The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine which of the three training-delivery systems is the most frequently selected by training professionals in Virginia and which training methods are selected to support the chosen delivery systems. The study also examined the extent to which internal and external factors contributed to the selection of the delivery systems and the training methods. Qualitative research methodology was employed in analyzing the results of 12 in-depth interviews with purposively selected training professionals in Virginia in order to answer the research questions. This study found that (a) the training professionals chose instructor-led classroom for 46% of their programs, the blended method for 32%, and online for 22%; (b) they used a wide variety of training methods to support the program objectives and meet the audience’s needs; and (c) external factors more frequently impacted selection decisions than did internal factors, but one internal factor that impacted selection decisions was the training professionals’ understanding of instructional systems design. The external factors that had the greatest impact on the training system chosen were workplace constraints such as immediacy and scalability and the size and geographical dispersion of the audience. That is, for large and/or dispersed audiences coupled with time constraints, the online delivery system was chosen most often. Likewise, mandatory programs were most likely to be offered online. The following conclusions were drawn: (a) a shift is taking place from instructor-led-classroom delivery to blended delivery, (b) instructor-led classroom incorporates methodologies that extend beyond the lecture format, (c) companies are using emerging technologies in training and development, and (d) training and development continues to add value to the workforce, which is a powerful competitive advantage. / Ph. D.

La binarité sexuée est une vérité qui semblait, jusqu’à aujourd’hui incontestée et incontestable. Si bien que, mises à part les désignations genrées présentes dans le Code civil, ce dernier n’a pas jugé utile de préciser que les sexes qui devaient être inscrits sur les actes de l’état civil, devaient être exclusivement féminin ou masculin. Cependant, en pratique, l’appartenance exclusive à l’un des deux sexes consacrés n’est pas une règle universelle.C’est ainsi que les états d’intersexuation sont venus ternir le tableau, en affirmant que le sexe n’était pas une entité unique mais un bloc de différentes composantes, objectives et subjective, qui ne sont pas nécessairement concordantes entre elles. D’une part, l’intersexuation physique, se caractérisant par une variation du développement génital (V.D.G.) s’analyse comme une non concordance des composantes objectives du sexe, c'est-à-dire, toutes celles qui dépendent d’un déterminisme biologique. D’autre part, l’intersexuation psychique, autrement appelée transsexualisme, ou dysphorie de genre, ne sous-entend qu’une discordance entre les composantes objectives et la composante subjective, le sexe psychosocial. En d’autres termes, la personne est biologiquement d’un sexe déterminé, mais elle se sent appartenir à l’autre sexe.Ces deux états ont vocation à remettre en cause la place du sexe dans les actes de l’état civil à deux niveaux. D’un côté, les personnes dites « intersexes » vont nous faire nous interroger sur la véritable valeur de l’état civil si ce dernier ne prend pas en compte la variation dans ses énonciations. Seulement, cette interrogation semble être contrée par certaines pratiques médicales, qui, sous la contrainte à la fois des parents et de la société binaire, assignent des jeunes intersexes dans les jours qui suivent la naissance, alors même qu’aucune nécessité médicale ne vient justifier cet acte. De l’autre côté, les personnes transsexuelles remettent en cause les fondements de l’état des personnes et notamment le principe de l’immutabilité.De plus, les certitudes sur le sexe en Droit sont bouleversées par le développement des droits fondamentaux issus d’une interprétation toujours plus large de l’article 8 de la C.E.D.H. Ainsi, découle du droit au respect de la vie privée, le droit à l’épanouissement personnel, qui lui-même a rendu possible l’émergence des droits relatifs à l’identité, dont l’identité de genre. Ils se divisent en deux entités avec d’une part, le droit à la construction de l’identité de genre et d’autre, le droit à sa reconnaissance.Toutes ces considérations ont fait muter la mission de l’état civil, qui ne remplit plus uniquement une mission identifiante et de police civile au bénéfice de l’État et de l’intérêt général, mais qui devient le lieu privilégié des revendications identitaires, au bénéfice des individus. Dès lors, le genre devient admis en Droit, d’autant plus que la