As mudanças ocorridas na década de 1990 no mundo trabalhista com a aplicação de Políticas Neoliberais no Brasil culminaram na desregulamentação da legislação do trabalho, influenciando a organização dos trabalhadores. A implementação de medidas que flexibilizam a legislação trabalhista cria novas táticas para a formação de um consentimento operário com a finalidade de garantir a flexibilização das relações trabalhistas e um crescimento da produtividade capitalista, com ganhos adicionais pela alteração das relações de trabalho. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar como se estabelecem as relações entre as mudanças e o impacto e a apropriação que o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São José dos Campos e Região tem das mesmas, nos últimos anos no Brasil. A pesquisa enfatizará a nova configuração da condição operária que transformou a forma tradicional de negociação salarial dos trabalhadores, modificando as reivindicações sindicais, a forma de participação operária nas empresas e etc.. As mudanças emergem acompanhadas de um processo de reestruturação produtiva visando o aumento da produtividade e seguindo a tendência mundial de perda coletiva de direitos, mas sua aplicação não se estabelece de maneira passiva; ela engendra novos códigos e táticas de negociação coletiva, além de diversas estratégias de resistência por parte dos trabalhadores. O Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São José dos Campos e Região como campo específico para a realização da pesquisa se justifica por se tratar este de um dos sindicatos pioneiros na resistência à aplicação das medidas que flexibilizam a legislação do trabalho no Brasil, além de localizar-se num dos pólos industriais e tecnológicos mais importantes do país. Por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os dirigentes sindicais o estudo procura compreender como ocorreu o processo de flexibilização das leis trabalhistas, as estratégias para a construção e conformação do consentimento operário por parte dos empresários e as resistências que o sindicato realiza diante do avanço patronal. / The changes occurred in the 1990s in the labor world with the application of Neo-liberal Policies in Brazil led to the deregulation of labor laws, affecting the organization of workers. The implementation of measures that make labor legislation more flexible creates new tactics for the formation of a workers\' agreement in order to ensure the flexibility of labor relations and growth in capitalism productivity, with further gains by the change in labor relations. This study has as main objective to analyze how relationships are established within changes and the impact and the appropriation of Metalworkers Union of São José dos Campos and the surrounding region in the last years in Brazil. The research will highlight the new setting of labor conditions that have changed the traditional way of negotiating wages, modifying the union demands, the way workers participate in companies, etc. The changes emerge accompanied by a productive restructuring process aimed at increasing the productivity and following the global trend of collective loss of rights, but its application is not established in a passive way, it engenders new codes and tactics of collective negotiation, and several resistance strategies by workers. The Metalworkers Union of São José dos Campos and Region as a specific field for the making of this research is justified because it is one of the pioneers in the trade union resistance to implementing the measures that made labor legislation more flexible in Brazil, besides being located in one of the most important industrial and technological areas of the country. Through semi-structured interviews with union leaders the study seeks to understand how was the process of making the labor laws more flexible, the strategies to build and shape the workers consent on the part of entrepreneurs and the resistance that the union hold against the employer\'s advance.

As mudanças ocorridas na década de 1990 no mundo trabalhista com a aplicação de Políticas Neoliberais no Brasil culminaram na desregulamentação da legislação do trabalho, influenciando a organização dos trabalhadores. A implementação de medidas que flexibilizam a legislação trabalhista cria novas táticas para a formação de um consentimento operário com a finalidade de garantir a flexibilização das relações trabalhistas e um crescimento da produtividade capitalista, com ganhos adicionais pela alteração das relações de trabalho. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar como se estabelecem as relações entre as mudanças e o impacto e a apropriação que o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São José dos Campos e Região tem das mesmas, nos últimos anos no Brasil. A pesquisa enfatizará a nova configuração da condição operária que transformou a forma tradicional de negociação salarial dos trabalhadores, modificando as reivindicações sindicais, a forma de participação operária nas empresas e etc.. As mudanças emergem acompanhadas de um processo de reestruturação produtiva visando o aumento da produtividade e seguindo a tendência mundial de perda coletiva de direitos, mas sua aplicação não se estabelece de maneira passiva; ela engendra novos códigos e táticas de negociação coletiva, além de diversas estratégias de resistência por parte dos trabalhadores. O Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São José dos Campos e Região como campo específico para a realização da pesquisa se justifica por se tratar este de um dos sindicatos pioneiros na resistência à aplicação das medidas que flexibilizam a legislação do trabalho no Brasil, além de localizar-se num dos pólos industriais e tecnológicos mais importantes do país. Por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os dirigentes sindicais o estudo procura compreender como ocorreu o processo de flexibilização das leis trabalhistas, as estratégias para a construção e conformação do consentimento operário por parte dos empresários e as resistências que o sindicato realiza diante do avanço patronal. / The changes occurred in the 1990s in the labor world with the application of Neo-liberal Policies in Brazil led to the deregulation of labor laws, affecting the organization of workers. The implementation of measures that make labor legislation more flexible creates new tactics for the formation of a workers\' agreement in order to ensure the flexibility of labor relations and growth in capitalism productivity, with further gains by the change in labor relations. This study has as main objective to analyze how relationships are established