Markets show a clear trend towards an ever more extensive electronic networking in mobile and stationary applications. This requires a certain degree of electronic integration of hydraulic components such as axial piston pumps. Beside some wellknow approaches, the transmission of axial piston units still is relatively unexplored regarding electronification. Nonetheless there is a quite high potential to be optimized by electronic. In view of this fact, the present paper deals with the tribological contacts of pumps based on a demand driven hydrostatic relief. The contact areas at cylinder - distributor plate, cradle bearing and slipper - swash plate will be investigated in detail and it will be shown how the pump behavior can be improved considerably through a higher level of relief and a central remaining force ratio. The potential of optimization is to improve the efficiency, especially in partial loaded operation, power range, also for multi quadrant operation, precision and stability. A stable lubricating film for slow-speed running and for very high speeds at different pressures is ensured as well.

[pt] Falta de medicamentos pode gerar óbitos e o excesso deles, desperdícios. Para o alcance deste ponto de equilíbrio, as instituições públicas podem e devem investir em soluções inovadoras, desde que atendidos, ao menos, os princípios da economicidade, da eficiência e do interesse público. Com implantação prevista para 2022, o Sistema Nacional de Controle de Medicamentos surge como uma excelente oportunidade para a Marinha do Brasil rastrear e controlar de forma eficiente e eficaz sua Cadeia de Medicamentos, por meio do código de barras bidimensional Datamatrix. Entretanto, como adaptar uma Cadeia de Suprimentos consolidada frente a essa mudança tecnológica? Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor um novo modelo para a Cadeia de Medicamentos da Marinha do Brasil, para o qual foi necessário descrever o modelo atual, em termos de estrutura e processos, e identificar as deficiências deste modelo que inviabilizavam a adaptação proposta. A partir dessas constatações, foram geradas conclusões, que serviram de base para o modelo proposto. Adicionalmente, o estudo apresenta as vantagens e os benefícios que as adaptações propostas podem representar para a Cadeia de Medicamentos da Marinha do Brasil, sobretudo para o seu pessoal. Com a adequação de sua Cadeia de Medicamentos ao Sistema Nacional de Controle de Medicamentos, a Marinha do Brasil tornar-se-á pioneira, no âmbito do Poder Executivo, na busca pela rastreabilidade de medicamentos, melhorando a qualidade da aplicação dos recursos públicos e incorporando, efetivamente, ao seu sistema de saúde, o conceito de segurança do paciente. / [en] Lack of availability of medicine may results in fatalities and excess of availability generate waste. In order to achieve a balance, public institutions can and should invest in innovative solutions that in turn are economical, efficient and in the public interest. The implementation of the National System of Medicine Control, in 2022, presents an opportunity for the Brazilian Navy to use Datamatrix s bidimensional barcodes to track and control medicines in an efficient and effective manner. However, how do you adapt an already mature supply chain to this change in technology? In this context, the following study has the objective to propose a new model for the Brazilian Navy s Medicines Chain, for which it was necessary to describe the current model, in terms of structure and processes, and to identify the failures of this model that made it unfeasible the proposed adaptation. From these findings, conclusions were generated, which served as the basis for the proposed model. In addition, the study presents the advantages and benefits that the proposed adaptations may represent for the Brazilian Navy s Medicines Chain, especially for its personnel. With the adaptation of its Medicine Chain to the National System of Medicine Control, the Brazilian Navy will become a pioneer, within the scope of the Executive Branch, in the search for drug traceability, improving the quality of the use of public resources and effectively incorporating into the health system the concept of patient safety.

A demand-driven growth model involving capital accumulation and the dynamics of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration is set up to examine macroeconomic issues raised by global warming, e.g. effects on output and employment of rising levels of GHG; offsets by mitigation; relationships among energy use and labor productivity, income distribution, and growth; the economic significance of the Jevons and other paradoxes; sustainable consumption and possible reductions in employment; and sources of instability and cyclicality implicit in the twodimensional dynamical system. The emphasis is on the combination of biophysical limits and Post- Keynesian growth theory and the qualitative patterns of system adjustment and the dynamics that emerge. / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

