Extern validitet hos personlighetstest kan studeras genom att testet ställs motvariabler som mäter arbetsprestation. Syftet med studien var att undersökavaliditeten hos det arbetslivspsykologiska personlighetstestet UPP (Sjöberg,2008). Ett hundra anställda inom polisen, varav 50 kvinnor, tog testet via enInternetplatform. Som externa kriterier användes i studie 1 (N = 100)polisens lönekriterier och i studie 2 (N = 46) ett objektivt kriterium i form avantal förhör för utredare. Resultaten indikerar att vissa variabler i UPPtestetvisade tillfredsställande validitet mot de externa kriterierna.Emotionell stabilitet uppvisade tillfredsställande validitet mot kriterierna ienlighet med tidigare forskning. Noggrannhet uppvisade negativa sambandmed två av kriterierna vilket inte bekräftar tidigare forskning. Flera av UPPtestetsspecifika variabler uppvisade lika god validitet eller bättre jämförtmed de generella variablerna enligt FFM. Särskilt en av de sammansattavariablerna, stresskänslighet, utgjorde en prediktor för arbetsprestation.Vikten av tillgången till goda kriterier för validitetsforskningen diskuteras. / The external validity of personality tests can be studied by comparing testvariables to variables measuring job performance. The purpose of this studywas to examine the validity of the employment psychological personalitytest UPP (Sjöberg, 2008). One hundred police employees, including 50women, performed the test through an Internet platform. External criteriawere in study 1 (N = 100) police salary criteria and in study 2 (N = 46) anobjective criterion in terms of number of interrogations for investigators.The results indicate that some variables in the UPP-test showed satisfactoryvalidity against external criteria. Emotional stability showed satisfactoryvalidity against criteria in line with previous research. Conscientiousnessshowed negative correlations with two of the criteria which do not confirmprevious research. Several of the UPP-test specific variables showed equallygood or better validity compared with the general variables according toFFM. The importance of the availability of good criteria for validityresearch is discussed.

Empati har länge ansetts vara en god egenskap hos en medmänniska. Det definierats enligt Davis, som individers affektiva och fysiologiska reaktioner avseende någon annans fysiska och psykiska tillstånd. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns skillnader avseende empati hos individer beroende på olika faktorer. Huvudsyftet med studien var att se om kön, ålder, arbetsplats, antal år inom yrket samt föräldraskap påverkade kriminalvårdares empati. Deltagarna var kriminalvårdare (N = 90) som arbetade på en anstalt och ett häkte. Mätinstrumenten som användes var the Interpersonal Reactivity Index och Social Desirability Scale. Resultaten som erhölls visade att variablerna inte hade någon signifikant påverkan på kriminalvårdares empati. Detta tyder på att kriminalvårdare behåller distansen till klienterna. Det bör förtydligas att kriminalvårdarna inte saknade empati.