C.E.D.H. se positionne en faveur du développement de cette seconde mission.Au regard de ces éléments, nous pouvons affirmer qu’une réforme de la mention du sexe à l’état civil est opportune, ne serait-ce que pour éviter les probables condamnations de la Cour européenne. Cette réforme devrait assurer le respect dû à la vie privée des personnes en état d’intersexuation tant en limitant les situations stigmatisantes dont elles pourraient être victimes. Elle pourrait par ailleurs, prendre deux formes selon qu’elle se placerait en faveur d’un abandon ou de la mise en place d’une nouvelle mention. Dans la première hypothèse, une neutralisation du sexe serait envisagée et pourrait prendre deux formes. La première s’analyse en une neutralisation totale, c'est-à-dire, qu’aucune mention du sexe n’apparaitrait sur les actes de l’état civil. La seconde serait partielle dans la mesure où le sexe serait une mention cachée, ou rationnalisée, avec l’aide de nouvelles techniques d’identification, comme la biométrie. / The sexed binarity is a truth which seemed, until now uncontested and undeniable. So that, put except for designations genrées present in the Civil code, this last considered to be useful to specify only the sexes which were to be registered on the acts of the civil status, were to be exclusively female or male. However, in practice, the exclusive membership of the one of the two devoted sexes is not a universal rule.Thus the states of intersexuation came to tarnish the table, by affirming that the sex was not a single entity but a block of various components, objective and subjective, which are not necessarily concordant between them. On the one hand, the physical intersexuation, being characterized by a variation of the genital development (V. G. D.) is analyzed like nonan agreement of the objective components of the sex, i.e., all those which depend on a biological determinism. In addition, the psychic intersexuation, otherwise called transsexualism, or dysphorie of kind, implies only one discordance between the objective components and the subjective component, the psychosocial sex. In other words, the person is biologically of a determined sex, but it feels to belong to the other sex.These two states have authority to call into question the place of the sex in the acts of the civil status on two levels. On a side, the people known as “intersexes” will make us wonder about the true value of the civil status if this last does not take into account the variation in its statings. This interrogation seems to be countered by certain practices medical, which, under the constraint at the same time of the parents and the binary company, assigns young people intersexes in the days which follow the birth, while at the same time any medical need does not come to justify this act. Other side, the people transsexuals call into question the bases of the state of the people and in particular the principle of immutability.Moreover, the certainty on the sex in Right are upset by the development of the basic rights resulting from an interpretation increasingly broader of article 8 of the C.E.D.H. Thus, rises from the right to the respect of the private life, the right to the personal blooming, which itself made possible the emergence of the rights relating to the identity, of which gender identity. They are divided into two entities with on the one hand, the right to construction of the gender identity and other, the right to its recognition.All these considerations made transfer the mission of the civil status, which does not fulfill only any more one identifying mission and of civil police for the benefit of the State and the general interest, but which becomes the privileged place of the identity claims, for the benefit of individuals. Consequently, the kind becomes allowed in Right, more especially as the C.E.D.H. positions in favour of the development of this second mission.Taking into consideration these element, we can affirm that a reform of the mention of the sex to the civil status is convenient, would be this only to avoid the probable judgments of the European Court. This reform should ensure the respect due to the private life of the people in a state of intersexuation so much by limiting the stigmatizing situations of which they could be victims. It could in addition, to take two forms according to whether it would be placed in favour of an abandonment or installation of a new mention. On the first assumption, a neutralization of the sex would be considered and could take two forms. The first is analyzed in a total neutralization, i.e., that no mention of the sex appears on the acts of the civil status. The second partial insofar as the sex would be a hidden mention, or would be rationalized, with the assistance of novel methods of identification, like biometrics.