within changes and the impact and the appropriation of Metalworkers Union of São José dos Campos and the surrounding region in the last years in Brazil. The research will highlight the new setting of labor conditions that have changed the traditional way of negotiating wages, modifying the union demands, the way workers participate in companies, etc. The changes emerge accompanied by a productive restructuring process aimed at increasing the productivity and following the global trend of collective loss of rights, but its application is not established in a passive way, it engenders new codes and tactics of collective negotiation, and several resistance strategies by workers. The Metalworkers Union of São José dos Campos and Region as a specific field for the making of this research is justified because it is one of the pioneers in the trade union resistance to implementing the measures that made labor legislation more flexible in Brazil, besides being located in one of the most important industrial and technological areas of the country. Through semi-structured interviews with union leaders the study seeks to understand how was the process of making the labor laws more flexible, the strategies to build and shape the workers consent on the part of entrepreneurs and the resistance that the union hold against the employer\'s advance.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-12-21T17:00:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE VANDERLEI SCHNEIDER DE LIMA.pdf: 1120849 bytes, checksum: 43eafe604f8406eaab3a467818668e4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T17:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE VANDERLEI SCHNEIDER DE LIMA.pdf: 1120849 bytes, checksum: 43eafe604f8406eaab3a467818668e4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Refletir sobre os desafios apresentados à classe trabalhadora no que tange à flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas ao longo das conjunturas políticas estabelecidas no Brasil a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990. Tal questão está enredada no problema que norteia a pesquisa, o de que houve uma verdadeira ciranda, no âmbito dos Poderes constituídos do Estado, visando a implementação da flexibilização do Direito do Trabalho, sendo, num primeiro momento, a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990, conduzida pelo Legislativo e Executivo, e, posteriormente, a partir de 2003, deslocando-se para o Judiciário, todavia numa constante, mirando aquele sistema de Poder que, num determinado momento político e ideológico, acabasse se mostrando mais suscetível em incorporar os interesses do mercado. Buscou-se compreender como, nos últimos anos, a própria Justiça do Trabalho passa a ser o campo profícuo para a consecução dos interesses do mercado, afastando-se do princípio protecionista e dando efetividade aos anseios do capital, prestando-se como esfera institucional para a flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas num período de contenção da via legislativa. Considerando a interdisciplinaridade, a análise a ser efetuada objetiva demonstrar as variantes que permearam duas perspectivas de governo que, ao menos em algum momento, pareciam se diferenciar, mas que, ou serviram diretamente para implementar a política neoliberal nas relações de trabalho, ou, a partir da subserviência ao capital, se apresentaram como campo aberto para sua continuidade, ainda que com deslocamento nas esferas de Poder. Observou-se que na ciranda da flexibilização do Direito do Trabalho levada a cabo pelos Poderes do Estado, o resultado é a prevalência dos interesses do mercado, ancorados na cartilha neoliberal, em detrimento da classe trabalhadora, e o consequente abalo ao princípio protetivo que dá sustentação ao referido ramo do Direito. No cerne da análise a Justiça do Trabalho se encontra em fogo cruzado, entre a pressão voraz do mercado e das elites econômicas e políticas, que inclusive ameaçam a sua manuntenção como Justiça Especializada, ou como esfera de enfrentamento dos ataques neoliberais, numa pretensa barreira para a crescente implementação da política de fragmentação dos direitos trabalhistas, cujas medidas recentes, novamente carreadas pelo Executivo e Legislativo, prentendem conduzir à sua derradeira desregulamentação. / Reflect on the challenges presented to the working class with regard to the flexibilization of labor rights throughout political conjunctures established in Brazil from the second half of the 1990s. This question is entangled in the problem that guides the research, that there was a real shaking, within the scope of the Powers constituted of the State, aiming at the implementation of flexibilization of Labor Law, being, at first, from the second half of the decade 1990, conducted by the Legislative and Executive, and later, from 2003, moving to the Judiciary, nevertheless in a constant, targeting that system of Power that, in a certain political and ideological moment, was more likely to incorporate the interests of the market. In this context, we sought to understand how, in recent years, Labor Justice itself has become a profitable field for the attainment of market interests, moving away from the protectionist principle and giving effect to the desires of capital, as an institutional sphere for the flexibilization of labor rights in a period of containment of the legislative route. Considering interdisciplinarity, the analysis to be carried out aims to demonstrate the variants that permeated two perspectives of government that, at least at some point, seemed to differentiate, but which either directly served to implement neoliberal politics in labor relations, or, from subservience to capital, presented themselves as an open field for their continuity, although with displacement in the spheres of Power. It was verified that in the shaking of the flexibilization of Labor Law carried out by the State Powers, the result is the same it is the prevalence of market interests, anchored in the neoliberal book, to the detriment of the working class, and the consequent shaking of the protective principle that gives support to the said branch of Law. At the heart of the analysis the Labor Court is in a crossfire, between the voracious pressure of the market and the economic and political elites, which even threaten its maintenance as Specialized Justice, or as sphere of confrontation of the neoliberal attacks, in a presumed barrier for the increasing implementation of the policy of fragmentation of the labor rights, whose recent measures, again carried by the Executive and Legislative, intend to lead to its last deregulation.