[pt] Diversas empresas implementaram processos e ferramentas de previsão de demanda para melhorar a performance do planejamento de demanda, porém estas iniciativas não foram suficientes para eliminar problemas de ruptura de produtos, melhorar a eficiência da cadeia de suprimento, devido ao desbalanceamento entre oferta e demanda, baixa precisão da previsão de demanda para produtos de médio e baixo volume, alta variabilidade de demanda e / ou grande número de novos produtos lançados no mercado. Para operar neste cenário, muitas empresas estão fazendo a transição de uma estratégia pura de push, no qual os produtos são manufaturados e distribuidos baseado somente em previsão de demanda, para uma estratégia de pull baseada na demanda real dos clientes, de forma a balancear a disponibilidade de produto com a demanda dos clientes. sta tese busca identificar e descrever os componentes de uma cadeia de suprimento orientada à demanda e, baseado nestes componentes, desenvolver uma metodologia estruturada e integrada para avaliar o estado atual das empresas à luz destes conceitos, assim como definir uma estratégia para auxiliar as organizações se tornarem orientadas à demanda com um custo eficiente. A metodologia foi aplicada em três regiões de uma empresa global de bebidas nos Estados Unidos, Brasil e Uruguai para validar a metodologia proposta e formalizar um plano de ação para estas operações se moverem na direção de orientadas à demanda. Os resultados da avaliação demonstraram que duas operações estão próximas ao nível básico de push e uma está próxima ao nível otimizado push, confirmando que existem claras oportunidades para estas empresas melhorarem sua performance com base nos conceitos propostos. Finalmente, outra contribuição desta tese é o arcabouço proposto para desenho de uma estratégia de três anos para a cadeia de suprimento, o qual irá considerar os resultados da avaliação como uma das principais entradas, e irá gerar um plano de ação para suportar a implementação efetiva das oportunidades identificadas durante a avaliação, permitindo que as organizações se tornem orientadas à demanda. / [en] Several companies have been implementing forecasting tools and processes to improve demand planning performance, but these initiatives were not enough to eliminate OOS problems, and improve supply chain efficiency, due to a mismatch between supply and demand, low forecast accuracy for medium and low volume products, high demand variability and/or high number of new product introductions. To cope with this scenario, most companies are trying to move from a pure Push strategy, which is to produce and distribute based only on forecast, to a Pull system, which is to operate based on actual customer demand, in order to balance supply availability with customer demand. This thesis aims to identify and describe the key components of demand driven supply chains and based on these components, develop a structured and integrated assessment framework that companies can use to assess their current and desired future supply chain states in light of the Demand Driven Supply Chain (DDSC) concepts, and to define a supply chain strategy to move towards a customer centric operation, cost effectively. The framework was applied in three supply chain operations of a global beverage company in USA, Brazil and Uruguay to validate the methodology and formalize an action plan for these operations to be able to move towards a DDSC. The results of the assessment showed that two operations are currently close to a basic push level, and one is closed to an optimized push level, confirming that there are clear opportunities for those companies to improve their performance based on demand driven concepts. Finally, another contribution of this thesis is the structured framework developed to design a three year supply chain strategy, which will consider the DDSC assessment results as one of the key inputs, and will support the implementation of the opportunities identified during the assessment.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate key success factors of a business model for digitally enhanced and demand driven manufacturing of personalised apparel products. Through the investigation of a questionnaire and two focus group discussions the research outlines the co-creation of customers and the company when personalising an apparel productafter individual requests. Furthermore, it examines the relationship and impacts of service experiences towards the customer journey of value-adding personalisation. Methodology: This study is based on a mixed-method design. The empirical data weregathered through an online questionnaire, which reached out to 183 participants. Furthermore, the data were collected from two focus group discussions with seven students in total. The  discussions were transcribed, coded and analysed using a comparative analysis approach. The main limitations of the research are the limited amount of questionnaire participants and focus groups as well as the focus on personalisation services regarding apparel products. Findings: The findings of the analysis point out that in order to establish a beneficial demand driven business model for the personalisation of apparel products, a company has to adopt factors such as raising awareness, ensure value-adding integration, ideal information sharing, straightforward operation, incorporate customer’s knowledge, customer satisfaction, enablevaluable personalisation as well as consider customer’s emotion. Additionally, the results illustrate that service experiences have an impact on the customer journey of a personalisation. Contribution: This paper contributes to the academia by investigating a framework for ther elationship between a customer journey and the service experiences while co-designing a product with a company. Practical contributions are made by investigating key success factors for digitally enhanced, demand driven manufacturing of personalised apparel products and by giving new insights in the integration of customers when using the service of personalisation. The generated framework and the key success factors can be principle guidelines for entrepreneurs and established businesses as well as for future investigations.

