This thesis investigates policy formulation and implementation processes in Zambia. A number of issues emerge with respect to the weaknesses of the system and how policy decisions worsened Zambia's economic performance instead of improving it. The Kaunda era policies of nationalization had an adverse impact on productivity of industries as well as affecting the resource flow from donors and business houses. On the other hand President Chiluba's reforms in the 1990s have had both positive and negative impacts on the people of Zambia. The rapid privatization and liberalization affected employment levels thereby worsening the poverty levels. Further, the liberalization brought in stiff competition from other countries forcing most manufacturing companies to close down. The policy environment based on the Bretton Woods Institutions seems not to be working as result of not taking into account the local Zambian situation. On the other hand, there were positive macroeconomic developments such as growth in GDP, lowering of inflation and stabilizing of exchange rates as from 1996. This has however not improved the living standards of the people. In Zambia, the shifts back and forth between strong and weak planning institutions have negatively affected policy development and implementation. There has been uncoordinated policy development; as a result, some policies in the major sectors are contradictory while in other cases policies are not linked to the resource envelope, making them un-implementable. Secondly, the institutional framework for policy development is not effective. There is generally lack of coordination among ministries, provinces and other stakeholders in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of development programmes. This thesis urges that the improving planning capacities at the national, provincial and district levels should improve the processes of policy development and implementation in Zambia, which will in turn help to reduce poverty. Further, the districts should be the centre for the bottom-up process. In order to carryout this responsibility, efforts should be made to improve their capacities. As for the top-down process, the Sector Advisory Groups should continue to participate in the planning, monitoring and evaluation so as to contribute to policy formulation and implementation. These should be coordinated by the National Development Coordinating Committee (NDCC) through a Planning Bureau. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

La durée de vie humaine augmente dans le monde depuis quelques siècles. Cette augmentation a été plus importante que ne le prédisaient les spécialistes qui ont énoncé des limites. Malgré les incertitudes importantes sur l'avenir de la longévité, la biologie du vieillissement et ses applications semblent en passe de faire chuter les taux de mortalité aux grands âges, similairement à la chute des taux de mortalité infantile il y a 150 ans.L’industrie pharmaceutique prend conscience du potentiel des innovations biomédicales issues de la biologie du vieillissement, rachète des biotechs et développe des équipes en interne. Cela pourrait accélérer l'allongement de la vie.Cependant les tables des actuaires, à l'instar du modèle de type Lee Carter, tendent à prédire une décélération artificielle de la longévité et les risques calculés sont loin de représenter des avancées majeures issues de la biologie du vieillissement.Des modèles de mortalité future sont ici développés sans produire cette décélération. Il apparait qu'une augmentation voisine d'un trimestre par an était jusqu'à présent un meilleur prédicteur que les tendances de chaque pays. D'autres modèles prédisent des accélérations. Nous estimons les impacts sur les retraites.Les efforts pharmaceutiques en cours pour appliquer les résultats de la recherche biomédicale peuvent être craints du fait de leurs impacts sur les retraites. Nous étudions dans quelle mesure un méga fonds de longévité peut à la fois aider à financer les retraites par capitalisation et un grand nombre de développements pharmaceutiques: la mutualisation des risques cliniques permet de capter financièrement des succès biomédicaux liés à la longévité / The human lifespan has been increasing in the world for several centuries. This increase was greater than predicted by specialists who set limits to human age. Despite the significant uncertainties about the future of longevity, the biology of aging and its applications seem about to make old age mortality rates drop, at it happened to infant mortality 150 years ago.The pharmaceutical industry is becoming aware of the potential of biomedical innovations stemming from the biology of aging. It invests in biotechs and develops internal teams. This could accelerate life extension.In parallel, actuarial tables tend to artificially predict longevity decelerations, as for the Lee Carter model, and calculated longevity risks are far from representing major advances from biology of aging.Here, models that do not produce deceleration are developed. It appears that an increase of around one quarter per year was, until now, a better predictor than the trends of each country. Other models predict diverse accelerations, impacts on pensions are analyzed.Current pharmaceutical efforts to apply the results of biomedical research may be feared because of their impact on pensions. Here we study in what measure a longevity megafund can both help finance funded pension schemes and a large number of pharmaceutical developments: the pooling of clinical trial risks can financially capture longevity-related biomedical successes