In Chapter 1, the staggered nature of the adoption of interstate bank branching deregulation in the United States is utilized as an exogeneous shock to investigate the managerial incentives involved in corporate socially responsible (CSR) activities. Using Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini Research & Analytics, Inc. for our CSR measures, we find a significant negative relation between the extent of deregulation and CSR practices, which implies that deregulation-led rising competition in product market makes the non-financial firms more concerned about protecting interests of shareholders than other stakeholders. Specifically, firms with low pricing power tend to significantly reduce their CSR activities. Our results are robust using alternative empirical specifications and CSR measures. Chapter 2 investigates the interaction between price stability and financial stability for “Fragile Five” countries. In the first step, we investigate the causation linkage between price stability and financial stability indicators. In the second step, we analyze the effect of financial stability instruments, lending rate and required reserve ratio, on price stability. We then test the price stability instrument policy rate on financial stability. Empirical findings, in the first step, indicate that there is no meaningful relationship between policy objectives in the short run, while the relation between financial stability and price stability occurs in the longer time frequencies. However, the situation is not valid for all economies. In the second step, we measure the effects of monetary policy tools employed by the central bank of each of the Fragile Five countries. The findings from the analysis that investigates the effects of each policy instrument imply that the policy rate instrument implemented to achieve the inflation target does not affect the financial stability goal. Similarly, the reserve requirement ratio instrument to achieve the financial stability goal does not affect the price stability goal. On the other hand, results give some implication about the negative effects of the lending rate instrument on the inflation targeting objective.

As a component of the regulatory structure controlling building construction and land development in Australia, the system of building regulation was reformed during a period of significant restructuring of the Australian economy. The microeconomic reforms aimed to find efficiencies in government and industry sectors, and with respect to the latter, facilitate the development of competitive trade structures across national and global markets. The research provides a critical narrative account of the development and outcomes of the microeconomic reform of building regulation between 1990 and 2003. The microeconomic reform process is examined in the context of the vastly differing approaches of two Australian states, Victoria and New South Wales, with respect to the national reform agenda which was initiated and led by the Commonwealth government in response to the increasing globalization of the national economy. An understanding of what happened and why and how t he states differed with respect to the national reform agenda enabled the outcomes of the reforms to be examined for their impact upon government, industry and the community. The regulation of building construction is a constitutional responsibility of the state governments and has traditionally been controlled by local government. However, control is increasingly being centralized at the national level, in response to international pressures to adopt performance-based regulations, standards and governance systems that accord to neoliberal ideology. This has resulted in a reduction of state and local government involvement in certain building control functions with a commensurate increased role for the private sector; an increase in the complexity and quantity of regulatory instruments; a reduction in government accountability for the standard of building construction; the development of structures to facilitate competitive intranational and international trade in construction-related goods and services and a reduction in the quality and standard of buildings. The principal benefits of the reforms have accrued to industry and to government and the least benefits have accrued to the community/consumer.