La industria del plástico ha presentado un crecimiento continuo desde su creación en los años 50. En el Perú, esta industria ha mostrado un crecimiento de su producción de 4.5% en el 2018, superando a países como Chile y México. Sin embargo, este sector presenta un déficit comercial, debido a que la demanda nacional ha superado la oferta de las empresas, quienes presentan tiempos improductivos causados por tiempos de configuración y desabastecimiento de materia prima. El objetivo del proyecto fue incrementar la utilización de la capacidad de la planta en estudio, pues su nivel de utilización de la capacidad se encontraba 8.5% por debajo del nivel promedio del sector, ocasionando pérdidas equivalentes al 6.43% de las ventas totales del año 2019, asignadas a gastos logísticos, penalizaciones y anulaciones. Por esta razón, se diseñó un modelo de gestión de la producción basado en SMED Integrado (SMED Convencional + 5´S) y sistema DDMRP bajo un enfoque Kaizen, que se validó mediante una simulación en el software Arena. Como resultado del proceso de validación se logró incrementar el nivel de utilización de la capacidad de la planta en un 4.31%, alcanzando un nivel final de 84.86%, debido a la reducción de un 60% de tiempo de setup y un 90.05% de pardas por desabastecimiento. Finalmente, este nuevo modelo que vincula las herramientas mencionadas puede ser replicado en otras empresas del sector manufacturero que presenten el mismo problema. / The plastics industry has shown continuous growth since its creation in the 1950s. In Perú, this industry has shown a growth of its production of 4.5% in 2018, surpassing countries such as Chile and Mexico. However, this sector has a trade deficit due to national demand has exceeded the supply of companies, which have unproductive times caused by set-up times and shortages of raw materials. The project´s objective was to increase the capacity utilization of the plant under study because the current level of utilization of the company's capacity was below 8.5% of the average level of the sector, causing losses equivalent to 6.43% of total sales for the year 2019, assigned to logistics expenses, penalties and cancellations. For this reason, we designed a production control model based on the integrated SMED (Conventional SMED + 5´S) and DDMRP system under a Kaizen approach, which was validated through a simulation in Arena´s software. As a result of the validation process, it was possible to increase the level of plant capacity utilization by 4.31%, reaching a final level of 84.86%, due to a 60% reduction in setup time and a 90% reduction in the stops due to shortages. Finally, this new model that links the mentioned tools can be replicated in other companies in the manufacturing sector that present the same problem. / Trabajo de investigación

All over the world, raising concerns about energy conservation and the environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions has promoted the development of a sustainable mobility transition. Successful electric vehicle (EV) deployment plays a vital role in this manner but is still facing obstacles, where public charging infrastructure is one of them. Additionally, digitization is transforming and introducing new industries worldwide, contributing with new constructs to be used in the evolving transition. Simultaneously, technology is surpassing the competition, and is one of the most potent transformational force affecting customer relations in the energy sector, leading to customers anticipating more from the power utility companies. To attain a long-termsustainable competitive advantage, firms have to retain, sustain, and nurture their customer base. To do so, corporations have comprehended the value of embracing customer-centric incentives, enabling them to capture more indirect business values. Furthermore, this thesis was done in collaboration with a power utility company, referred to as ‘Org X’ or ‘the CPO’. Influenced by the reasoning above, it investigated the opportunity to create indirect business values through a demand-driven roll-out of the national charging infrastructure with the use of crowdfunding. This was achieved by adopting an exploratory methodology approach, where a mixed inductive-deductive design was used. A multi-method qualitative data collection was made; consisting mainly of semi-structured-, and unstructured interviews with experts in the field. Thus, a profound perspective of the EV-charging market landscape was attained, which enabled adequate reasoning when proposing a strategy approach for the cause. Additionally, quantitative secondary data was used to develop a tool for an initial location evaluation, that is part of the recommended approach. This tool was also used to enhance the understanding of the national EV-charging market landscape, the customer segments, as well the potential market for a co-creating platform. The findings suggest that the perceived readiness level of crowdfunding charging infrastructure varies depending on what aspect that is being accommodated. A platform that connects stakeholders is encouraged by actors in the field, but crowdfunding through solely end-users is questioned as close proximity to the end-user’s location is a key-factor regarding motivation to fund a charging point. A ‘Tier based framework’, that facilitates this transition was therefore developed and evaluated. Additionally, the framework was considered in the market analysis case study, which further included a recommended implementation and communication approach. If used accordingly, this framework could bring both indirect- and direct business values to the power utility company in question, as well as the involved stakeholders. / Oro över energieffektiviseringar och miljökonsekvenser från utsläpp av växthusgaser världen över har främjat utvecklingen av ett hållbart energisystem. En framgångsrik marknadspenetration av elbilar (EVs) har en viktig roll i denna aspekt, men står fortfarande inför hinder där publik laddningsinfrastruktur är en del av problemet. Digitaliseringen leder till transformation och nya industrier vilket bidrar med ytterligare konstruktioner som används i övergången till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Samtidigt driver teknikutvecklingen till ökad konkurrens och har en kraftfull påverkan på vad kunderna förväntar sig från företagen. För att uppnå mer långsiktigt hållbara konkurrensfördelar måste företag sträva efter att behålla, upprätthålla och ta hand sin kundbas. Företag börjar förstå det ökade värde som finns i att utöva mer kundcentrerade incitament och strategier, vilket potentiellt bidrar till mer indirekta affärsvärden. Denna uppsats är i samarbete med ett Svenskt energiföretag, följaktligen refererat till som 'Org X' eller 'CPO'. Baserat på resonemanget ovan, har möjligheten att skapa indirekta affärsvärden genom verkställandet av en mer efterfrågedriven utveckling av den nationella elbilsladdning infrastruktur med hjälp av crowdfunding undersökts. Detta uppnåddes genom att använda ett utforskat tillvägagångssätt, där en blandad induktiv-deduktiv design användes. En kvalitativ datainsamling gjordes på flera sätt; huvudsakligen bestående av semistrukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer med experter inom området. Således uppnåddes ett djupgående perspektiv på av elbilsladdning marknaden vilket möjliggjorde sakliga resonemang kring den presenterade och rekommenderade strategin. Ytterligare användes kvantitativ sekundärdata för att utveckla ett verktyg för en initial plats bedömning, vilket är en del av den rekommenderade strategin. Detta verktyg användes dessutom för att öka förståelsen för den nationella elbilsladdning marknaden, kundsegmenten, liksom den potentiella marknaden för en samskapande plattform. Resultaten tyder på att den upplevda beredskapsnivån att crowdfunda laddningsinfrastruktur varierar beroende på plats och kundgrupp. En plattform som ansluter intressenter uppmuntras av aktörer på marknaden, men crowdfunding genom enbart slutanvändare ifrågasätts då närhet till slutanvändarens läge är en nyckelfaktor när det gäller motivationen att medverka i finansieringen. Därav har ett tier based framework utvecklats och presenterats, som bör underlätta transformationen mot en mer kunddriven affärsmöjlighet. Dessutom beaktades ramverket i fallstudien för marknadsanalysen, som ytterligare inkluderade en rekommenderad strategi för implementering och kommunikation. Om den används i enlighet bör ramverket ge både indirekta och direkta affärsvärden till det aktuella energi företaget, liksom till berörda intressenter.