Desirability Functions continue to attract attention of scientists and researchers working in the area of multi-response optimization. There are many versions of such functions, differing mainly in formulations of individual and overall desirability functions. Derringer and Suich&rsquo / s desirability functions being used throughout this thesis are still the most preferred ones in practice and many other versions are derived from these. On the other hand, they have a drawback of containing nondifferentiable points and, hence, being nonsmooth. Current approaches to their optimization, which are based on derivative-free search techniques and modification of the functions by higher-degree polynomials, need to be diversified considering opportunities offered by modern nonlinear (global) optimization techniques and related softwares. A first motivation of this work is to develop a new efficient solution strategy for the maximization of overall desirability functions which comes out to be a nonsmooth composite constrained optimization problem by nonsmooth optimization methods. We observe that individual desirability functions used in practical computations are of mintype, a subclass of continuous selection functions. To reveal the mechanism that gives rise to a variation in the piecewise structure of desirability functions used in practice, we concentrate on a component-wise and generically piecewise min-type functions and, later on, max-type functions. It is our second motivation to analyze the structural and topological properties of desirability functions via piecewise max-type functions. In this thesis, we introduce adjusted desirability functions based on a reformulation of the individual desirability functions by a binary integer variable in order to deal with their piecewise definition. We define a constraint on the binary variable to obtain a continuous optimization problem of a nonlinear objective function including nondifferentiable points with the constraints of bounds for factors and responses. After describing the adjusted desirability functions on two well-known problems from the literature, we implement modified subgradient algorithm (MSG) in GAMS incorporating to CONOPT solver of GAMS software for solving the corresponding optimization problems. Moreover, BARON solver of GAMS is used to solve these optimization problems including adjusted desirability functions. Numerical applications with BARON show that this is a more efficient alternative solution strategy than the current desirability maximization approaches. We apply negative logarithm to the desirability functions and consider the properties of the resulting functions when they include more than one nondifferentiable point. With this approach we reveal the structure of the functions and employ the piecewise max-type functions as generalized desirability functions (GDFs). We introduce a suitable finite partitioning procedure of the individual functions over their compact and connected interval that yield our so-called GDFs. Hence, we construct GDFs with piecewise max-type functions which have efficient structural and topological properties. We present the structural stability, optimality and constraint qualification properties of GDFs using that of max-type functions. As a by-product of our GDF study, we develop a new method called two-stage (bilevel) approach for multi-objective optimization problems, based on a separation of the parameters: in y-space (optimization) and in x-space (representation). This approach is about calculating the factor variables corresponding to the ideal solutions of each individual functions in y, and then finding a set of compromised solutions in x by considering the convex hull of the ideal factors. This is an early attempt of a new multi-objective optimization method. Our first results show that global optimum of the overall problem may not be an element of the set of compromised solution. The overall problem in both x and y is extended to a new refined (disjunctive) generalized semi-infinite problem, herewith analyzing the stability and robustness properties of the objective function. In this course, we introduce the so-called robust optimization of desirability functions for the cases when response models contain uncertainty. Throughout this thesis, we give several modifications and extensions of the optimization problem of overall desirability functions.

The effect of Socially Desirable Responding (SDR) and response distortion on personality and selection measures has been debated for decades (Edwards, 1957b; Messick&Jackson, 1961; Morgeson et al., 2007, Ones, Viswesvaran,&Reiss, 1996). One area of this broad topic that has received less attention over the years has been the effectiveness of the scales used to measure SDR when evidence of potential response distortion is present. Using a MANOVA, this study found significant differences between job candidate and incumbent responses on the scales of the 16PF (Cattell&Cattell, 1995), which can be indicative of SDR (Rosse et al., 1998). However, no difference between the groups was found on the Impression Management scale used to measure SDR. Differences based on the job function of the respondents were also explored.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

The aim of this study is to quantify the extent to which political correctness, understood as an implicit social convention of restraint on public expression, operates within a community. Due to a scarcity of prior experimental research in the area, a new method was developed for the purpose of the study. Using random selection, the treatment consists of exposing groups averaging 10 individuals to a survey on diversity and immigration matters. The effect is measured as the discrepancy in attitudes that is revealed between anonymous and non-anonymous responses to the treatment survey. Control groups are similarly exposed to a survey on traditional left-right matters. The discrepancies are then compared. The results are controlled for possible influence by factors including group size, sex ratio, and length of study. The general effect of the treatment is not statistically significant, possibly as a result of small sample size. Further analysis shows a significant positive correlation between the proportion of women and the extent of attitude discrepancy. On one interpretation, this means that women in the population are on average more responsive to political correctness than men. Due to the population’s skewed characteristics, the results are not generalised. Future researchers in the area are advised to draw their sample from a more representative population, to investigate additional subject matters and to collect more sophisticated data, in particular on the level of the individual.

Virtual humans and other virtual agents are becoming more common in our everyday lives. Whether in the form of phone-based personal assistants or automated customer service systems, these technologies have begun to touch more of our activities. This research aims to understand how this technology affects the way we interact with our computer systems. Using a chat bot, I studied the way a conversational computer system affects the way people interact with and perceive automated interviewing systems in two different contexts. Study 1 examines the impact of a conversational agent on behavior during deception. It found that a conversational agent can have a powerful impact on people's perception of the system, resulting in individuals viewing the system as much more engaging and human. The conversational agent further results in a suppression of deception-related cues consistent with a more human-like interaction. Study 2 focuses on the effect of a conversational agent on socially desirable responding. Results of this study indicate that a conversational agent increases social desirability when the topic of the interview is sensitive, but has no effect when the questions are non-sensitive. The results of these two studies indicate that a conversational agent can change the way people interact with a computer system in substantial and meaningful ways. These studies represent a step toward understanding how conversational agents can shape the way we view and interact with computers.

