Research is currently being prepared and initiated to analyse the French army’s military leadership perspective, and in the process researchers are interested in how other leadership theories would be applicable in the French army’s officer education. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the perspective of a national Swedish military leadership theory in an international environment, and to study if the Swedish theory of Developmental leadership is also applicable outside a Swedish military educational context, specifically during the French army’s officer education. The research consisted of a qualitative literature analysis on a French doctrinal document, an observation and eight in-depth interviews, in order to establish to what extent the Swedish theory of Developmental leadership could be applied in the French army’s officer education. The author found that the Swedish theory of Developmental leadership could be applied as a good French army military leadership, as far as several of the informants and parts the French doctrinal document were concerned. However, the author also found a lack of leadership theory, regarding the French army’s military leadership and gives four suggestions on further research on the subject. / <p>Erasmus</p>

<p>Ett utvecklande ledarskap anses påverka organisationens motivation och prestation i positiv riktning. Försvarsmakten har sedan 2003 använt Gerry Larssons teori om det utvecklande ledarskapet som grund för ledarskap inom organisationen. Teorin anses vara gångbar såväl i militära sammanhang som i civila organisationer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell om Det utvecklandeledarskapet undersöka till vilken grad modellen tillämpas vid flygvapnets divisioner. Delar av frågeformuläret Utvecklande Ledarskap Ledarbedömning användes för att kartlägga den genomsnittlige ledarstilen. De 56 personerna som besvarade frågeformuläret gjorde det utifrån deras uppfattning av ledargestalter inom deras division. Resultatet visar att den genomsnittlige ledaren agerar genom handling och genom att vara föredöme. Ledaren tar viktiga beslut, står för dessa och är beredd att försvara dem. Han/hon uppfattas som relativt bra på att ge stöd till medarbetare i situationer där stöd behövs. Däremot uppfattas ledarensom sämre på att konfrontera medarbetare när deras beteende eller resultat inte överrensstämmer medverksamhetens mål. Behovet av konfrontation kan framkallas av divisionens gruppsociala problem eller av enskildas felaktiga handlingar eller dåliga prestation.</p> / <p>A developmental leadership is considered to affect the motivation and performance in a positivedirection. Since 2003, the Armed Forces have been using Gerry Larsson’s theory of the developing leadership as a basis for leadership within the organization. The theory is considered to be viable both in military contexts as in civil organizations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent the model is applied by the Air Force squadrons, using the Developmental Leadership theory. Parts of the Developing Leadership Questionnaire were used to identify the average leadership style. The 56 persons responding to the questionnaire did so based on how they perceive the leaders within their squadron. The results show that the average leader is acting through action and by being an exemplary model. The leader makes important decisions, stands accountable for them and is prepared to defend them. He/she is perceived as being fairly good at providing support to colleagues in situations where supportis needed. However, the leader is perceived as being less able to confront colleagues when their behavior or performance does not comply with the operational goals. The need for confrontation can be provoked by the division’s group-social issues or by the individual’s incorrect actions or bad performance.</p>

Ett utvecklande ledarskap anses påverka organisationens motivation och prestation i positiv riktning. Försvarsmakten har sedan 2003 använt Gerry Larssons teori om det utvecklande ledarskapet som grund för ledarskap inom organisationen. Teorin anses vara gångbar såväl i militära sammanhang som i civila organisationer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell om Det utvecklandeledarskapet undersöka till vilken grad modellen tillämpas vid flygvapnets divisioner. Delar av frågeformuläret Utvecklande Ledarskap Ledarbedömning användes för att kartlägga den genomsnittlige ledarstilen. De 56 personerna som besvarade frågeformuläret gjorde det utifrån deras uppfattning av ledargestalter inom deras division. Resultatet visar att den genomsnittlige ledaren agerar genom handling och genom att vara föredöme. Ledaren tar viktiga beslut, står för dessa och är beredd att försvara dem. Han/hon uppfattas som relativt bra på att ge stöd till medarbetare i situationer där stöd behövs. Däremot uppfattas ledarensom sämre på att konfrontera medarbetare när deras beteende eller resultat inte överrensstämmer medverksamhetens mål. Behovet av konfrontation kan framkallas av divisionens gruppsociala problem eller av enskildas felaktiga handlingar eller dåliga prestation. / A developmental leadership is considered to affect the motivation and performance in a positivedirection. Since 2003, the Armed Forces have been using Gerry Larsson’s theory of the developing leadership as a basis for leadership within the organization. The theory is considered to be viable both in military contexts as in civil organizations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent the model is applied by the Air Force squadrons, using the Developmental Leadership theory. Parts of the Developing Leadership Questionnaire were used to identify the average leadership style. The 56 persons responding to the questionnaire did so based on how they perceive the leaders within their squadron. The results show that the average leader is acting through action and by being an exemplary model. The leader makes important decisions, stands accountable for them and is prepared to defend them. He/she is perceived as being fairly good at providing support to colleagues in situations where supportis needed. However, the leader is perceived as being less able to confront colleagues when their behavior or performance does not comply with the operational goals. The need for confrontation can be provoked by the division’s group-social issues or by the individual’s incorrect actions or bad performance.

