The Brazilian government has recently enacted some of Latin America's most extensive affirmative action laws and policies, including racial quotas in all public universities and a law that requires schools throughout Brazil to teach Afro-Brazilian history and culture. In this context, a large-scale black consciousness movement has emerged, with a vast array of black organizations (otherwise known as "Black NGOs") using race as a productive political strategy to secure access to resources and rights for people of African descent. Through yearlong ethnographic investigations of three of these organizations in the city of Salvador (Bahia) from 2009-2010, this dissertation examines the effects of such changes on black activists' interpretations of blackness and their understanding of black consciousness. It looks to the complex ways in which black activists are creatively juxtaposing Brazil's long-held racial ideologies on the one hand with discourses and forms of knowledge about race that have been set forth by the new race-conscious legislations and policies on the other. Drawing from and contributing to the field of linguistic anthropology, I demonstrate that language is crucial to their goals of revealing patterns of institutional racism, critiquing commonsense notions of blackness in Brazil, and promoting anti-racism. I show how black activists teach one another elaborate ways of using language to scrutinize deeply entrenched ideas about race and blackness embedded in their own and others' speech as well as new ways of thinking and talking about race in Brazil. The dissertation carries throughout a concern with the status and formation of black consciousness in light of recent cultural and political changes. Drawing on my training in linguistic and cultural anthropology, I combine the analysis of data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, and countless conversations with black activists to examine what I call "affirmative language practices"--linguistic strategies that black activists use to foreground multiple points of views about race and blackness within Brazil's dominant frameworks of racial identification and categorization. I employ the notions of voice, dialogism, participant roles, and intertextuality (explored in the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, Erving Goffman, Jane Hill, and others) to provide evidence that black activists do not require or privilege black identity in the construction of "black consciousness." I argue that for these black activists, black consciousness may be characterized by the emergence of an ideological critique in and through language that allows Afro-Brazilians to articulate competing ideological positions about race and racism in Brazil.

This thesis approaches classroom interaction in association with Bakhtin and conversation analysis (CA). The four studies presented in this thesis seek to highlight different aspects of classroom interactional encounters between the students and teachers of a secondary school class. Through these studies, the thesis addresses the following challenges: How can analysts account for ‘multilingual’ communicative practices in a way which respects the views and orientations of the participants? How may dialogism be relevant for classroom interaction? How can we move beyond the representational (in)sufficiency of an oral language focus on (classroom) communication for analysis of human meaning making practices? The studies arise from ethnographic fieldwork at an independent secondary school with a ‘bilingual’ educational profile where data of everyday instructional life was generated through participant observation and video recordings. Methodologically, the studies have been enabled by Bakhtinian concepts and conversation analytic conventions amplified for analysis of the complex range of modalities composing classroom interaction. Study 1 examines the way participants’ use of two (or more) languages in a ‘foreign’ language classroom throw light on each other in processes of lexical orientation which challenge the privileging or the subordination of any one language in language learning. Study 2 demonstrates the consequences for understanding the participants’ sense-making efforts of making representationally (in)visible integral aspects of their multimodal cooperations. Study 3 focuses on whole-class task instructions as interactionally complex by showing some of the mutual orientations through which teacher and students coordinate each other’s stances and consequently craft instructions collaboratively. Study 4 examines the concept of languaging critically in the light of Bakhtin’s penetrating perception of the utterance and underscores that while we may be able to language when communicating, we are also languaged communicators. / <p>The research is a part of Swedish Research Council project LISA-21</p>