It has long been established that the spinal cord is able to produce locomotor activity on its own. Despite extensive research identifying and describing the involvement of multiple spinal neuron populations that are part of the spinal locomotor circuit, the manner in which these different components act together to precisely control the rhythm and the pattern of activation of muscles during locomotion remains largely undetermined. We sought to shed light on how the components of spinal locomotor circuits interact to produce robust locomotion using a developmental approach in zebrafish larvae. We used electrophysiological techniques to observe how the rhythm generation mechanism developed while the fish was transitioning from an early form of swimming to a more mature swimming behaviour. In the process we were able to highlight fundamental changes in the organization of spinal locomotor circuits as its operation moves from a pacemaker-based architecture relying on intrinsic properties of neurons to a network oscillator-based architecture relying on synaptic connectivity to generate proper rhythm driving the fish tail beats. Additionally, we revealed that this transition occurred at different times along the spinal cord progressing in a caudorostral direction. By combining these experimental observations with already published insights we were able to propose models of spinal locomotor circuits reproducing the successive locomotor behaviours encountered through development. By incrementing supplementing the circuit model in a manner that reflected biological processes by which the nervous system maturates (neurogenesis, synaptic connectivity refinement and maturation of intrinsic properties) we mirrored the natural development of the spinal locomotor circuit. This series of successively constructed models permitted us to pinpoint possible roles of specific neural populations for swimming behaviour as well as eventual targets and mechanism of actions of neuromodulators (serotonin and dopamine). In the process, I further provided testable hypotheses for future inquiries. Overall, the experimental findings in combination with the modeling work are an important step forward in fully understanding how the spinal cord generates swimming movements in zebrafish.

Background: Music has been an important part of people's social community and contributes to the individual's development. The school shall contribute to the development of children. In the curriculum for the special school music is seen as a special tool for learning, processing impressions and conveying thoughts and ideas. Music affects our senses and therefore, music can be one important means of communication and expression that can help children with intellectual disability to increase their understanding of themselves and their capacities in a learning environment.  Aim: The aim of the present literature review is to compile the state of knowledge regarding the importance of music teaching in the special school in order to  create conditions for students learning and language development.   Method: This review is based on a systematic search which means systematically searching for research that is critically reviewed and evaluated and has scientific content. Articles and dissertations used in this systematic search have undergone the usual review and have been proved for publication. Datbases ERIC and SWEPUB have been used to find peer- reviewed scientific articles. This search resulted in the identification of sixteen peer-reviewed scientific articles. After a first screening of these articles, sixteen were identified as relevant for the study aim. In a next step, the articles were critically reviewed and evaluated for their scientific content.  Result: In the results, themes were formed based on aim and questions:1. the influence of music on learning in children with intellectual disabilities, and 2.the musical teaching strategies for learning and language development. The use of music and musical activities in the classroom environment enhances students' attitudes and affects the quality of learning. Music improves the quality of life and helps children to study. In addition it stimulates strong emotions,belonging to community and tolerance. Music offers positive effects to promote language development and communication in children with intellectual disabilities.  Conclusion: Music affects children with intellectual disabilities in different ways. Music provides positive effects for learning and develops the language. / Bakgrund: Musik är en viktig del i människors sociala gemenskap och bidrar till individens identitetsutveckling. Skolan ska bidra till elevernas allsidiga utveckling. I läroplanen för särskolan är musik ett viktigt redskap för lärande, bearbetning av intryck och förmedlande av tankar och idéer. Musik påverkar även våra sinnen och därför är den ett av de kommunikations- och uttrycksmedel som kan hjälpa barnen med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning att öka förståelsen av sig själva och sina förmågor.  Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att via en systematisk litteraturstudie sammanställa kunskapsläget när det gäller vilken betydelse musikundervisning i särskolan kan ha, för att skapa förutsättningar för elevernas lärande och språkutveckling. Metod: Detta arbete är en systematisk litteraturstudie, vilket innebär att systematiskt söka efter data som är kritiskt granskad och värderad och har vetenskapligt innehåll. Artiklar och avhandlingar som använts i undersökningen har genomgått sedvanlig granskning och godkänts för publicering. Databaserna ERIC och SWEPUB användes för att hitta artiklar med kvalitativ metod. En del artiklar analyserades och ledde fram till att sexton artiklar inkluderades i studien.  Resultat: I resultatet formades teman utifrån syften och frågeställningar:  1. Musikens effekter på lärande hos barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning,  2.Didaktiska strategier för lärande och språkutveckling. Användning av musik eller musikaliska aktiviteter i klassrumsmiljö förbättrar elevernas attityd och påverkar kvaliteten på inlärningen. Musiken förbättrar livskvaliteten och hjälper barn att studera. Dessutom stimulerar den starka känslor, tillhörighet, gemenskap och tolerans. Musik erbjuder positiva effekter för att främja språkutveckling och kommunikation hos barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Slutsats: Musiken påverkar barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning på olika sätt. Musik erbjuder positiva effekter för lärande och utvecklar språket.