Människan har en förmåga att anpassa sig till en omvärld i förändring. Detta syns inte minst på den taktik- och teknikanpassning som sker i kampen mellan verkan och skydd inom den militära kontexten. Men idag sker inte bara förändring i den militära tekniken; även uppgifterna förändras. Exempelvis kräver de insatser som sker runt om i världen, inom ramen för FN-resolutioner, allt mer av civilmilitär samverkan samtidigt som enheterna måste vara ständigt beredda på att möta en motståndare i strid. Om anpassningsbarhet är det som gör att vi kan förändra oss för att möta nya uppgifter i nya miljöer torde ökad anpassningsbarhet i organisationen vara en fördel. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka huruvida de svenska ledningsstyrdokumenten, i form av Uppdragstaktiken (ledningsmetod-/filosofi) och Utvecklande ledarskap (ledarskapsmodell), är förenliga med utvecklandet av anpassningsbara officerare. Resultatet av analysen visar på god förenlighet mellan uppdragstaktik och utvecklande ledarskap å ena sidan och anpassningsbarhet å andra sidan. Således tycks det som om förutsättningarna för anpassningsbarhet är delvis inbyggda i Uppdragstaktiken och Utvecklande ledarskap / The human ability to adapt to a changing environment and a never ending technological development, can be observed by counting the many times a new invented weapon result in a new kind of defence. Today’s military personnel must not only adapt to technological, tactical and environmental changes, but also to new kind of objectives. Missions, conducted under the authorization of the UN, consist not only of combat missions, but also of considerable amount of civil-military cooperation (CIMIC). If adaptability is part of what has taken us this far, it’s reasonable to assume that adaptability will be as important in the future to come. Hence, an armed force with a high level of adaptability is likely to be advantageous over a less adaptable enemy. This paper was written with the sole purpose of finding out whether the Swedish Armed Forces’ (SAF) command &amp; control-method (Auftragstaktik) and the provided leadership model (Developmental leadership) were consistent with the development of adaptable officers. A describing comparison indicated numerous similarities between all three concepts, thus it would seem auftragstaktik and developmental leadership has in-born support for the development of adaptability.

The objective of this thesis is to discuss the influence of national culture in leadership within military organizations and also to explore the effectiveness of a specific leadership model in a multinational context. Developmental leadership (DL) is a model used by the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) since 2003. However, the aim is not to answer the question of if a certain leadership model has an effect or not and therefore legitimize or discard the use of it. It rather raises the question of why this leadership model has been chosen to become such an integral part of an organization. This thesis analyzes DL by classifying its components using Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimensions as a basis and compares the results with Sweden’s cultural dimensions to find a correlation. The results show a high correlation between DL and Sweden, but DL does not correlate with Belgium’s cultural dimensions. Sweden’s characteristics are also complemented by empirical data collected for the purpose of this thesis. According to this interview study with Swedish officers, even though DL is not consciously applied to their leadership styles, it coincides with the characteristics of their vision of an ideal leader. Moreover, DL consists of components that are suitable foundations for an effective multinational leadership.