Dans un contexte d’augmentation constante des dépenses de santé, la création et l'utilisation des technologies innovantes en chirurgie mini-invasive est de plus en plus tributaire de notre capacité à démontrer leur efficacité et évaluer leurs impacts. À ce jour, comme nous le montrons tout au long de cette thèse, la littérature en sciences économiques ne fournit pas aux décideurs et aux évaluateurs les outils adéquats pour réaliser de telles évaluations.Notre travail combine les meilleurs aspects de l'économie de la santé et de l'économie de l'innovation afin d’établir un cadre méthodologique commun pour l'évaluation des innovations chirurgicales hybrides. En utilisant l'institut de chirurgie guidée par l'image (IHU Strasbourg) comme fondation pour nos analyses, nous créons les bases pour une évaluation coût-bénéfice globale couvrant aussi bien ses activités de soin que de R\&D.L'utilisation des outils développés dans cette thèse permettra à l'IHU, ou tout autre institut chirurgical, de justifier l’intérêt de ces types d'activités en démontrant que les impacts socio-économiques d'une innovation chirurgicale peuvent, éventuellement, compenser le coût supplémentaire qu'elle génère pour le système de santé. / With constant rises in healthcare expenditures, the creation and use of innovative technologies in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is increasingly dependent on our ability to demonstrate their efficiency and evaluate their impacts. To date, as we show throughout this thesis, the economic literature has not provided decision makers and analysts with the adequate tools to perform such evaluations.Our work combines the best aspects of health economics and economics of innovation to establish a common methodological framework for the evaluation of hybrid innovations in MIS. Using the Institute of Image Guided Surgery (IHU Strasbourg) as a base for our investigations, we create the groundwork for a comprehensive cost-benefit evaluation covering the institute’s patient care and R\&D activities.The use of the tools developed in this thesis will allow the IHU, or any other surgical institute, to provide advocacy for these types of activities by demonstrating that the socio-economic impacts of a surgical innovation can possibly outweigh the additional cost it incurs to the healthcare system.

Ce travail de thèse a été consacré au développement de nouvelles méthodologies de caractérisation des affinités intermoléculaires par le biais de la calorimétrie de titration isotherme (ITC), après validation de systèmes modèles par l'intermédiaire des spectroscopies UV-visible, RMN et de l'électrophorèse capillaire. Nous avons en particulier montré que la mise en place et le couplage d'expériences non conventionnelles avec les protocoles classiques permettait d'améliorer la caractérisation calorimétrique, avec notamment une diminution parfois spectaculaire des incertitudes liées aux paramètres thermodynamiques. Ce potentiel de l'analyse globale d'expériences différenciées a été évalué sur un plan théorique, permettant ainsi la définition et l'optimisation des expériences à mettre en oeuvre en fonction du type de complexe étudié. L'exploitation expérimentale de ces stratégies a également permis l'étude de complexations problématiques sur le plan analytique, dans le cadre de complexes impliquant des molécules telles que les cyclodextrines ou l'albumine, et s'inscrivant dans des applications liés aux domaines de l'environnement et de la santé. Ainsi, nos stratégies ont levé les difficultés liées aux complexes athermiques, aux complexes de faibles affinités, aux équilibres multiples et aux faibles solubilités de l'un ou l'autre des partenaires de la complexation. Enfin, l'évaluation d'un nouveau modèle de traitement thermo-cinétique du thermogramme ITC a été réalisée, accroissant encore le potentiel de cette technique vis-à-vis de la caractérisation des interactions moléculaires. / This work was dedicated to the development of new isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) methodologies for the characterization of intramolecula affinities, after validation of model system via capillary electrophoresis, UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. We have demonstrated that the coupling of unconventional experiments with the conventional protocols generally improves the calorimetric characterization, with a dramatic decrease of the uncertainties on thermodynamic parameters. The potential of global analysis applied to differentiated experiments was evaluated on a theoretical level, allowing the definition of optimal experiments, depending on the type of studied complex. These strategies also enabled, on a experimental point of view, the study of complexations which cannot be analyzed by conventional approaches, in the case of complexes involving cyclodextrins or albumin. Indeed, our strategies overcomes the difficulties associated with athermic complexes, with complexes of low affinity, with multiple equilibria and with the low solubility of interacting partners. Finally, the evaluation of a new thermo-kinetic treatment of ITC thermograms has been achieved, further increasing the potential of this technique in the characterization of molecular interactions.