A interação entre diferentes linguagens e meios artísticos é uma das marcas presente no processo de comunicação humana, sobretudo hoje em dia. Um dos aspectos que se destaca nessa interação é a constante revisitação de obras que são re-elaboradas em diferentes suportes comunicativos. É o que ocorre quando temos o diálogo entre os quadrinhos e a literatura, artes que trabalham com a narratividade e que trazem em si peculiaridades que as definem como importantes meios de veiculação e propagação de idéias, valores e ideologias. Nesse estudo procuramos abordar a relação entre os dois meios artísticos destacando se tal diálogo propicia uma reprodução ou questionamento das tradições culturais, atualizando-as (ou não) a partir de sua transposição de uma arte para outra. A partir de teorias que versam sobre quadrinhos, intertextualidade, dialogismo, história da arte e da literatura e outras, traçamos um painel das diversas relações que se estabelecem entre obras criadas nos quadrinhos a partir do material literário, e que se revelam por meio de uma gradação em que temos desde obras que remetem diretamente ao texto clássico literário até aquelas que procuram fazer dos elementos oriundos da literatura um mote para o desenvolvimento de novas produções em quadrinhos. Também num movimento contrário, procuramos mostrar como os quadrinhos fornecem material para a criação de obras na literatura e como sua linguagem múltipla pode atuar em conjunto com o texto literário para a construção de obras mistas. / The interaction between different languages and artistic circles is one of the main issues in the process of human communication, especially today. One thing that stands out is that the constant interaction revisiting of works that are re-elaborated in various communication media. This is what happens when there is a dialogue between comics and literature, both arts which work with narrative and are filled with peculiarities that define them as important means of transmitting and spreading ideas, values and ideologies. In this study we tried to address the relationship between those two media arts, highlighting the questions concerning whether this dialogue provides a repetition or a questioning of cultural traditions, updating them (or not) from this translation of one art to another. Based on theories that deal with comics, intertexture, dialogism, history of art and literature and others, we draw a panel of the diverse relationships established between works created in comics from literary material, which reveal themselves by means of a gradation that goes from works that refer directly to the classic literary text to those who attempt to make the elements of literature a means for the development of new productions in comics. Also in an opposite movement, we try to show how comics provide material for the creation of works in literature and its varied language can co-act with the literary text for the construction of mixed works.

Orientador: Odilon Helou Fleury Curado / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como tema central a questão da linguagem em seu eixo dialógico, em particular os postulados sociointeracionistas. Nosso estudo adota como ponto inicial o trabalho desenvolvido em sala de aula focalizando justamente as práticas de leitura realizadas num contexto cuja caracterização, definida por orientações monologizantes, tende a promover a fragilização da relação entre sujeito e linguagem, com repercussões decisivas no antagonismo que se cria entre o sujeito discursivo/leitor e o estudante, mantendo-os isolados. Privilegiam-se ações e atitudes do estudante por intermédio de sua relação com a disciplina de língua portuguesa, com perdas importantes para a formação do sujeito discursivo da língua materna, na medida da desconfiguração desta, como mecanismo cultural de interação sociocomunicativa. Os parâmetros monológicos de ensino, burocratizantes e confinados à escola, abrem mão do contexto sócio-histórico-cultural como basilares de toda e qualquer possível e efetiva compreensão, a partir da construção de modelos de representação funcional da língua, limitando ao indivíduo percepções formadoras de sua identidade de sujeito leitor. A pesquisa pretende investigar o instrumento pedagógico utilizado em sala de aula, pressuposto nas práticas de leitura realizadas, como agenciadores destas ações dicotômicas. Na tentativa de fortalecer a relação entre sujeito e linguagem, fundamental neste processo formativo do leitor, cabe ainda pensar em práticas que invista... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The current research has as its central theme the question of language in its dialogical axis, especially the socio-interactionist postulates. Our study adopts as a starting point the work developed in the classroom focusing precisely on the reading practices carried out in a context whose characterization, defined by monologistic orientations, tends to promote the weakening of the relation between subject and language, with decisive repercussions on the antagonism that is created between the discursive subject / reader and the student, keeping them isolated. Students' actions and attitudes are privileged through their relationship with the portuguese language subject, with important losses for the formation of the discursive subject of the mother tongue, in the measure of the deconfiguration of this, as a cultural mechanism of socio-communicative interaction. The monological parameters of teaching, bureaucratic and confined to the school, ignore the socio-historical-cultural context as the bases of any possible and effective understanding, from the construction of functional representation models of the language, limiting to the individual perceptions his identity as a reader. The research intends to investigate the pedagogical instrument used in the classroom, presupposed in the practices of reading carried out, as agents of these dichotomous actions. In an attempt to strengthen the relation between subject and language, crucial to this formative process of the reader, it i... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo estabelecer uma relação entre linguagem e literatura em situações de aquisição da língua escrita, nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental. Concebendo a linguagem, e mais especificamente a literatura, como elemento vivo e histórico fundamental na formação do sujeito, passo a questionar as formas e concepções de ensino da língua materna tendo em vista a existência de um ser leitor desde os anos iniciais da alfabetização. Que concepções de linguagem norteiam seus usos no Ensino Fundamental, de acordo com tais concepções, que práticas se fazem da literatura nesse processo? Para confrontar estas duas questões, foi indispensável a inserção no campo de pesquisa em duas escolas da Rede Municipal do Rio de Janeiro (uma de Educação Infantil, outra de Ensino Fundamental) entre os meses de agosto e de dezembro de 2002. / [en] This work aims at establishing a relationship between language and literature in situations of written language acquisition, in the first years of primary education. Conceiving language, and more specifically literature, as a living and historical element fundamental to the formation of the subject, I start questioning the ways and concepts of native language teaching, in view of the existence of a reading being since the initial years of the teaching of reading and writing. Which language concepts guide its teaching in primary school and, according to such concepts, which use is made of literature in this process? For the purpose of confronting these two questions, it was dispensable to select as field of research two schools of the Municipal Teaching System of Rio de Janeiro (a nursery school and a Junior school) from August to December 2002.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirlane Moreira Gomes.pdf: 139607 bytes, checksum: 654aef948ff06dc6c3c9886fb1037075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This research has as main subject the study of the workmanship Grande Sertão: veredas, representative of the Brazilian Modernism and Neomodernism, written for mining author Guimarães Rosa, whose objective is, particularly, the analysis of three feminine figures that are part of this romance, under the point of view of the Analysis of the Speech. In this work, the Analysis of the Speech intends to contribute so that some aspects are observed, what it is of interest for the Literature and the Analysis of the Speech. The workmanship presents twenty women and great it is the importance of the feminine figures for Rosa, however, three of them all constitute the fulcrum of the course of the plot of the romance, for this reason, Diadorim, Otacília and Nhorinhá are the personages chosen for analysis of the speech elements that impersonate them. The proposal theoretical is to demonstrate to the origins and trends of the Analysis of Speech (AD) and, for this, some authors as Maingueneau, Orlandi and Foucault are cited by being representative of current proposals of analysis that place the AD ones as science to interdisciplinary. The dialogism and the polyphony, according to Bakhtin, are concepts presented and analysed in the parts selected for the composition of the corpus. This complete procedure the biggest question of this research that is to demonstrate as the antithesis, the dialogism and the polyphony are resources of great prominence for the Speech Formation of the studied feminine figures. / Esta pesquisa tem como principal o estudo da obra Grande Sertão: veredas, representante do Modernismo e Neomodernismo brasileiros, escrita pelo autor mineiro Guimarães Rosa , cujo objetivo é, particularmente, a análise de três figuras femininas que fazem parte deste romance, sob o ponto de vista da Análise do Discurso. Neste trabalho, a Análise do Discurso pretende contribuir para que alguns aspectos sejam observados, o que é de interesse para a Literatura e para a Análise do Discurso. A obra apresenta vinte mulheres e grande é a importância das figuras femininas para Rosa, porém, três delas constituem o fulcro do andamento do enredo de todo o romance, por esta razão, Diadorim, Otacília e Nhorinhá são as personagens escolhidas para análise dos elementos discursivos que as personificam. A proposta teórica é a de demonstrar as origens e tendências da Análise do Discurso( AD) e, para isso, alguns autores como Maingueneau, Orlandi e Foucault são citados para serem representantes de propostas atuais de análises que colocam a AD como ciência interdisciplinar. O Dialogismo e a Polifonia, segundo Bakhtin, são conceitos apresentados e analisados nas partes selecionadas para a composição do Corpus. Este procedimento completa a maior questão desta pesquisa que é a de demonstrar como a Antítese, o Dialogismo e a Polifonia são recursos de grande destaque para a formação discursiva das figuras femininas estudadas.