Denna studie behandlar ämnet ledarskap och inriktar sig på den militära ledarskapsteorin Utvecklande ledarskap.  Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om Karl XII:s framgångar som ledare kan förklaras genom en modern ledarskapsteori såsom Utvecklande ledarskap. Detta görs genom att undersöka om de eftersträvansvärda ledarkaraktäristika som nämns i Utvecklande ledarskap även går att finna i återberättelser om Karl XII:s ledarskap under den Senkarolinska tiden. Teorin Utvecklande ledarskap har analyserats gentemot dess föregångare Transformational leadership för att få en djupare förståelse för vad den utvecklande ledarskapsteorin innebär samt öka utbudet på beskrivningar av eftersträvansvärda ledaregenskaper. Här identifieras tre kännetecken som sammanfattar teorins önskvärda ledaregenskaper: Föredöme, Personlig omtanke samt Inspiration och motivation. Dessa kännetecken prövas sedan mot återberättelser av Karl XII:s ledarskap för att påvisa att många av de önskvärda ledaregenskaper som nämns i de moderna ledarskapsteorierna även gick att finna i Karl XII:s ledarskap. Resultatet av studien blev att många av de karaktärsdrag som nämns i Utvecklande ledarskap också gick att finna hos Karl XII med skillnaden att innebörden av begreppen ändrats på grund av kulturella och religiösa förändringar med tiden. En sista skillnad är att dessa karaktärsdrag inte var nedtecknade i en teoretisk modell under den Senkarolinska tiden, då Karl XII regerade, vilket försvårade transferering och utbildning i ämnet. / This study is about leadership and directed towards the modern leadership theory Developmental leadership. The paper tries to explain some of Karl XII’s success as a leader by examining if he followed some of the principles of Developmental leadership. This is done by researching if the desirable leadership traits mentioned in Developmental leadership can also be found in narrations of Karl XII’s leadership during the late Carolinian times. The theory of Developmental leadership has been analyzed in relation to its progenitor Transformational leadership in order to get a deeper understanding for what Developmental leadership means and increase the range of descriptions of desirable leadership traits. Three characteristics are identified that summarize the desirable traits of the theories: Role model behavior, Personal care and Inspiration and motivation. These characteristics are then tested against narrations of Karl XII’s leadership to prove that many of the desirable leadership traits mentioned in modern leadership theories also were to be found in Karl XII’s leadership. The results of the study was that many of the traits mentioned in Developmental leadership also were found in Karl XII’s leadership, though different in regards to the meaning of some of the traits that has been altered due to cultural and religious changes by time. One last difference is that these traits and characteristics not were written down as a theoretical model during the late Carolinian times, when Karl XII ruled, which hampered the transference of knowledge and education on the field of study.

Kompaniledningen har uppträtt som förmyndare för hela förbandet och har ej lämnat ansvar till helt vuxna soldater som alltså inte är grundutbildnings-ungdomar. Från början jobbade vi alla järnet men befälen körde GU-stuket och tog civilisten ur oss varvid självständigheten och initiativförmågan försvagades Dessa ord från soldater finns nedtecknade i avhandlingen Militärt ledarskap som undersöker ledarskapet under internationella insatser och påvisar en brist i ledarskapet. Försvarsmaktens nya personalförsörjningssystem innebär att förbanden kommer att bestå av anställda soldater och den erfarenhet som Försvarsmakten har av anställda soldater är från de som befunnit sig på internationell tjänstgöring. Ett framgångsrikt ledarskap under internationell tjänstgöring torde därför kunna verka som en inriktning för hur ledarskapet skulle kunna vara i den nya Försvarsmakten. Denna uppsats söker svar på hur en chef som uppskattas av anställda soldater kan vara, om utvecklande ledarskap är aktuell som modell och om uppdragstaktik är en metod att leda anställda soldater med. Slutsatserna är att soldater uppskattar ledaregenskaper som ärlig, rättvis, förebild, engagerad och lyhörd. Studien ger inget tydligt svar på i vilken omfattning de olika delarna i Utvecklande ledarskap måste tillämpas men resultatet pekar på att en chef med ett ledarskap som till stora delar förefaller rymma det i beskrivningen för Utvecklande ledarskap i kombination med uppdragstaktik är en uppskattad ledarstil hos anställda soldater. Modellen tycks således på ett generellt plan beskriva det ledarskap som anställda soldater med skiftande erfarenhet och ålder söker. / "Commanders of the company have behaved as guardians to their personnel and have not delegated the responsibilities to the enlisted soldiers, whose training and experience cannot be compared to the young men in basic training. From the first day we all worked hard and gave it all, but the officers acted as if we were still in boot camp. Our independence and initiative was taken from us." These words from soldiers are quotes from the thesis Military Leadership, which examines leadership under international deployments, and points to a deficit in leadership. The new personnel recruitment system aims toward enlisted personnel, and the experience they bring from service abroad. A successful leadership during international service should therefore be the goal for how the leadership ought to be in the new military system. This thesis seeks answers to how a commander is, who is appreciated by the enlisted soldiers, and if developing leadership is interesting as a model. Also, if mission-tactic is a plausible method to lead enlisted soldiers. The conclusion is that soldiers appreciate leadership with honesty, engagement and insight. The study gives no conclusive answer to what extent the different parts in developing leadership should be applied, but the results suggests that a commander with a leadership who largely fits the description to developing leadership, in combination with mission-tactic is a appreciated leadership style with enlisted soldiers.This model apparently covers the need for leadership among enlisted soldiers with varied experiences and ages.

