Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rc_dr_botib.pdf: 1065875 bytes, checksum: 74f0b9824015f2857ea492f78e1e1286 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho visou estudar os efeitos farmacológicos do extrato metanólico (BiMeOH) e partições acetato de etila (AcoEt) e aquosa (AcoAq) das folhas de Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss, espécie do Cerrado brasileiro. A partir de sua indicação popular para gastrite e distúrbios do trato gastrintestinal, foram realizados ensaios in vivo que comprovaram seu potencial terapêutico como antiulcerogênico. Análise fitoquímica do extrato resultou na caracterização de BiMeOH que possui majoritariamente taninos condensados na partição AcoAq e flavonóides derivados de quercetina em AcoEt. A avaliação de toxicidade aguda revelou que BiMeOH causou morte de alguns camundongos fêmeas, indicando cautela em sua utilização. Embora a ação gastroprotetora de BiMeOH não envolva a participação do Óxido Nítrico (NO), as partições testadas apresentaram envolvimento dessa via, bem como de grupamento sulfidrilico (SH). Além disso, apenas a AcoAq apresentou gastroproteção frente às úlceras induzidas por DAINEs, com redução dos níveis de mieloperoxidase (MPO). Também foi mostrada a participação dos neurônios sensitivos à capsaicina tanto da BiMeOH quanto da AcoEt em sua ação gastroprotetora. O extrato e partições também foram efetivos na redução dos danos gástricos no teste de isquemia-reperfusão, com redução da atividade de MPO e aumento dos níveis de glutationa total (GSH) apenas para AcoEt. No duodeno, BiMeOH e AcoAq apresentaram atividades protetoras frente à lesão induzida por cisteamina. Nenhum tratamento agudo (24 hs) do extrato e partições foi capaz de reduzir as lesões promovidas pela isquemia-reperfusão, após a instalação da lesão. Porém, o tratamento de 6 dias com BiMeOH e AcoEt apresentou redução das lesões, acompanhada por diminuição de MPO e interleucina 1-β (IL 1-β) e aumento de interleucina 10 (IL-10). A AcoEt apresentou, ainda... / This study evaluated the pharmacological effects of the methanolic extract (BiMeOH) and the ethyl acetate (AcoEt) and aqueous (AcoAq) partitions from the leaves of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss, a medicinal species of the brazilian Cerrado, in rodent models of gastrointestinal diseases. Although nitric oxide (NO) did not participated in gastroprotective action of BiMeOH the involvement of NO as well as sulfhydril compounds (SH) in the gastroprotection of AcoAq and AcoEt was shown in acute lesion induced by ethanol. Furthermore, only the AcoAq protected against NSAID-induced ulcers, with reduced levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO). It was also shown the involvement of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in the gastroprotection of BiMeOH and AcoEt. The gastric damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion were not affect by acute (24h) treatment with BiMeOH or partitions but the treatment for 6 days reduced the lesions and the MPO activity and increased levels of total glutathione (GSH). However, treatment with AcoEt and BiMeOH for 6 days decreased lesion accompanied by reduction in MPO and interleukin 1-β (IL 1-β) and increase in interleukin 10 (IL-10). The AcoEt also showed increased GSH and reduction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). On the other hand, AcoAq only increased levels of GSH and IL-10. Chronic treatment with BiMeOH, AcoAq or AcoEt for 14 days, but not for 7 days, reduced significantly the acetic acid-induced gastric lesions in rats with AcoAq and AcoEt increasing significantly the GSH levels in this model. In the duodenum, BiMeOH and AcoAq protected against injury induced by cysteamine administration. Mucosal lesions the evaluation of duodenal mucosa by 7 and 14 days of treatment was also observed reduction of injuries by the extract and partitions, up to GSH in AcoEt the period observed. The BiMeOH and AcoAq prevented the diarrhea induced by the castor oil decreasing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cristani_j_dr_jabo.pdf: 499882 bytes, checksum: 0a39184cdb25420dd1d7675e3a5ef521 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar em um sistema de produção comercial de suínos, os efeitos dos acidificantes e probióticos como alternativas ao uso de antibióticos promotores de crescimento para leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 630 leitões de ambos os sexos com idade inicial de 21 e final de 63 dias. Em cada baia foram alojados 14 leitões os quais constituíram a unidade experimental. As variáveis analisadas foram: desempenho, biometria dos órgãos,morfologia intestinal, escore de diarréia e contagem de coliformes, análise econômica e percentagem de leitões entregues. Os períodos analisados foram: I - de 21 a 35, II - de 21 a 49 e III de 21 a 63 dias de idade. OS tratamentos foram : 1)- controle Negativo dieta basal; 2)- Antibiótico - dieta basal mais 50ppm de doxiciclina; 3)- Acidificante - dieta basal mais acidificante 4kg/ton dos 21 aos 49 dias e 2kg/ton dos 50 aos 63 dias; 4)- Probiótico - dieta basal mais probiótico (100g/ton); 5)- Probiótico + acidificante - dieta basal mais associação do tratamento 3 e 4. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para o consumo diário de ração em nenhum dos períodos analisados. Os melhores resultados de GDP e CA foram observados nos animais que receberam ração contendo antibiótico. A incidência de diarréia foi menor (P<0,05) nos animais que receberam antibiótico. Os diferentes aditivos utilizados não influenciaram a... / The aim of this study was to study the effects of acidifying and probiotics instead of growth promoters antibiotics for weaned piglets, in a porcine commercial production system. Male and female piglets (n=630) were used, with age ranging from 21 and 63 days. The experimental unity was the stall, each occupied by 14 piglets. The analised variables were: Performance (diary gain of weight GPD, diary ration consumption CDR and food conversion CA), organs morphology (liver and pancreas weight, intestinal morphology), diarrhea score, coliforms counting, economic index and percentage of piglets delivered. The analised periods were: 21-35 days, 21-49 and the total ranging from 21-63 days. The diets were composed by corn, soybeans and nuclei, composing each of the 5 treatments: 1)- Negative control basal diet; 2)- Antibiotic basal diet plus doxiciclin (50ppm); 3)- Acidifying basal diet plus acidifying (4 kg 21-49 days, 2 kg 50-63 days); 4)- Probiotic basal diet plus probiotic (100g/ton); and 5)- Probiotic plus Acidifying Associations treatment 3 and 4. None of the analised periods showed significant difference for CDR (P>0.05). The best GPD and CA results were showed by the Antibiotic group. The incidence of diarrhea was lower for antibiotic treated animals (P<0.05). None of the analised periods showed variation for intestinal morphometry and organs weight, with the different additives. The Antibiotic treated group showed a higher percentage of piglets delivered and a higher economic index in comparison to the other treatments. Based on these results we can conclude that antibiotics in piglets ration provides the best performance on the nursery phase.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-15Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000767511.pdf: 741976 bytes, checksum: e3ebb473db2a4a3f7ffe085a744f2f0a (MD5) / Dois experimentos (E) foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e de uma mistura de acidificantes a base de formiato de cálcio, lactato de cálcio e ácidos graxos de cadeia média (cáprico e caprílico) nas dietas de leitões, sobre o desempenho e frequência de diarreia (E 1), peso relativo de órgãos, pH, morfometria e microbiota intestinal (E 2). Foram utilizados 192 (E 1) e 24 (E 2) leitões, desmamados com idade média de 21 dias, distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos completamente ao acaso com arranjo fatorial 2x2 (ausência e presença de ácido fumárico x ausência e presença da mistura de acidificantes) dos tratamentos, seis repetições de oito e de um animal por parcela, respectivamente, para o E 1 e E 2. No E 1, com duração de 41 dias, os tratamentos foram: Controle: sem produto acidificante + 40ppm de colistina; AF: Presença de ácido fumárico e ausência da mistura de acidificantes; MA: Presença da mistura de acidificante e ausência do ácido fumárico e AF+MA: Presença do ácido fumárico e da mistura de acidificantes. No E 2, com duração de 14 dias, foi utilizada a dieta Pré Inicial I e avaliados os mesmos tratamentos do E 1. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) no desempenho, incidência de diarreia, pH gastrintestinal e morfometria do duodeno dos leitões, porem, a adição da mistura de acidificantes reduziu (P<0,05) o peso relativo do intestino grosso e a adição do ácido fumárico aumentou o peso relativo do pâncreas e reduziu (P<0,05) a altura de vilosidade do jejuno e a contagem de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli no ceco. A inclusão de ácido fumárico e da mistura de acidificantes nas dietas de leitões desmamados contendo antibiótico melhorador de desempenho não se justifica, contudo, o ácido fumárico exerce ação inibitória sobre a população de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli / Two experiments (E) were conducted to evaluate the effects of fumaric acid and an organic acid blend compound of calcium formate, calcium lactate and medium chain fatty acids (capric and caprylic) in piglets diets on performance and frequency of diarrhea (E 1), relative organ weight, pH, morphometry and intestinal microbiota (E 2). One hundred and ninety two (E 1) and twenty four (E 2) piglets weaned at 21 days, distributed in a randomized block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments (absence x presence of fumaric acid and absence x presence of acidifying product), six replications of eight and one pig per pen were used, respectively, for E 1 and E 2. In E 1, lasting 41 days, the treatments were: Control – No acidifying + 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; AF – Presence of fumaric acid and absence of acidifying product; MA – Presence of acidifying product and absence of fumaric acid and AF+MA: presence of fumaric acid and acidifying product. In E 2, lasting 14 days, Pré-Starter I diet was used and assessed the same treatments of E 1. There were no treatment effects (P>.05) in performance, incidence of diarrhea, gastrointestinal pH and morphometry of the duodenum of piglets, however, the addition of organic acid blend reduced (P<.05) the relative weight of the large intestine and the addition of fumaric acid increased the relative weight of the pancreas and decreased (P<.05) the villus height of jejunum and number of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in the cecum. The inclusion of fumaric acid and the organic acid blend in the diets of weaned piglets containing antibiotic is not justified, however, fumaric acid exerts an inhibitory effect on the population of coliforms and Escherichia coli