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world. One of the objectives of this thesis is to biologically evaluate a series of anti-cancer polymeric aromatic/heterocyclic bis-sulfonamides and pyridinium sulfonamides which were synthesized from three established aminosulfonamide carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor pharmacophores. Testing of these novel inhibitors and their precursors against a panel of membrane-bound CA isoforms, including tumor-overexpressed CA IX and XII and cytosolic isozymes, identified nanomolar-potent inhibitors against both classes and several compounds with medium isoform selectivity. In the case of pyridinium sulfonamides we used complexes of the inhibitors with cyclodextrins or sulfocalixarene to enhance aqueous solubility for biological testing. The ability of CA inhibitors to kill tumor cells overexpressing CA IX and XII was tested under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, using 2D and 3D in vitro cellular models. The study identified a nanomolar potent PEGylated bis-sulfonamide CA inhibitor (25), as well as cyclodextrin and sulfocalixarenes complexes, which were able to significantly reduce the viability of colon HT-29, breast MDA-MB231, and ovarian SKOV-3 cancer cell lines, thus revealing the potential of polymer conjugates in CA inhibition and cancer treatment. As a different disease state yet still a concern, cognitive dysfunction markedly impacts patients with a host of psychiatric conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, drug addiction, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and of course, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases and other types of dementia. Another objective of this thesis was to profile several series of bis-imidazoles for physicochemical, in-vitro and in-vivo properties as potential memory and learning enhancers (nootropics). Biological testing on eight isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (CA) present in the human brain revealed compounds with nanomolar potency against at least one membrane bound, cytosolic or mitochondrial CA isozymes, combined with good physicochemical properties. We also identified lead compounds with the ability to rescue experimental animals from drug-induced memory deficits, using an optimized Novel Object Recognition Task (NORT) procedure. / Pharmaceutical Sciences

Nas últimas décadas, novas formas de governança das florestas vêm se estabelecendo a partir da participação de diferentes atores sociais que interagem em arenas de ação para promover a gestão sustentável das florestas nativas na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma discussão sobre os arranjos de Governança e Política Florestal que têm como desafios promover o uso sustentável das florestas nativas e solucionar problemas relacionados à degradação, exploração ilegal dos recursos florestais e ao desmatamento. O estudo foi realizado em dois países da América do Sul, onde novos desafios são apresentados para os atores envolvidos na implementação de novas leis, como a Lei de Bosques Nativos (no Chile) e a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (no Brasil). A partir da perspectiva teórica, se identificou a necessidade tanto da Análise Institucional (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) quanto da Abordagem da Análise com Base na Prática (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013), o que determina que o conjunto de instituições (legislações, normativas, regras em uso) nem sempre produzem os resultados desejados ou projetados, e que os atores envolvidos têm a capacidade de transformar e alterar os acordos e instituições (CLEAVER, 2012), modificando o percurso da implementação de políticas públicas, conforme seus interesses e com base em suas lógicas. Os métodos de análise qualitativa possibilitaram a interpretação dos dados coletados, a partir de entrevistas com atores envolvidos na agenda florestal em diversas escalas (internacional e doméstica). Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar de existir uma arena de ação com múltiplos atores, as mudanças institucionais nem sempre promovem mudanças na prática, pois a governança florestal deve promover novos padrões de gestão, onde se valoriza o múltiplo uso das florestas proporcionando a sustentabilidade no manejo e o desenvolvimento de comunidades inseridas no contexto das florestas nativas. / In the past decades, new forms of forest governance have been established through the participation and the interaction of the different social actors in action arena to promote the sustainable management of native forests in South America. The objective of this study is to discuss the challenges faced by governance arrangements and forestry policy in promoting the sustainable use of native forests and in implementing solutions to the problems of degradation, illegal exploitation of forestry resources and deforestation. The study was undertaken in two South American countries, Brazil and Chile, where the implementation of new legislation such as the Law of Native Forests (in Chile) and the Law on the Management of Public Forests (in Brazil) present important challenges. From a theoretical perspective, the study builds on Institutional Analysis (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) as well as on Practice