論文名稱：資訊社會電信事業自由化、電信公司民營化之研究校（院）所組別：國立政治大學社會學研究所 畢業時間及提要別：八十六學年度第一學期碩士學位論文提要 研究生：葉義輝 指導教授：陳小紅 提要內容： 由於現在資訊科技的發達，人們對通訊的需求日殷，加以國家在政治、經濟上的需求，在全球電信自由化、國際化、民營化的帶動下，電信的改革變變有著勢不可檔的趨勢，本論文即是著眼於此一潮流，而特別針對「電信事業自由化」、「電信公司民營化」兩大課題所作之研究。從問題主軸出發，試圖從理論的分析、現況的研討，輔以對相關人員的深度訪談內容，希冀尋得問題的癥結，找出相對應的策略。 在「電信事業自由化」的課題上，本論文先界定其定義，再研究其形成之原因與背景，加以世界各國（主要是先進國家與亞洲鄰國）的經驗啟示，再回顧我國目前電信自由化的現況，探討我們所要面對的問題，及未來政策規劃的遠景；而在「電信公司民營化」的課題上，亦是先界定民營化的定義，再透過國營事業的弊病，尋出民營化的原因，探討民營化的優點及配合措施，從電信公司民營化的進程開始，分別探討當前中華電信組織的改革及其員工「產業民主」之訴求，再探討當前政府推動民營化不力之原因，針對當前民營化之問題提出檢討，與展望未來「全民釋股」的政策走向；再針對民代、官員、業者（中華電信與其他民營業者）、員工與學者的訪談，尋出當前電信自由化、電信民營化之問題對策。 最後再綜合文獻的探討與訪談的結果，本論文提出了結論，並做出了具體的建議：我國的電信改革實需要有完備的制度設計與法令規範，也必須配合政府的魄力與決心，才能真正建立出電信市場公平競爭的環境。而政府必須強化電信監督管理之功能；中華電信若先分割解體，再進行民營化，將電信人才重組整合，才可能會是民營化成功的關鍵；而中華電信也必須重新釐清其所應扮演角色，與民營業者共創未來電信自由化的前景；政府也應當審慎考慮當前電信民營化的作法，讓全民共享電信所創造的利益成果。

<p>Den 1 januari 1996 infördes ett nytt regelverk på den svenska elmarknaden. En marknad som sedan 1902 varit kontrollerad av staten avreglerades, och fri konkurrens för handel med elektricitet. Regeringen skriver i ett direktiv 2003 att ”den ökade konkurrensen och den nya regleringen på elmarknaden har inneburit stora strukturförändringar”. Intresset växte för hur dessa strukturförändringar påverkade aktörernas strategiska agerande. Hur hanterar en monopolist en avreglering och hur skapas en position på ”en ny marknad”?</p><p>Syftet med vår uppsats är att beskriva de strukturförändringar som skett på den svenska elmarknaden i samband med avregleringen, samt att i denna kontext analysera elhandelsföretagens strategiska agerande. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera strategiska aspekter viktiga i ett sådant förändringsarbete.Genomförande: Uppsatsen kan i viss mån liknas vid en fallstudie där vi genom sex olika elhandelsföretag tittar närmare på de effekter avregleringen av den svenska elmarknaden fått på marknadens aktörer och deras strategier. Empirin grundastill största delen på 14 personliga intervjuer, men utöver detta har även sekundärdata i form av statliga utredningar, övriga undersökningar samt tryckt företagsmaterial använts.</p><p>Resultat: Vad gäller marknaden är de tydligaste strukturförändringarna en ökad konkurrens, sjunkande marginaler och ett skifte i fokus från teknik- till marknadstänkande. Avseende de strategiska förändringarna hos de enskilda företagen är dessa markanta. Skillnader mellan aktörerna är små, främst på grund av homogeniteten i produkten, och de skillnader som kan ses finns mellan stora och små aktörer. Viktiga aspekter för att hantera en avreglering på ett bra sätt är bland annat att kunna hantera risker, påbörja omorganisationen i tid, ha koll på omvärlden, samt tänka på att storleken spelar roll och att samarbete lönar sig.</p>

Nachdem die deutsche Ministerialverwaltung seit nunmehr zwei Jahrzehnten die Anwendung von Folgenabschätzungen weitestgehend ignoriert hat, beschloss das Bundeskabinett im April 2006 ein neues Instrument der better regulation einzuführen: das Standardkosten-Modell (SKM). Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Wirksamkeit dieses Instruments zu untersuchen. Dazu wird ein qualitativer Bewertungsmaßstab deduktiv hergeleitet, operationalisiert und empirisch getestet. Das SKM wird demzufolge dann als wirksam erachtet, wenn es 1.) das Kräfteverhältnis zwischen Regulierungsbefürwortern und Regulierungsskeptikern zu Gunsten Letzterer verschiebt und 2.) mit der Einführung des Instruments die Weichen für einen Wandel der Regulierungskultur in der Ministerialverwaltung gestellt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass das Instrument gemäß Annahme 1 als Erfolg bewertet werden kann. Allerdings relativiert sich das Ergebnis, da Annahme 2 nicht erfüllt wird. / After the ministries in Germany have kept ignoring the appliance of impact assessments for more than two decades, the German government decided in April 2006 to introduce a new ‘better regulation’ tool: the Standard Cost Model (SCM). This paper is going to evaluate the SCM’s effectiveness. For this purpose, a qualitative “measure” of success is going to be deductively developed, operationalized, and empirically tested. Hence, the SCM is regarded to be effective if it 1.) shifts the balance of power between regulation supporters and regulation skeptics in favor of the latter and if the SCM 2.) introduces a change of the regulatory culture within public administration. As a result, it turns out that the instrument with respect to hypothesis 1 can be evaluated as a success. However, this success has to be put into perspective because hypothesis 2 does not apply.