Introduktion: Syftet var att undersöka hur Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell lämpar sig vid distansarbete. Den globala trenden med ökat distansarbete, som förstärktes av Coronapandemin, har gjort distansarbete till ett aktuellt ämne. Officeren är skolad i det militära ledarskapet, anpassat efter krigets krav. På grund av Försvarsmaktens uppgifter återfinns förutsättningar för distansarbete först på stabsnivå, men även där påverkas förutsättningarna av nuvarande tekniska lösningar samt krav på sekretess. Denna studie fokuserar på möjligheter och utmaningar när militärt ledarskap appliceras på distansarbete. Metod: Data insamlades genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med marinofficerare, medan armé, flygvapen och försvarsmaktsgemensamma stridskrafter avgränsades bort. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys gjordes på materialet. Resultat: För att utöva Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell lyckas chefer bättre om de fysiskt befinner sig på samma plats som sina underställda. Distansarbete över tiden skulle inte vara möjligt, dock del av tid, under förutsättning att den personliga relationen byggts upp tidigare. Vid distansarbete krävs ökad tydlighet i kommunikation gällande uppgifter och ledarskap. Diskussion: Fjärråtkomst till IT-system och utvecklade arbetsmetoder skulle möjliggöra för yrkesofficerare och reservofficerare att utföra stabsarbete på distans. Men för att ledarskapet ska fungera behöver chefer utbildas och tränas i att leda på distans, vilket nu inte sker. Kulturen samt Försvarsmaktens huvuduppgifter har lett till att distansarbete sällan förekommer. Annan forskning på ledarskap vid distansarbete antyder samtidigt att de förutsättningar som finns med Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell lämpar sig väl för distansarbete. / Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate how the Swedish Armed Forces’ leadership model functions in telework. The global trend of increased teleworking, reinforced by the Covid-19 pandemic, has made telework a hot topic. Officers are trained in military leadership based on the requirements of war. Due to the tasks of the Armed Forces, it is not until at staff level conditions for telework are found. And even there, the conditions are restricted by security demands and present technical solutions. This study focuses on possibilities and challenges when military leadership is applied on telework. Method: Data was collected through seven semi-structured interviews, limited to naval fleet and marine officers, excluding army, air force and joint forces. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on the data collected. Results: In order to practice the Swedish Armed Forces’ leadership model, leaders will perform better if they are physically in the same place as their subordinates. Full time telework would not be possible. However part of time it would be, provided an interpersonal relationship has been established prior to starting. For teleworking, greater clarity is required in communication regarding tasks and leadership compared to working under normal circumstances. Discussion: Remote access to IT-systems and developed methods would enable teleworking for career officers and reserve officers while performing staff duties. But, in order for leadership to function, officers need training in leading telework, and such training is not being done at present. The Armed Forces’ core tasks and culture has resulted in teleworking scarcely being used. At the same time, other research on leadership for telework suggests that the conditions in place with the Swedish Armed Forces’ leadership model are well suited for teleworking.

This mini thesis is aimed at establishing the relationship between developmental leadership and affective commitment as it presents itself across four levels of leadership within FNB Branch Banking. The four leadership levels targeted for research are Area Managers, Branch Managers, Administration Managers and Co-ordinators. The researcher used an Ex post facto research design in a natural field setting, formulating the research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and affective commitment as reported by those whom directly reported to the four levels of leadership. Using 919 responses, the results of the statistical analysis showed all four leadership levels having a strong positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and the affective commitment of direct reports at a 99% confidence level. Finally the research also found that age has a statistically significant relationship with affective commitment and this should be examined in further research. / Human Resource Development / M. Tech. (Human Resources Development)

This mini thesis is aimed at establishing the relationship between developmental leadership and affective commitment as it presents itself across four levels of leadership within FNB Branch Banking. The four leadership levels targeted for research are Area Managers, Branch Managers, Administration Managers and Co-ordinators. The researcher used an Ex post facto research design in a natural field setting, formulating the research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and affective commitment as reported by those whom directly reported to the four levels of leadership. Using 919 responses, the results of the statistical analysis showed all four leadership levels having a strong positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and the affective commitment of direct reports at a 99% confidence level. Finally the research also found that age has a statistically significant relationship with affective commitment and this should be examined in further research. / Human Resource Development / M. Tech. (Human Resources Development)