A presente pesquisa, levada a efeito no PPGEdu/UFRGS, vinculada à linha de pesquisa Educação: Arte, Linguagem, Tecnologia e ao Laboratório de Estudos em Linguagem Interação e Cognição – LELIC, tem como objetivo compreender o movimento de instauração de diferentes vozes/perspectivas, em situações de experimentação na sala de aula, vivenciadas pelos alunos e pela professora de uma turma do ensino fundamental (terceiro ano). Destacamos como interrogante que assume centralidade na investigação: Como se instauram diferentes vozes/perspectivas no fluxo das experimentações em uma sala de aula do ensino fundamental? O material que analisamos trata-se de enunciados produzidos pelos alunos e pela professora da turma que acompanhamos. Também analisamos enunciados produzidos no âmbito do grupo de estudos e formação das professoras da escola em que se realiza a pesquisa, assim como enunciados escritos produzidos pela professora da turma de terceiro ano. Para a obtenção dos materiais foram realizados registros audiovisuais em sala de aula e registros escritos em diário de campo da pesquisadora (no grupo de estudos e na sala de aula). Também destacamos os registros realizados pela professora, em seu diário de campo, e aos quais obtivemos acesso. A análise do material empírico se realiza considerando as produções coletivas de personagens, pelos alunos e pela professora, como situações de experimentação na sala de aula. A formulação teórica que fundamenta a pesquisa remete ao quadro dos estudos da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin. Destacamos, entre as articulações conceituais que perpassam as obras deste autor: o dialogismo, como movimento constitutivo da linguagem e dos elos entre as diferentes vozes/perspectivas; o enunciado, enquanto unidade real da comunicação discursiva; a carnavalização, como um modo de existência discursiva que relativiza as pretensas verdades e afirma o inacabamento do mundo. As conclusões apontam para o entendimento de que a escuta atenta da professora, na sala de aula, se apresenta como um ato ético de sustentação da voz/perspectiva incipiente do aluno, no esforço de se afirmar. Os personagens, por sua vez, constituem-se em contextos inusitados, abrindo espaço às possibilidades criativas expressas nas contribuições dos alunos. / This research, carried out in PPGEDU / UFRGS, connected to the line of research Education: Art, Language, Technology and the Laboratory for Research on Language Interaction and Cognition - LELIC, aimed at understanding the movement of establishment of different voices / perspectives in situations of experimentation in the classroom, experienced by students and the teacher of a third year class of elementary school. We highlight as the questioner that assumes centrality in the research: How to introduce different voices / perspectives in the flow of trials in a classroom of elementary school? The materials we analyzed comprise the utterances produced by the students and the teacher of the class we accompanied. We believe that such utterances make up the dialogue interactions in the classroom. We also analyzed utterances produced in the study group of teachers from the school where the research takes place, as well as statements written by the teacher of the third year class. To obtain the materials we made audiovisual recordings in the classroom and written records on our field diary (within the study group and the classroom). We also considered the records kept by the teacher in her field diary, and which we obtained access. The empirical analysis is conducted considering the collective production of characters by the students and the teacher as situations of experimentation in the classroom. The theoretical formulation that supports the research refers to the frame of linguistic studies of Mikhail Bakhtin. We underline the links among the concepts that permeate the works by this author: dialogism, as constitutive of the language movement and the links between the different voices / perspectives; the utterance as a unit of real communication discourse; carnivalization as a discursive mode of existence the relativity of the alleged truths and that states the incompleteness of the world. The conclusions point to the understanding that the teacher’s in tune with the classroom, is presented as an ethical act in support of voice / perspective of the student in his/her early school years in an effort to assert him/herself. The characters, in turn, are constituted in an unusual context, an opening space to the creative possibilities expressed in the children’s contributions.