Avec la naissance de l’"astronomie gravitationnelle", vient l’opportunité inédite de tester la relativité générale et ses alternatives dans un régime de champ fort jamais observé jusqu’alors : celui de la coalescence d’un système binaire d’objets compacts. Cette thèse propose d’étudier le problème du mouvement ainsi que du rayonnement gravitationnel d’un tel système en gravités modifiées, en y adaptant et en généralisant certains développements analytiques clés de la relativité générale. On montre d’abord comment étendre le formalisme "effective-one-body" (EOB) à une large classe de gravités modifiées, parmi lesquelles les théories scalaire-tenseur. Dans ces dernières, l’interaction gravitationnelle est modifiée par l’ajout d’un degré de liberté scalaire (sans masse) à la relativité générale. Le lagrangien à deux corps correspondant étant connu à l’ordre post-post-keplerien, nous construisons un hamiltonien EOB associé, décrivant le mouvement d’une particule test dans des champs effectifs. Ceci permet de simplifier la dynamique à deux corps et d’en définir une resommation ; et ainsi, d’en explorer le régime de champ fort, près de la coalescence du système. On "s’attaque" ensuite, et pour la première fois, à la description analytique d’un système binaire de trous noirs "chevelus", afin d’obtenir les formes d’ondes gravitationnelles (EOB) associées ; et ce, sur l’exemple simple des théories Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton, qui généralisent les théories scalaire-tenseur par l’ajout d’un champ vectoriel (sans masse). Pour ce faire, on calcule le lagrangien à deux corps à l’ordre post-keplerien ainsi que le flux d’énergie rayonnée à l’infini à l’ordre quadrupolaire. Tout comme en relativité générale, ces développements reposent sur la description de la trajectoire des trous noirs par les lignes d’univers de particules ponctuelles, décrites par une action "skeleton" généralisant celle, géodésique, de la relativité générale. Enfin, à l’aide des "superpotentiels" de Katz, que l’on généralise pour définir la masse (nœtherienne) d’un trou noir à "cheveux" vectoriel et scalaire, on montre que la première loi de la thermodynamique qui en découle est particulièrement adaptée, lorsqu’un trou noir est membre d’un système binaire, pour en décrire les réajustements éventuels sous l’influence d’un compagnon lointain. La thermodynamique des trous noirs est alors utilisée pour interpréter et discuter du domaine de validité de leur "skeletonisation". / With the birth of "gravitational wave astronomy" comes the opportunity to test general relativity and its alternatives in a strong field regime that had never been observed so far: that of the coalescence of a compact binary sytem. This thesis studies the problem of motion and gravitational radiation from such systems in modified gravities, by adapting some of the key analytical tools that were first developed in the context of general relativity. First, we show how to widen the "effective-one-body" (EOB) formalism to a large class of modified gravities, including, e.g., scalar-tensor theories. In the latter, the gravitational interaction is described by supplementing general relativity with a (massless) scalar degree of freedom. The corresponding two-body lagrangian being known at post-post-keplerian order, we build an associated EOB hamiltonian, which describes the motion of a test particle orbiting in effective external fields. This enables to simplify and resum the two-body dynamics; and hence, to explore the strong-field regime near merger. We then "tackle", for the first time, the analytical description of "hairy" binary black hole systems, and obtain their (EOB) gravitational waveform counterparts in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theories, which generalize scalar-tensor theories by means of a (massless) vector field. To that end, we derive the two-body lagrangian at post-keplerian order as well as the energy flux radiated at infinity at quadrupolar order. As in general relativity, our developments rely on the phenomenological description of the black hole’s trajectories as worldlines of point particles that are, in turn, described by a "skeleton" action generalizing that of general relativity. Finally, we develop a formalism based on Katz’ "superpotentials" to define the mass (as a nœther charge) of a black hole that is endowed with vector and scalar "hair". We then deduce the first law of thermodynamics, which is particularly suitable to describe its readjustments when interacting with a faraway companion. Black hole thermodynamics is lastly shown to be a powerful tool to interpret and discuss the scope of their "skeletonization".