Based Approach Analysis (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013). The practice based approach indicates that institutions (legislation, norms, rules in use) do not always produce the desired or expected results. In addition, actors involved in such institutions have the capacity to transform them and to alter agreements (CLEAVER, 2012). By doing so, they modify the way in which public policies are implemented according to their interests and based on their logic. The methods used for qualitative analysis determined the interpretation of the data collected from interviews with actors involved in the development of forest agenda at differents levels (international and domestic). The results demonstrate that despite the existence of an action arena with multiple actors, institutional changes do not always bring modifications in practice. Accordingly, forest governance should promote new forms of management, emphasising multiple uses of forests, providing sustainable management and inserting communities in the context of native forests.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’intégration des contraintes de désassemblage dans la conception modulaire des produits manufacturés. Ce contexte est caractérisé par une collaboration pluridisciplinaire où un nombre très important d’informations est utilisé, manipulé et échangé. Pour ce faire, la contribution de ce travail consiste en :• La définition d’un modèle multi-vues orienté désassemblage permettant une représentation et l’exploitation des informations associées aux domaines du produit et du processus de désassemblage et en conséquence, une aide à l’intégration.• La définition d’un cadre méthodologique permettant de prendre en compte les problématiques de désassemblage dès la phase préliminaire de conception modulaire de produits manufacturés. Ce cadre méthodologique vise à :o Faire intervenir les différents acteurs concernés par les problématiques de désassemblage au moment le plus opportun et en particulier lors de la phase de conception préliminaire.o Définir une architecture modulaire d’une famille de produits. Un algorithme dédié au développement des modules de composants qui sont utilisés dans la conception d’une famille de produits est proposé.o Générer les séquences de désassemblage en phase préliminaire de conception. Un algorithme de définition des séquences de désassemblage admissible d’une famille de produits prenant en compte l’architecture modulaire est proposé.o Faire une optimisation multi-objective des séquences de désassemblage admissibles pour identifier la séquence de désassemblage optimale en fonction des critères imposés (critères fonctionnels, géométriques,…).o Apporter un contexte de désassemblage à l’architecte produit et au concepteur. Les informations issues de la séquence de désassemblage sont considérées afin de définir un contexte de désassemblage qui servira de base aux concepteurs pour identifier la géométrie du produit.Le modèle et le cadre méthodologique sont validés par l’expérimentation sur différents produits. À titre d’exemple, ils sont illustrés sur la conception de différentes familles de produits.Mots clés : Modèle multi-vues, Conception modulaire, séquence de désassemblage, Optimisation multi-objective. / This thesis work fails with in context of the integration of disassembly constraints into the modular design of manufactured products. This context is characterized by a multidisciplinary collaboration where a large deal of information is used, handled and exchanged. To this end the contribution of this work is:• The definition of a multi-view model oriented disassembly allowing representation and exploitation of information associated with the areas of product and disassembly process and consequently integration assistance.• The definition of methodological framework allowing taking into account the disassembly issues from the preliminary phases of modular design of manufactured products. This methodological framework aims to:o Involve different stakeholders by disassembly issues at the most appropriate time and in particular during the preliminary design phase.o Define a modular products family. An algorithm dedicated to the development of the component modules that are used in the design of a family of products is proposed.o Generated disassembly sequences in the preliminary design phase. An algorithm for defining the eligible disassembly sequences of products by taking into account the modular architecture is proposed.o Perform a multi-objective optimization of the eligible disassembly sequences in order to identify the optimal one. The uncertainties inherent in the disassembly area as well as functional and geometric criteria are taken into consideration in order to find the optimal disassembly sequence thus providing a generic structure of a family of products.o Provide the disassembly context to the product architect and the product designer. The information from the disassembly sequence is considered to define a disassembly context as a basis for designers to identify the geometry of the product.The model and the methodological framework are validated by experiments on different products. They are illustrated in the design of different products family.Keywords: Multi-view model, Modular design, Disassembly sequence, Multi-objective Optimization.