Orientador: Renata Maria Facuri Coelho Marchezan / Banca: Arnaldo Cortina / Banca: Valdemir Miotello / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por objetivo maior caracterizar o leitor de Veja on-line, em comparação ao da revista impressa. O corpus é composto por 12 publicações, entre julho e outubro de 2004, das duas versões de Veja. Buscamos,por meio de uma perspectiva discursiva, lançar um olhar para as diferenças e semelhanças que constituem ambas revistas e para a relação que essas mudanças têm com o lugar preenchido pelo leitor. Para tanto, fundamentamos o estudo na obra de Mikhail Bakhtin, uma vez que, nesse contexto de reflexão, o leitor ganha um lugar destacado. Coerentemente com a perspectiva teórica adotada, não utilizamos, no estudo, pesquisas realizadas com os leitores do meio on-line; apenas seguimos as marcas discursivas e textuais presentes na própria revista, sempre comparada ao seu respectivo número impresso. A diferença mais evidente entre os dois veículos (impresso e on-line) está, sem dúvida, no suporte, entendido, aqui, tando no sentido do material físico em que ambos são apresentados - papel e tela - quanto no sentido de organização desse espaço material. Nesse aspecto, a forma de apresentação dos textos em janelas e não páginas é a diferença mais evidente. No entanto, o foco principal de nossa atenção recai sobre a relação do suporte com a articulação das vozes que constituem a revista, com os modos pelos quais se pressupõem o interesse, o desejo e a resposta do outro. É por esse caminho que compreendemos o universo on-line e caracterizamos seu leitor. / Abstract: This dissertation aims, as its main goal, to characterize the reader of online Veja, comparing them to the readers of the printed magazine. The corpus is composed for 12 publications between July and October of 2004 of the two versions of Veja. We searche, from a discoursive perspective, the differences and similarities that compose both magazines and the relations that these changes have on the reader's place. For this purpose, the study is based on the works of Mikhail Bakhtin, since, on his reflections, the reader has an emphatic position. According to this perspective, we don't use, in the analysis, any research with the readers of online magazine; we just follow textual and discoursive marks that are written in the magazine, comparing them with he printed Veja. The most evident difference between both magazines (printed and online ones) is in the media that must be understood in two ways: the physical place where they are exposed (paper and screen) and the organization that involves these places. In this aspec,the most clear difference can be seen in the presentation of the texts-windows instead of pages. However, our main focus is placed on the relation of the magazines spaces with voices articulation that build Veja (printed and online), besides the tricks by with the magazines presuppose the interest, the desire and the reply of the reader. It os for this way that we comprehend the online universe and we characterize its reader. / Mestre

Ce travail examine le mode de fonctionnement du système des discours directs dans cinq romans de Maupassant. Il est alimenté par les fondements théoriques de Bakhtine et les développements épistémologiques de Bres qui débouchent sur un cadre opératoire élaboré par Authier-Revuz : l’hétérogénéité montrée. Parmi les modalités de cette hétérogénéité, nous avons ciblé le discours direct qui forme un système avec le discours narratorial. Nous avons scruté ce système sous le prisme de la démarche stylistique quantitative, assortie des analyses qualitatives présentées. Nous avons scruté les mécanismes syntaxiques des segments introducteurs du discours direct, en insistant sur leur construction, les catégories sémantiques et énonciatives des verbes. Ces indicateurs ont été réinvestis par la suite pour analyser les fonctions des discours narratoriaux et des discours directs. Au bout du compte, nous avons tiré plusieurs conclusions. Nous avons vu que le segment introducteur est doté des valeurs narrativo-descriptives, illocutoires et perlocutoires, tributaires des ressources langagières en présence. Quant aux discours directs, ils ont des fonctions langagières et énonciatives. La première repose sur des usages de la langue qui révèlent non seulement les affects des personnages, mais aussi certaines situations de communication. La fonction énonciative repose essentiellement sur les valeurs impressive, expressive et interlocutive des personnages. La prégnance des phénomènes observés permet de dire que toutes ces fonctions concourent à la recherche de l’illusion référentielle par Maupassant au travers du système de discours direct intégré dans la trame du récit. / This work discusses how the system of direct speeches in five novels of Maupassant functions. It is rooted in the theoretical works of Bakhtin and on the epistemological developments of Bres which are developed on an operating framework elaborated by Authier-Revuz: the heterogeneity shown. Of the modalities of this heterogeneity, we have targeted direct and narrative discourses. We have analysed this system using the quantitative stylistic approach alongside the qualitative analyses presented. We have scrutinised the syntactic mechanisms of the introductory segments of direct speech, emphasizing their construction, semantic categories, and verb initiatives. These indicators were subsequently reinvested to analyse the functions of narrative discourses and direct speeches. At the end of the day, we made a number of conclusions. We have already seen the segment presenting narrative descriptive, illocutionary and perlocutory values dependent on the linguistic resources involved. As for direct speeches, they have linguistic and enunciative functions. The linguistic function involves language use with at the same time the feelings of the characters and also certain situations of communication. The enunciative function is essentially based on the impressive, expressive and interlocative values of the characters. The representation of the phenomena observed allows all the concurrent functions to search for the referential illusion by Maupassant through the system of speech integrated into the plot of the story.

