfactant film located in the oil / water interface. The aim os this work was the incorporation of Amphotericin B and Simvasatin to a microemulsion system and analyzes its physicochemical properties and their therapeutical activity when incorporated into this system. Some very promising results were achieved as the reduction of the toxicity and maintenance of the efficacy of the Amphotericin B incorpored into a microemulsion, which was demonstrated in the in vitro pharmacotoxicological study. As for the incorporation of Simvastatin in microemulsion, it was observed a significant improvement in the potential antiinflammatory and anti-infective properties when the system was use to treat infected wounds (simvastatin pleiotropic effects). Therefore, it can be concluded that the incorporation of these drugs into microemulsion system reveal the potential of microemulsions as a promising and novel dosage form, qualifying them for future trials in order to make them available in the pharmaceutical market / In?meros produtos farmac?uticos v?m sendo desenvolvidos nos ?ltimos anos com a finalidade de incrementar o tratamento de doen?as pelo aumento da efic?cia de f?rmacos. Grande parte destes novos produtos est? baseada nos novos sistemas transportadores de f?rmacos. Entre eles destacamse as microemuls?es, que foram primeiramente estudadas em 1943 por Hoar e Schulman. Microemuls?o pode ser definida como um sistema termodinamicamente est?vel, isotr?pico, transl?cido e transparente de dois l?quidos imisc?veis estabilizados por um filme de tensoativos localizados na interface ?leo/?gua. O objetivo deste trabalho foi incorporar anfotericina B e sinvastatina em um sistema microemulsionado e analisar suas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas e suas a??es terap?uticas ap?s a incorpora??o destes f?rmacos ao sistema. Alguns resultados muito promissores foram alcan?ados como a redu??o da toxicidade e a perman?ncia da efic?cia da anfotericina B incorporada em uma microemuls?o durante o estudo farmacotoxicol?gico in vitro. Quanto ? incorpora??o da sinvastatina na microemuls?o, foi constatada uma melhora significativa no potencial antiinflamat?rio e antiinfeccioso (efeitos pleiotr?picos da sinvastatina) em feridas tratadas com esse sistema. Portanto, podemos concluir que a incorpora??o desses f?rmacos em sistemas microemulsionados faz das microemuls?es uma nova e promissora apresenta??o farmac?utica, habilitando-a a futuros ensaios com a finalidade de torn?-los dispon?veis no mercado farmac?utico

Today many companies aims to have their systems automated. Tieto works in a delivery system that is not fully automated, and they wish for it to be improved. They wish to improve this delivery system, as it’s not automated. This work aims to analyze the delivery system to find possi- ble solutions. The delivery system is being used to deliver services to Telia and developed modules are installed for system tests, acceptance tests and in production. The analysis is done by observing and interviewing users on Tieto. If a solution can be found the solutions will be found mainly within automation, but also in level of risk and usability. A solu- tion will be implemented and aiming for practical results that can be used in the delivery system. The analysis has resulted in prioritizing automa- tion of installations descriptions for modules, in the form of installation reports. After the automation of the installation reports, a prototype was implemented for automation of the installation guide. It is being used for getting an overview of everything that will be installed in production. A generation of installation reports has resulted in an automated solution that has been deployed in the delivery system. The deployment has shown a great time gain, a lower level of risk and an increased usability. The automation of the installation guide has resulted in a prototype that generates a big part of the content automatically. An analysis of the de- livery system shows that it contains both advantages and disadvantages in the system/process. It also contains a few missing parts. Many sugges- tions has been reported to improve the delivery system. / Idag strävar många företag till att få sina system automatiserade. Tieto jobbar i ett leveranssystem som inte är helt automatiserat och önskar att det förbättras. Arbetet syftar till att analysera leveranssystemet för att hitta möjliga lösningsalternativ. Leveranssystemet används för att leve- rera tjänster till Telia, och utvecklade moduler går därför igenom syste- met och installeras för systemtest, acceptanstest och till slut i produktion. Analysen ska genomföras med hjälp av att observera och intervjua an- vändare på Tieto under denna process. Om lösningsalternativ hittats ska förbättringar ske främst inom automatisering, men även inom risknivå och användarvänlighet. En lösning kommer implementeras och sträva ef- ter praktiska resultat som kan användas i leveranssystemet. Analysen har resulterat i att prioritet lagts på installationsbeskrivningar för moduler, i form av installationsrapporter. För att få en övergripande bild över allt som ska installeras ute i produktionen utformades även en installations- guide. Genereringen av installationsrapporterna har resulterat i en auto- matiserad lösning som blivit driftsatt i leveranssystemet. Driftsättningen har visat sig ge en stor tidsvinst, tillsammans med en minskad risknivå och en ökad användarvänlighet. Automatiseringen av installationsgui- den har resulterat i en prototyp som genererar stora delar av innehållet automatiskt. Analysen av systemet och processen visar att det både finns fördelar och nackdelar. Det finns även vissa delar som saknas. Flera för- slag har presenterats för att förbättra leveranssystem.