Soziale Erwünschtheit ist ein in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung bekanntes Phänomen. Es beschreibt die Tendenz von Befragten sich gegenüber dem Interviewer, Dritten oder einer fiktiven Öffentlichkeit in einem „guten Licht“ zu präsentieren, insbesondere wenn sensible Themenbereiche angesprochen werden. Trotz nunmehr rund 60 Jahren Forschung ist es jedoch bisher nicht hinreichend gelungen, das Ausmaß dieser Verzerrung methodisch zu erfassen. Das Forschungsfeld zu diesem Phänomen ist breit, aber genau hier liegt die Problematik. Viele der Studien beschäftigen sich mit isolierten Effekten der sozial erwünschten Antwortverzerrung (SD-Bias), ohne dabei weitere wichtige Einflussfaktoren zu berücksichtigen. Darüber hinaus werden in den Studien sehr unterschiedliche Dimensionen und/oder Operationalisierungen des SD-Bias angesprochen. Aus diesem Grund besteht der erste Abschnitt der vorliegenden Dissertation aus einer systematischen Auseinandersetzung mit den verwendeten Begrifflichkeiten, Operationalisierungen und theoretischen Ansätze im Rahmen der SD-Forschung. Da die meißten theoretischen Argumente auf dem Rational-Choice Ansatz basieren oder auf ihn zurückgeführt werden können, konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf soziale Erwünschtheit im Kontext der Rational-Choice Forschung. Bei genauer Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik wird deutlich, dass das Phänomen der „sozialen Erwünschtheit“ eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Dimensionen umfasst, die berücksichtigt werden müssen, um eine präzise Begriffsklärung zu ermöglichen. Je nachdem, welcher Aspekt betrachtet wird, verändert sich der Blickwinkel, aus dem heraus soziale Erwünschtheit analysiert wird. Um die Vergleichbarkeit der Forschungsergebnisse zu gewährleisten, ist es jedoch notwendig, das zu untersuchende Phänomen „soziale Erwünschtheit“ und seine jeweiligen Dimensionen so exakt wie möglich zu beschreiben. Unter welchen Bedingungen tritt nun sozial erwünschtes Antwortverhalten nach dem Racional-Choice Ansatz auf? Dem Ansatz von Hartmut Esser und seiner Weiterentwicklung durch Volker Stocké nach kann das Anerkennungsbedürfnis als Persönlichkeitskonstrukt nur zu einer Antwortverzerrung führen, wenn der Befragten eine Norm als sozial erwünscht wahrnimmt und sich nicht in einer völlig anonymen Situation befindet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die verschiedenen Ansätze theoretische Schwächen haben, die bei der Umsetzung und Interpretation von Ergebnissen berücksichtigt werden müssen. Der unpräzise Umgang mit Begriffen und theoretische Lücken sind dabei besonders gravierend. Auch die Skalen, die zur Kontrolle des SD-Bias genutzt werden, zeigen unsystematische Bezüge zu den Dimensionen der Erwünschtheit. Gerade bei der Erwünschtheitswahrnehmung und den Täuschungsskalen wird deutlich, dass beim exakten Umgang mit der Operationalisierung verschiedene Ebenen des SD-Bias sichtbar werden, die bei der Analyse berücksichtigt werden müssen. Bisher ist nicht geklärt, ob die verschiedenen Messungen tatsächlich ein und dasselbe Konstrukt erfassen und im Rahmen der Erklärung des SD-Bias funktional äquivalent einsetzbar sind. Um das Forschungsproblem näher zu bestimmen werden empirischen Abschnitt die Ergebnisse von drei empirischen Studien präsentiert. Zunächst wird im ersten Schritt mittels Faktorenanalyse gezeigt, dass die sogenannten Lügenskalen nicht die theoretischen Erwartungen erfüllen. Da in Bevölkerungsumfragen trotz dieser Schwächen, die Skalen immer noch Verwendung findet, wird im darauffolgenden Schritt der Erklärungsbeitrag dieser Skalen auf Vorurteilsmessungen untersucht. Auch hier zeigen sich fast ausschließlich unsystematische Ergebnisse, die im Zusammenhang mit aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen den Nutzen der Täuschungsskalen als einzige Determinante zur Kontrolle des SD-Bias in Frage stellen. Im dritten Schritt wurde deshalb der Beitrag umfassenderer Modelle zur Erklärung von Vorurteilen untersucht. Die Daten basieren auf einer Studierendstichprobe. Die Befunde lassen erkennen, dass keines der Modelle die gewünschte Stabilität erreichte und zum Teil sehr empfindlich auf kleine Veränderungen in der Operationalisierung reagierten. Im abschließenden Kapitel wird festgehalten, dass die unsystematische Forschungslage in Bezug auf den SD-Bias eine Ursache unklarer theoretischer Konzepte und Operationalisierung ist. Des weiteren wird klar, dass eine große Anzahl zusätzlicher Messungen notwendig wäre, um den SD-Bias in einer Umfrage korrekt zu kontrollieren. Da bisher jedoch nicht geklärt ist, unter welchen Bedingungen der SD-Bias ein ernsthaftes Problem, gibt es keine Rechtfertigung für den kosten- und zeitintensive Aufwand dieser Messung im Rahmen von Befragungen. Um das Zusammenspiel der einzelnen Komponenten und die Folgen ihrer Messung korrekt bewerten zu können, wäre ein umfassendes Forschungsprogramm dringend erforderlich.