L'objectif de la thèse est de mettre au jour les différents modes de représentation du discours autre et de déterminer leur fonctionnement dans la construction du dessin de presse en tant que commentaire de l'événement médiatique. En tant que genre hybride et humoristique, le dessin de presse emprunte ses caractéristiques rhétoriques, thématiques, discursives et formelles à la caricature, au dessin d'humour, à la bande dessinée et au commentaire journalistique. Quant aux différentes formes d'humour dans le dessin, elles sont liées étroitement à la ligne éditoriale du périodique de publication et elles sont censées créer une connivence avec le lecteur. Le cadre théorique repose sur les recherches d'Authier-Revuz. Elle détermine le lien d'un acte d'énonciation avec les différents modes de représentation du discours autre en s'appuyant sur leurs caractéristiques sémiotiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques spécifiques. Également, la représentation du discours autre relève du dialogisme bakhtinien et le lecteur doit parfois faire appel à sa mémoire discursive, sémantique, historique et collective ainsi qu'à l'implicite pour reconnaître certains énoncés comme relevant de la représentation du discours autre. Le cadre théorique ainsi posé est appliqué à un corpus de 150 dessins de presse publiés dans le quotidien Le Monde, dans l'hebdomadaire Courrier international et exposés au Mémorial de Caen entre 2010 et 2014. Les conclusions des analyses sont les suivantes : premièrement, le discours direct, le discours indirect, la modalisation en assertion seconde et la modalisation autonymique d'emprunt sont les modes de représentation du discours autre présents dans le dessin de presse. Deuxièmement, il apparaît que, malgré le repérage systématique des caractéristiques spécifiques de chaque mode, il est parfois impossible de trancher définitivement sur une forme. Seules les connaissances du lecteur peuvent l'inciter à trancher en faveur d'un mode ou d'un autre. Troisièmement, les modes de représentation du discours autre ainsi déterminés participent de la construction d'un commentaire critique, parfois humoristique, de l'événement médiatique. / The aim of the dissertation is to identify different forms of reported speech and to highlight their importance in the construction of cartoons functioning as news comments in the press. The "cartoon" is a hybrid and humorous genre, which owes its rhetorical, thematic, discursive and formal characteristics to the caricature, the humorous drawing, the comic strip and the press comment. The different types of humor in the cartoon are closely connected to the editorial line of the periodical and are supposed to create a certain complicity between the cartoonist and his reader. The theoretical framework of the dissertation is based on Authier-Revuz's work. She identifies different types of reported speech by their specific semiotic, syntactic and semantic characteristics. Reported speech also falls within dialogism as Bakhtin defined it. Readers need their discursive, semantic, historic and collective memory as well as a certain proficiency in detecting implicit messages in order to understand some occurrences of reported speech. The theoretical framework is put into practice on a corpus of 150 cartoons published in the French daily newspaper Le Monde, in the French weekly review of international press Courrier international or exposed at the "Mémorial de Caen" from 2010 to 2014. One can conclude that firstly, indirect speech, direct speech, "modalisation en assertion seconde" and "modalisation autonymique d'emprunt" are found in the cartoons. Secondly, it can be difficult to attribute a type to an utterance of reported speech even when the analyst systematically checks all utterances for specific characteristics. Only the reader's former knowledge can help him choose one of the forms. Thirdly, the cartoonist uses reported speech to create a critical and sometimes humorous comment on events and their treatment in the media.