A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) é uma patologia grave de alta incidência mundial. Quando não diagnosticada precocemente e tratada adequadamente pode evoluir causando sérias complicações, como a embolia pulmonar e insuficiência venosa crônica, as quais são responsáveis por altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Seu tratamento utiliza terapia com anticoagulantes pelas vias parenteral e oral (para manutenção) que estão associadas a prejuízos bem documentados limitando seu uso, além de resultar em baixa adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Os sistemas de liberação modificada de fármacos, tais como as micropartículas poliméricas, representam uma grande área em desenvolvimento, a qual tem recebido atenção de pesquisadores e indústrias de todo o mundo e recebido investimentos crescentes nas últimas três décadas. As micropartículas poliméricas possuem grande estabilidade, capacidade industrial e possibilitam ajustes para alcançar o perfil de liberação adequado e/ou o direcionamento para determinado sítio de ação. O estudo teve início com o desenvolvimento e validação do método analítico para a quantificação da enoxaparina sódica. A turbidimetria foi a técnica de escolha, pois os resultados utilizando CLAE não foram satisfatórios. Este estudo teve como objetivo a obtenção e caracterização físico-química de um sistema de liberação microparticulado para veiculação de uma heparina fracionada (HF), a enoxaparina sódica, muito utilizada no tratamento da TVP, visando um aumento da biodisponibilidade do fármaco com controle da sua biodistribuição. As micropartículas contendo a enoxaparina sódica foram preparadas utilizando o copolímero dos ácidos lático e glicólico (50:50) (PLGA), biodegradável, através do método da dupla emulsificação/ evaporação do solvente. As partículas obtidas foram caracterizadas pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e apresentaram forma esférica com superfície lisa e regular. As análises do tamanho e distribuição dos tamanhos de partícula foram realizadas por dispersão de luz laser e apresentaram perfil monomodal para a maioria das formulações. O perfil de liberação in vitro do fármaco encapsulado foi avaliado por 35 dias e apresentou cinética de liberação de pseudo ordem zero, modelo de Higuchi (1961), indicando que a difusão foi o principal mecanismo de liberação. A velocidade de degradação das micropartículas é, através da difusão do fármaco, um parâmetro muito importante e determinante da liberação in vivo. / Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a severe disease with high incidence worldwide. When it is not early diagnosed and properly treated it can develop and to cause serious complications, such as pulmonary embolism and chronic venous insufficiency, which are responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. The treatment of DVT is accomplished with parenteral and oral (for maintenance) anticoagulants. They are associated to damage well documented that limit their use resulting in poor adherence of patients to treatment. Drug delivery systems, such as polymeric microparticles, represent a significant development area. It has received attention of researchers and industries around the world and increased investments in last three decades. The polymeric microparticles have great stability, industrial capacity and they allow adjustments to achieve the suitable release profile and / or direction for a particular site of action. The study started with development and validation from the analytical method to quantification of enoxaparin sodium. Turbidimetric technique was used because the results by HPLC were not satisfactory. The aim of this work was the preparation and physical-chemical characterization of a microparticle release system for delivery of a fractionated heparin (FH), enoxaparin sodium, widely used to the treatment of DVT to increase the drug bioavailability and control their biodistribution. The microparticles containing enoxaparin sodium were prepared from a biodegradable polymer poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (50:50) (PLGA) using double emulsification / evaporation of the solvent method. The particles obtained were characterized by scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM) and showed spherical shape with smooth and regular surface. The analysis of the size and distribution of particle sizes were performed by scattering of laser light and showed unimodal profile for the most of formulations. In vitro drug release profile from the microparticles was evaluated in 35 days showing pseudo zero order kinetics, Higuchi model (1961). This indicated that main mechanism of drug release was diffusion.