Studien syftade till att ge en rekommendation angående hur fjärrvärmebolaget Stockholm Exergi bör utforma sin framtida strategi beträffande fasta oförädlade skogliga biobräanslen. Genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer utreddes dessa bränslens konkurrenskraft utifrån perspektiven klimatneutralitet, politiska direktiv och styrmedel, leveranssäkerhet samt lönsamhet. Resultatet visade bland annat att användningen av grenar och toppar kan medföra klimatnytta. Vidare framkom att implementeringen av EU:s nya förnybartdirektiv inte kommer att ha storskalig påverkan på Stockholm Exergis framtida användning av dessa bränslen. Gällande leveranssäkerhet och lönsamhet påvisades exempelvis en större framtida efterfrågan på skogliga restprodukter från andra sektorer. Ändock kunde slutsatsen dras att skogliga biobräanslen, under vissa förutsäattningar, har en viktig roll i Stockholm Exergis framtida fjärrvärmeproduktion. / The study aimed to give a recommendation regarding how the district heating company Stockholm Exergi should design their future strategy concerning unprocessed solid woody biofuels. Through literature studies and interviews, the competitiveness of the fuels has been assessed based on climate neutrality, political directives and instruments, security of supply as well as profitability. Among other things, the results showed that the use of tree branches and tops can imply positive climate effects. Furthermore, the implementation of EU's new renewable energy directive will only have a marginal impact on Stockholm Exergi's future use of woody biofuels. Regarding the security of supply and profitability,an increased future demand of forest residues in other sectors have been identified. However, the study concludes that, under certain circumstances, woody biofuels have an important role in Stockholm Exergi's future district heating production.

yes / Two recent detailed reports, by the U.K Northern Ireland Office (NIO) - January 2004 1 and the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) - February 2004 2, provide further insights into current policy and technology developments in the U.K. and U.S. The NIO report is the 4th and final report of a U.K wide Steering Group set up by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in Summer 2000, with the objective: To establish whether a less potentially lethal alternative to baton rounds is available; and to review the public order equipment which is presently available, or could be developed, in order to expand the range of tactical options available to operational commanders. 3 In her foreword to the report Jane Kennedy, Minister of State for Northern Ireland notes that: Despite a protracted and international search for a commercially available product, we have been unable to find anything that meets the criteria of an acceptable, potentially less lethal alternative to the baton round currently in service which provides an effective capability that does not expose officers and the public to greater risk in violent public disorder.4 The NIO Report has sections looking at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) programme on the development of less lethal technologies (particularly the Attenuating Energy Projectile and the Discriminating Irritant Projectile); commercial off the shelf product evaluations and update (12 Gauge Sock Round Assessment); Water Cannon; the U.K. use of less lethal technologies (with a focus on L21A1 baton rounds, CS sprays and the Taser). The report also contains a section entitled `The Management of Conflict¿ which discusses the dynamics of crowd behaviour. For a critical response to the NIO report see that from Dr. Brian Rappert.5 The CFR report provides a strong endorsement for non-lethal weapons. A key finding states: Wider integration of nonlethal weapons into the U.S. Army and Marine Corps could have reduced damage, saved lives, and helped to limit the widespread looting and sabotage that occurred after the cessation of major conflict in Iraq. Incorporating NLW capabilities into the equipment, training and doctrine of the armed services could substantially improve U.S. effectiveness in conflict, post-conflict, and homeland defense. 6 Interestingly, in describing the nonlethal capability sets (NLCS) which have been deployed in Kosovo and Iraq, and which help to provide a continuum of force between ¿don¿t shoot¿ and ¿shoot¿ 7, the CFR seems to distinguish between NLWs (rubber balls [grenades and shotgun munitions], bean bags, riot shields, Tasers, net entanglers, and caltrops), and equipment such as flash-bang grenades, laser dazzlers, and bullhorns of which it states ¿It is important to note that these are not weapons but non-lethal capabilities¿ 8 The CFR recommends expanded deployment of NLWs in the armed services, longer ranges for non-lethal payloads using precision delivery and fusing systems, and further development of millimetre-wave area-denial system (HPM weapons such as VMADS) and the advanced tactical laser (ATL). The report also argues for the need to have a bigger Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) or a new Non-lethal Joint Program Office (NLJPO) and for Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP) ¿ Research Report 5 (May 2004) 2 closer links with the Joint Forces Command (JFCOM). In the opinion of the authors the JNLWD should also have more access into classified programmes throughout all branches of the armed services so as not to duplicate non-lethal development initiatives. To stimulate incorporation of NLWs throughout the U.S. Armed Services the CFR advocates two approaches: (1) top-down planning in the Defense department and (2) creation of demand for these [NLWs] weapons from the field as personnel gain experience with prototype equipment. 9 They argue there is a need for the top-level military and civilian leadership to be educated about NLW capabilities, not only for warfighting and peacekeeping, but also in `homeland defence in isolating a hot zone in the aftermath of a biological attack' 10. We will be referring again to both the NIO and CFR publications in other sections of this report.