Den 1 januari 1996 infördes ett nytt regelverk på den svenska elmarknaden. En marknad som sedan 1902 varit kontrollerad av staten avreglerades, och fri konkurrens för handel med elektricitet. Regeringen skriver i ett direktiv 2003 att ”den ökade konkurrensen och den nya regleringen på elmarknaden har inneburit stora strukturförändringar”. Intresset växte för hur dessa strukturförändringar påverkade aktörernas strategiska agerande. Hur hanterar en monopolist en avreglering och hur skapas en position på ”en ny marknad”? Syftet med vår uppsats är att beskriva de strukturförändringar som skett på den svenska elmarknaden i samband med avregleringen, samt att i denna kontext analysera elhandelsföretagens strategiska agerande. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera strategiska aspekter viktiga i ett sådant förändringsarbete.Genomförande: Uppsatsen kan i viss mån liknas vid en fallstudie där vi genom sex olika elhandelsföretag tittar närmare på de effekter avregleringen av den svenska elmarknaden fått på marknadens aktörer och deras strategier. Empirin grundastill största delen på 14 personliga intervjuer, men utöver detta har även sekundärdata i form av statliga utredningar, övriga undersökningar samt tryckt företagsmaterial använts. Resultat: Vad gäller marknaden är de tydligaste strukturförändringarna en ökad konkurrens, sjunkande marginaler och ett skifte i fokus från teknik- till marknadstänkande. Avseende de strategiska förändringarna hos de enskilda företagen är dessa markanta. Skillnader mellan aktörerna är små, främst på grund av homogeniteten i produkten, och de skillnader som kan ses finns mellan stora och små aktörer. Viktiga aspekter för att hantera en avreglering på ett bra sätt är bland annat att kunna hantera risker, påbörja omorganisationen i tid, ha koll på omvärlden, samt tänka på att storleken spelar roll och att samarbete lönar sig.

This thesis consists of three self-contained essays about immigrants’ experiences in Sweden. They all focus on the interaction between institutional settings and effects on immigrants’ economic conditions. Essay I examines the effects of changed eligibility rules for disability pension in the 1979 Swedish pension reform on immigrant retirement behavior. The reform made disability pension in the form of basic pension available to a wider group of immigrants. Before the pension reform, the eligibility for a basic pension for foreign citizens living in Sweden was dependent on bilateral and multilateral agreements on social security between Sweden and other countries. Thus, immigrants who were not covered by any of these agreements had no access to a basic pension before the reform. Through the reform, all foreign citizens residing in Sweden were made eligible for a basic pension after a short qualification period. The results indicate a substantial impact on the retirement rate with disability pension on the immigrant group that was made eligible for a basic pension by the reform. These findings confirm previous research showing that the size of the benefit levels in the pension system affects early retirement behavior. Essay II analyzes the impact of the Swedish taxi and bus deregulations on the differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers in these sectors. The changes in the gap in labor earnings that are due to the deregulation are estimated. The results show that there was no significant decrease in the differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers in the bus sector as a result of the 1989 deregulation. As regards the taxi sector, the results show that, before the deregulation, there were only small differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers. After the deregulation, the real labor earnings of foreign born workers decreased substantially more than those of Swedish born workers. However, there was a larger increase in the inflow of foreign born workers than of Swedish born workers into the taxi sector after the deregulation, which may have changed the composition of immigrant workers in this sector. Essay III investigates the impact of becoming a Swedish citizen on annual labor earnings. The study finds a positive impact of naturalization on labor earnings, in particular for immigrants originating from Africa and Asia, an effect than cannot only be attributed to selection into citizenship. A clear trend of increasing labor earnings during the years before becoming a Swedish citizen is found. This trend also continued during the years after citizenship acquisition. The study also suggests that the effects of naturalization on labor earnings are larger for men than for women, and larger for individuals with very low income.