Liberação transdérmica de fármacos apresenta várias vantagens na terapêutica quando comparada com administração oral ou parenteral. Não existe até o momento nenhum método previsto na Farmacopéia Brasileira para realizar testes de liberação de fármacos em adesivos transdérmicos, outros compêndios oficiais como Farmacopéia Americana, Britânica e Européia, descrevem o aparato de pás sobre disco, o cilindro rotatório e o suporte recíproco. Atualmente a literatura descreve diversos tipos de células de difusão para liberação transdérmica das quais a célula de difusão de Franz tem sido a mais empregada tanto para adesivos transdérmicos como formas semi-sólidas, utilizada no desenvolvimento farmacotécnico, caracterização biofarmacêutica e controle de qualidade. A proposta deste estudo tem por objetivo estipular critérios para a escolha mais adequada do equipamento e metodologias in vitro na avaliação da liberação transdérmicas de fármacos, utilizando a nicotina como fármaco modelo. Para tal, foram empregados ensaios in vitro de liberação e retenção cutânea utilizando métodos de pás sobre disco e método de célula de difusão de Franz modificada em sistema estático e fluxo contínuo. A validação dos fatores que influenciam a taxa de liberação in vitro da nicotina foram fundamentais para escolha do meio receptor, escolha da velocidade de agitação que promoveu mais semelhança no perfil de liberação em diferentes equipamentos assim como a escolha da membrana biológica mais adequada para o método proposto. Os resultados mais promissores foram selecionados para os ensaios in vitro de liberação, permeação e retenção cutânea. Os dados de liberação, tanto em quantidades de nicotina liberada como seu fluxo, demonstraram semelhança no uso de diferentes equipamentos, indicando possíveis intercambialidades entre os métodos propostos para liberação de nicotina transdérmica. Ensaios in vitro de permeação cutânea em célula de difusão vertical de Franz não demonstraram diferenças significativas em diferentes modelos de membranas biológicas utilizadas, as quais foram pele de orelha de porco, pele de camundongo sem pelo e pele de cobra cascavel hidratada por 24 horas. A quantidade de nicotina permeada em até 8 horas, assim como o fluxo de permeação foram significativamente menor para o método de pás sobre disco (FDA) quando comparado com os resultados obtidos utilizando célula de difusão vertical de Franz tanto em sistema estático com em fluxo contínuo. Estes resultados podem estar relacionados com a estrutura física do equipamento de célula de difusão vertical de Franz, uma vez que oferece um sistema oclusivo, dificultando o contato do adesivo com o meio receptor. Desta forma, os resultados deste projeto podem indicar o uso da célula de difusão vertical de Franz para ensaios in vitro de liberação e permeação cutânea da nicotina em formas farmacêuticas transdérmicas, podendo ser aplicado em pesquisas de desenvolvimento de formulações, controle da qualidade e testes de Equivalência Farmacêutica para produtos genéricos. Os resultados desta pesquisa apresentam-se podem ter importante influência nas discussões em torno dos medicamentos genéricos no Brasil, bem como na elaboração de diretrizes para testes de Equivalência Farmacêutica e Controle de Qualidade de medicamentos transdérmicos. Poderão ainda fornecer dados para indicações de protocolos para Farmacopéia Brasileira e pesquisa científica em torno dos sistemas de liberação transdérmicas de fármacos. / The aim of this work was to compare in vitro release and permeation of nicotine from transdermal patch (TDS) using three different methods such as, FDA paddle method and both Vertical Diffusion Cell (VCD) static and continuous flux. We evaluated different kinds of membrane (hairless mouse, porcine ear skin and snake skin), different composition and pH of acceptor phases (0.01N isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (± 0.2), water, and HCL 0.025N), agitation of acceptor phase and batches of the transdermal patches. Profiles of release and permeation from all methods evaluated were linked statistically using linear regression and one-way ANOVA nonparametric assay. The 0.01N isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (± 0.2) improved greater release rate of nicotine than those obtained using HCL and water as acceptor phase. Cumulative released and permeated amounts of nicotine were almost equal for all methods evaluated and there is not significantly different (one-way ANOVA p 0.05) were observed after 8 h. However nicotine permeated fluxes (J) after 8 h were significantly higher using VDC than those obtained using FDA paddle method. Cumulative permeated amounts (reported to the effective surface area of the cells) were overestimated when skin permeation experiments were prolonged to 12 h, indicating that the actual diffusion surface area of NiQuitinTM exceeded the effective diffusion surface area of the cells. Reducing the trimmed TDS surface area led not only to a reduction of the cumulative permeated amounts, but also to a reduction of the flux at 12 h. In order to evaluate the edge effect on drug release flux studies were performed using static VDC. In vitro penetration studies using different membranes showed not significantly difference for ear pig skin, hairless mouse and snake skin at 8 h. However data obtained without membrane were about 1.25 times smaller than those obtained with biological membranes. These results demonstrated that NiQuitinTM TDS had dependent release of membrane at 8 h of permeation. In conclusion there is not significantly different for in vitro release and permeation amounts of nicotine from NiQuitinTM using VDC and FDA method. In term of release efficiency all methods released up to 80% of nicotine after 8 h. The results suggested the use of VDC as potential method to evaluate both in vitro release and skin permeation of nicotine in transdermal patches.