Submitted by DOUGLAS MIRANDA RODRIGUES null (douglasnet@gmail.com) on 2016-10-20T13:35:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Douglas Miranda Rodrigues.pdf: 8525562 bytes, checksum: de3f28242f3d17929bb0eb8ddc912f55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-26T18:00:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_dm_me_guara.pdf: 8525562 bytes, checksum: de3f28242f3d17929bb0eb8ddc912f55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-26T18:00:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_dm_me_guara.pdf: 8525562 bytes, checksum: de3f28242f3d17929bb0eb8ddc912f55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Em diversas áreas de trabalho, da Engenharia à Economia, os problemas se apresentam como sendo multiobjetivos, característica que torna complexa a tomada de decisão. Geralmente, estes objetivos são conflitantes e faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas de otimização para a obtenção de melhores resultados. Na presente dissertação serão estudados alguns métodos para a resolução destes problemas, com o objetivo de aplicar métodos de aglutinação em problemas de projetos de experimentos com múltiplas respostas. Deste modo, inicialmente foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica sobre os diferentes métodos utilizados para a resolução destes problemas. A partir disto, foi desenvolvida uma nova abordagem, utilizando a Programação por Compromisso (Compromise Programming – CP) e a Programação por Metas (Goal Programming – GP), bem como diferentes algoritmos (Gradiente Reduzido Generalizado – GRG e a metaheurística do software Optquest) que são usualmente adotados, com comparação de resultados e análise. De modo geral, esta nova proposta apresentou resultados melhores em relação à abordagem tradicional (desirability), qualificando este procedimento como uma alternativa na otimização de múltiplas respostas. / In many areas, from Engineering to Economics, problems present themselves as multiobjective, which makes a decision-making process complex. Generally, these are conflicting objectives, and optimization techniques are necessary to achieve better results. This paper applies agglutination methods in classical problems of design of experiments with multiple responses. A bibliometric analysis was made, and a new approach was developed, using Compromise Programming – CP and Goal Programming – GP, as well as two different algorithms (Generalized Reduced Gradient – GRG and Optquest’s software metaheuristics) with results comparison and analysis. The new proposal presented better results when compared to the traditional approach (desirability), qualifying this procedure as an alternative in multiple responses optimization.

Orientador: Fernando Augusto da Silva Marins / Resumo: Em diversas áreas de trabalho, da Engenharia à Economia, os problemas se apresentam como sendo multiobjetivos, característica que torna complexa a tomada de decisão. Geralmente, estes objetivos são conflitantes e faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas de otimização para a obtenção de melhores resultados. Na presente dissertação serão estudados alguns métodos para a resolução destes problemas, com o objetivo de aplicar métodos de aglutinação em problemas de projetos de experimentos com múltiplas respostas. Deste modo, inicialmente foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica sobre os diferentes métodos utilizados para a resolução destes problemas. A partir disto, foi desenvolvida uma nova abordagem, utilizando a Programação por Compromisso (Compromise Programming – CP) e a Programação por Metas (Goal Programming – GP), bem como diferentes algoritmos (Gradiente Reduzido Generalizado – GRG e a metaheurística do software Optquest) que são usualmente adotados, com comparação de resultados e análise. De modo geral, esta nova proposta apresentou resultados melhores em relação à abordagem tradicional (desirability), qualificando este procedimento como uma alternativa na otimização de múltiplas respostas. / Mestre