Les protéines Hox sont des facteurs de transcription à homéodomaine, dont les propriétés de liaison à l’ADN contrastent avec leur spécificité fonctionnelle in vivo. Ils interagissent avec les cofacteurs PBC (Extradenticle (Exd) chez la drosophile) formant des complexes multimériques dont la spécificité fonctionnelle est accrue. Cette interaction repose sur le motif l’hexapeptide (HX), conservé dans la plupart des protéines Hox. Récemment, nous avons identifié le domaine UbdA (UA), spécifique aux protéines Hox de classe centrale Ultrabithorax (Ubx) et AbdominalA (Abd-A), comme un nouveau motif d'interaction avec la protéine Exd. Des analyses in vivo de la contribution de l’HX et de UbdA dans l’activité des protéines Ubx et Abd-A ont indiqué que les protéines Ubx et Abd-A partagent des fonctions (Exd dépendantes et indépendantes), qui ne sont pas médiées par une utilisation identique des motifs protéiques HX et UA.L’objectif de ces travaux est d’analyser les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent une utilisation ciblée/sélective des motifs protéiques HX et UA de Ubx et de Abd-A en absence du cofacteur connu Exd. Pour cela, des lignées cellulaires S2 DRSC exprimant les protéines Ubx sauvages et mutantes sur les motifs HX et UA, ont été générées et analysées par des expériences de ChIP-Seq. Nos données comparées à celles obtenues précédemment dans l’équipe pour la protéine Abd-A posent les bases permettant d’appréhender la contribution fonctionnelle et l’utilisation sélective des motifs protéiques HX et UA, au-delà de leurs fonctions dans la médiation de l'interaction avec le cofacteur Exd. / Hox proteins are homeodomain-containing transcription factors, whose poor DNA-binding properties contrast with their functional specificity in vivo. They interact with PBC cofactors (Extradenticle (Exd) in Drosophila), forming multimeric complexes with increased functional specificity. This interaction involve a conserved motif called the hexapeptide (HX), found in most Hox proteins. Recently, we the UbdA domain (UA), specific to the central class Hox proteins Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Abdominal-A (Abd-A), as a novel interaction motif with the Exd protein. In vivo analysis of the HX and UA contributions to Ubx and Abd-A protein activity indicated Ubx and Abd-A shared functions (Exd dependent or independent) do not necessarily rely on a similar use of the HX or UA protein motifs. The aim of this work was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the targeted/selective use of the HX and UA protein motifs in Ubx and Abd-A in the absence of the usual Hox Exd cofactor. For this, S2 DSRC cell lines stably expressing the Ubx protein, as well as HX or UA variants have been generated and analysed by ChiP-Seq experiments. Our data, compared to those previously obtained for Abd-A in the laboratory, set bases for apprehending the functional contribution and selective use of the HX and UA protein motifs, outside their established function in mediating interaction with the Exd cofactor.