El tema de este trabajo de suficiencia profesional es la comparación de la Planificación de Requerimientos de Materiales Guiada por la Demanda del Mercado (DDMRP por su nombre en inglés: Demand Driven Material Requirements Planning), con los métodos de planificación tradicionales. De esta forma, la pregunta de investigación propuesta apunta a conocer si la DDMRP tiene un mejor desempeño que las técnicas de Planificación de los Materiales (MRP por su nombre en inglés: Material Requirements Planning), MRPII (por su nombre en inglés: Material Requirements Planning II) y Kanban. La presente investigación está guiada por tres objetivos, cada uno desarrollado en un capítulo aparte: el primero de ellos identifica los tipos de métodos de planificación y control de materiales y sus características; el segundo propone las ventajas y desventajas de la implementación de los métodos de planificación y control de materiales (Kanban, MRP, MRP II y DDMRP); y el tercero enumera los factores que contribuyen al éxito o fracaso de los métodos de planificación y control de materiales (Kanban, MRP, MRP II y DDMRP). Finalmente, se presentan los resultados, las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado y las recomendaciones. / The subject of this professional sufficiency paper is the comparison of Demand Driven Material Requirement Planning (DDMRP) with traditional planning methods. Thus, the research question posed refers to knowing if DDMRP has a better performance than MRP, MRPII and Kanban techniques. This research is divided into three objectives; the first one identifies the types of materials planning and control methods and their characteristics; the second develops the advantages and disadvantages of implementing materials planning and control methods such as Kanban, MRP, MRP II and DDMRP; and the third objective lists the factors that contribute to the success or failure of materials planning and control methods such as such as Kanban, MRP, MRP II and DDMRP. Finally, the results, conclusions reached and recommendations are presented. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

企業面對高度競爭的市場環境，必須透過企業轉型尋求成長的機會。相關文獻指出，高度競爭的市場往往會出現供過於求的現象，產品導向的商業模式難以脫穎而出。客戶導向的經營模式，以客戶需求為中心，從服務出發，容易獲得客戶的青睞。 　國內銀行業面臨銀行過盛的高度競爭環境，惟仍缺乏銀行業採行客戶導向商業模式的實證分析。本研究提出「整合式服務利潤鏈（integrate service-profit chain）」，並以個案銀行「整合式客戶經營專案」進行實證研究。採用「實驗性研究方法－控制群設計」，以「整合式客戶經營專案」為實驗組、「事業單位經營模式」為對照組，進行經營成效的量化分析，並針對企業轉型的理論與實務進行質化分析。 　本研究發現：（1）客戶導向經營模式可創造客戶價值、提高競爭優勢，可做為企業轉型策略參考。 （2）客戶導向經營模式仍需考慮客群差異，並非所有的客群皆可適用相同的經營模式。 （3）企業轉型充滿挑戰，考驗管理智慧、決策品質，必須在創新與風險間取得平衡。 　本研究取得初步的成果，證實企業轉型客戶導向經營模式確實可創造效益，轉型的過程與內容仍值得深入的探討。