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche contre le cancer, l'un des enjeux majeurs de notre société. L'objectif est d'optimiser l'action des principes actifs notamment en réduisant leurs effets secondaires chez le patient. Pour cela nous souhaitons développer des nanotransporteurs siliciques pH-sensibles capables de s'accumuler spécifiquement dans les tumeurs solides grâce à l'effet EPR.Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit décrivent donc la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés actifs du 5-Fluorouracile capables de former un complexe via liaisons H avec un précurseur de silice hybride possédant un motif de reconnaissance moléculaire de type triazine. Ce complexe piégé dans le solide grâce au procédé sol-gel permet alors de créer les systèmes autonomes et pH-contrôlés de délivrance de dérivé actif sans relargage prématuré. Ces systèmes, évalués in-vitro sur des cellules de cancer du sein, présentent des cytotoxicités très importantes.Les résultats encourageants obtenus laissent envisager des évaluations in-vivo de nos systèmes. Dans ce sens, nous améliorons donc actuellement nos nanomachines en introduisant un cœur d'oxyde de fer permettant le suivi par imagerie IRM et de confirmer ainsi leurs actions sur des tumeurs solides. / This thesis is part of the research against cancer, one of the major challenges for our society. The objective is to optimize the action of active compounds by reducing side effects for the patient. For this we want to develop pH-sensitive silicic nanocarriers able to accumulate specifically in solid tumors through the EPR effect.The work detailed in this manuscript describes the synthesis of new 5-Fluorouracil derivatives anticancer drugs able to complex via H-bonds hybrid silica precursor with triazine molecular recognition motif. This complex trapped in the solid through sol-gel process is then used to create autonomous and pH-controlled drug delivery system with non-premature release. These systems, evaluated in-vitro on breast cancer cells, have significant cytotoxicity.The encouraging results obtained suggest in-vivo experiments for our systems. For that, we are currently improving our nanomachines by introducing a heart of iron oxide for MRI imaging and confirm their efficiency on solid tumors.

La résistance aux médicaments constitue un obstacle majeur pour le traitement du cancer. Les systèmes nanoparticulaires de délivrance de médicaments (nanoparticule drug delivery system, NDDS) sont pressentis pour apporter un nouvel espoir dans le traitement du cancer afin de surmonter la résistance aux médicaments en délivrant spécifiquement l’agent anticancéreux dans la lésion tumorale par effet EPR. Cela aura pour effet d’augmenter la concentration locale en médicaments et par conséquent d’améliorer l'efficacité thérapeutique tout en épargnant les tissus sains afin d'éviter les effets secondaires liés à la thérapie. Dans la mesure où la tumeur a souvent un microenvironnement acide, nous souhaiterions en outre doter nos nanoparticules NDDS d’une sensibilité pH-dépendante afin de permettre une délivrance spécifique dans la tumeur. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons élaboré différents NDDSs sensibles aux variations de pH en employant des stratégies différentes. Ces NDDSs peuvent spécifiquement libérer le médicament au niveau du tissu tumoral et dans les cellules elles-mêmes à des valeurs de pH acides. En augmentant la concentration intracellulaire de médicament, l'objectif de surmonter la résistance aux médicaments pourrait ainsi être atteint. La présente étude a permis de fournir de nouvelles connaissances sur la conception de nano-transporteurs pour surmonter la résistance multidrogue par l’élaboration de NDDS sensibles au pH et constitue donc un exemple illustrant parfaitement le fait que les progrès des nanotechnologies peuvent être avantageusement mis en œuvre pour développer de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / Drug resistance presents a great hurdle to cancer treatment. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) are widely expected to bring new hope for cancer therapy to overcome drug resistance by specifically delivering anticancer drugs to tumor lesions via the EPR effect, hence increasing local drug concentrations and consequently enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and at the same time, sparing healthy tissues to avoid side effects. As tumors often have an acidic microenvironment, we would like to further endow the NDDS with a pH-responsive drug releasing property for specific tumor targeting. In this thesis, we established different pH-responsive NDDSs by employing different strategies. These NDDSs could specifically control drug release at tumor tissues and within tumor cells in response to acidic pH. By increasing the intracellular drug concentration, the goal of circumventing drug resistance in cancer was achieved. The present study provides new insights into the design of nanocarriers to overcome drug resistance through pH-responsive drug delivery, and illustrates how advances in nanotechnology can be advantageously implemented to enhance therapeutic outcomes.