En raison des mutations des systèmes productifs et distributifs, les activités logistiques gagnent en importance au sein des régions métropolitaines telles que la métropole parisienne. Ce secteur fait irruption dans la métropole en y imprimant de nouvelles logiques économiques et géographiques. Ce développement économique va de pair avec une diversité de régulations publiques depuis des politiques communales et intercommunales (petites infrastructures de transport, zones logistiques), plutôt invisibles à l'échelle métropolitaine, jusqu'à des politiques métropolitaines (planification stratégique, compétition portuaire) en passant par la gestion d'infrastructures publiques spécifiques (ports et aéroports, terminaux ferroviaires). Ces différentes actions publiques, autour desquelles interagissent de nombreux acteurs publics et privés, constituent l'objet de notre recherche.Cette thèse montre que la diversité des actions publiques impliquées dans le développement logistique rend compte de la coexistence de plusieurs modes de gouvernance du développement logistique, de différentes coalitions d'acteurs qui soutiennent le développement logistique. Notre objectif empirique est d'analyser ces coalitions et les situer parmi la diversité des modes de gouvernance à l'œuvre au sein de l'espace métropolitain. D'un point de vue plus théorique, nous proposons ainsi, à travers l'analyse de la gouvernance du développement logistique, un éclairage au sujet des ressorts de la gouvernance métropolitaine en termes de géographie des modes de gouvernance, des modalités de participation des acteurs privés à l'action publique et de construction d'un agenda et d'une gouvernabilité métropolitains. / Due to the transformations of production, distribution and consumption systems, logistics activities gain in importance in global city regions such as the Greater Paris Region. This economic sector bursts in these urban regions, bringing in new economic and geographic logics. This development is embedded in a diversity of public actions from municipal policies (small transport facilities, logistics zones), almost invisible at the regional scale, to metropolitan policies (regional planning, port competition), including the management of specific public infrastructures (ports and airports, rail terminals). These different public actions, structuring the interactions of a variety of public and private actors, constitute the object of this research.This thesis demonstrates that the diversity of public actions involved in the logistics development of the Greater Paris Region corresponds to different coexistent modes of governance, to different coalitions of actors supporting this logistics development. The empirical aim is to analyze these coalitions while situating them among the multiple modes of governance at stake in the global city region. From a more theoretical point of view, this thesis draws some perspectives about metropolitan governance through the analysis of logistics development governance. It takes part in a better understanding of metropolitan governance in terms of modes of governance geography, in terms of participations of private actors in public action and in terms of social construction of a metropolitan agenda and governability.

Au cours des soixante dernières années, la population mondiale a connu un sursaut spectaculaire, passant de 2,5 milliards d’habitants à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à 7 milliards en 2011. Cette croissance démographique se distingue des précédents épisodes tant par son importance que par l'apparition conjointe d'une tendance nouvelle et soutenue à la concentration des populations au sein des villes. Appelée à se renforcer partout dans le monde, cette tendance au grossissement des villes lance un véritable défi à la communauté internationale en matière de durabilité de notre système économique en général et alimentaire en particulier. Cette thèse propose un traitement théorique de la question de la durabilité des systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaires en milieu urbain. A la frontière entre économie publique et économie géographique, elle poursuit comme objectif principal de permettre la conduite d'une analyse formalisée des arbitrages environnementaux et sociaux dans un cadre spatial explicite. En outre, l'idée selon laquelle aucune réponse ne saurait être satisfaisante sans qu'une attention spécifique soit portée aux interactions spatiales, économiques et écologiques entre espaces urbains et agriculture constitue l'un des positionnements clés défendus dans ce travail. De manière générale, les travaux de cette thèse font apparaître l'élément majeur suivant: du fait de la forte et inextricable interconnexion entre milieux urbain et rural, l'évaluation environnementale, sociale et économique d'un système alimentaire ne peut se faire qu'en connaissance des caractéristiques démographique et physique de la ville concernée. / Over the past sixty years, the world population has experienced a dramatic surge from 2.5 billion people by the end of World War II, to 7 billion in 2011. This population growth differs from previous episodes not only in importance, but also because of the joint emergence of a new and ongoing trend of rising urbanization. Expected to strengthen worldwide, this trend is a real challenge for the international community in terms of sustainability, especially for food supply. This thesis provides a theoretical treatment of food supply chain sustainability in a context of rapid and unrelenting urbanization. Halfway between economic geography and environmental economics, its primary goal is to allow for a theoretical formalization of ecological and social trade-offs in a spatially explicit framework. Besides, we argue that this issue cannot satisfactorily resolved without paying specific attention to urban-rural interactions. Our work discloses the following major element : because of the tight and inextricable interconnection between urban and rural areas, the ecological assessment of any food supply chain can only be achieved by taking into account both the demographic and physical features of cities.