The thesis examines the comprehensive relationship between all aspects of financial liberalisation and economic growth in three countries from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Employing ARDL bounds test approach and real GDP per capita as growth indicator; the thesis finds support in favour of the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis but also finds that the increases in the subsequent savings and investments have not been transmitted into economic growth in two of the studied countries. Moreover, the thesis also finds that stock market developments have negligible or negative impact on economic growth in two of the selected countries. The thesis concludes that in most cases, it is not financial liberalisation polices that affect economic growth in the selected ECOWAS countries, but rather increase in the productivity of labour, increase in the credit to the private sector, increase in foreign direct investments, increase in the capital stock and increase in government expenditure contrary to expectations. Interestingly, the thesis also finds that export has only negative effect on economic growth in all the selected ECOWAS countries. The thesis therefore, recommends that long-term export diversification programmes be implemented in the ECOWAS regions whilst further investigation is carried on the issue. / Economic Sciences / D. Litt et Phil. (Economics)

The study provides a brief overview of the most important legal instruments in the international, regional and national framework on the development and promotion of children’s rights. Basically, it examines the continuous and pervasive violation of children’s rights despite the progressive instruments that have been adopted to ensure the proper and effective realization of these rights. It focuses on three different countries in Africa: South Africa, Ethiopia and Nigeria because of the value-laden nature of the progressive laws adopted by these countries in the protection of children’s rights. Specific roles and actions taken by international, regional and national monitoring bodies are highlighted to indicate their effectiveness in promoting and fulfilling rights for children. Country reports on the situation of children are examined in the context of realization of salient rights for children amidst the different judicial, political and socio-cultural settings. Emerging judgments and judicial developments that have limited and advanced the realization of rights for children in the specific country context were explored. Conclusions and recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LLM

Le droit administratif coréen se trouve caractérisé depuis peu par une tentative d'adoption du droit du service public. Cette tentative signifie un mouvement pour faire évoluer le droit administratif par le dépasse-ment de ses fondements classiques en provenance du droit allemand, notamment des doctrines fondamentales élaborées à la fin du 19ème siècle. La tentative se manifeste par l'introduction de règles générales pour les activités du service public. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de ces règles novatrices pour le droit coréen ne sera cohérente que lorsque certaines conditions seront satisfaites, notamment des conditions procédurales telle que l'élargissement de la recevabilité du contentieux administratif. Nous avons relevé des éléments dont on doit tenir compte pour le changement du droit administratif coréen par l'adoption du droit du service public français afin que l'adoption soit opérationnelle. Cette démarche est fondée sur l'analyse de l'état actuel du droit coréen concernant l'idée de service public et les juridictions publiques / Korean administrative law is characterized recently by an attempt to adopt the law of public service. This means a movement attempting to change the administrative law by exceeding its classical foundations from German law, including fundamental doctrines developed in the late 19th century. The attempt is mani-fested by the introduction of general rules for public service activities. However, the implementation of these innovative rules for Korean law will be consistent only when certain conditions are met, including procedu-ral requirements such as enlargement of the admissibility of administrative litigation. We identified elements that must be considered for change of Korean administrative law by adoption of the French law of public ser-vice se that it could be operational. This approach is based on the analysis of the current state of Korean law regarding the idea of public service and public jurisdictions