A diarréia é o principal evento clínico observado no período neonatal em leitões (como conseqüência das doenças entéricas). Além de contribuir para piora no ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar do animal causa aumento na mortalidade e gastos com medicamentos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a freqüência dos principais agentes virais (rotavírus), bacterianos (E. coli, Clostridium perfringens tipo A e C e Clostridium difficile) e parasitários (coccídeos e Cryptosporidium spp.) envolvidos na diarréia neonatal em leitegadas caso (com diarréia) e controle (sem diarréia). Foram examinadas 276 amostras de fezes provenientes de 147 leitegadas com diarréia e 129 leitegadas sem diarréia, com idade variando entre 1 e 7 dias de vida em 28 unidades produtoras de leitões localizados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Entre as amostras coletadas, 29,34% (81/276) foram positivas para pelo menos um agente pesquisado. Os coccídeos (20/276) e o C. perfringens tipo A (19/276) foram os agentes mais freqüentes. Nenhum dos enteropatógenos pesquisados obteve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as leitegadas caso e controle. Apenas o rotavírus (p=0,20) e o C. perfringens tipo A (p=0,16) apresentaram tendência de serem mais freqüentes em leitegadas com diarréia. Uma forte associação foi observada entre a ocorrência das diarréias e leitegadas mais novas (p<0,014). Foi observada pela primeira vez no Brasil a infecção pelo C. difficile, em 13,6% (17/132) das amostras, todavia a presença das toxinas nas fezes não teve relação com a diarréia. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de cuidados especiais quando da coleta de amostras para diagnósticos de monitoria de diarréias no período neonatal, pois é alta a chance de se obterem resultados falso positivos naqueles casos em que as doenças estiverem ocorrendo numa forma endêmica. / Diarrhea is the main clinical event occurring in pigs in the neonatal period,(as consequence of enteric disease). Besides contributing to losses in daily weight gain and feed conversion, diarrhea causes increased mortality and medication costs. The present work aimed to determine the frequency of the main viral agents (rotavirus), bacterial (E. coli, Clostridium perfringens type A and C and Clostridium difficile) and parasitic (coccidian and Cryptosporidium spp.) involved in neonatal diarrhea in case groups (with diarrhea) and controls (without diarrhea). We examined 276 fecal samples originating from 147 litters with diarrhea and 129 litters without diarrhea, with ages varying between 1 and 7 days, in 28 pig units of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Among the examined samples, 29.34% (81/276) were positive for at least one agent. Coccidia (20/276) and C. perfringens type A (19/276) were the most frequently isolated agents. None of the enteropathogens studied showed significant difference (p>0.05) between case and control litters. Only rotavirus (p=0.20) and C. perfringens A (p=0.16) had a tendency to present higher frequency in piglets with diarrhea. A strong association was observed between occurrence of diarrhea and litters with smaller age (p<0,014). Infection with C. difficile was diagnosed for the first time in Brazil, in 13.6% (17/132) samples; however the presence of the toxin in feces was not related to diarrhea. The present results suggest the need for special attention when sampling for the diagnosis or monitoring diarrhea in the neonatal period, as chances for obtaining false-positive results are high, especially when diseases are occurring endemically.

Disenteria de inverno é uma doença causada pelo coronavírus bovino que afeta animais adultos. Descrevem-se dois surtos de disenteria de inverno em rebanhos leiteiros nos municípios de Viamão e Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em dois bovinos adultos. O quadro clínico se caracterizou por diarréia, inicialmente líquida esverdeada com estrias de sangue e muco, que em alguns animais, evoluiu para coloração marrom escura à sanguinolenta e que persistiu, em média, cinco dias. Na propriedade de Vespasiano Corrêa os animais apresentaram sinais respiratórios como tosse e corrimento nasal. Diminuição na produção de leite e no consumo de alimentos, além de graus variados de depressão foram também observados. Foi detectada a presença do coronavírus bovino nas fezes e secreção nasal dos animais pela técnica da nested RT-PCR. Foi realizada necropsia de um animal naturalmente infectado que morreu devido à doença. Na necropsia, observou-se mucosas pálidas, conteúdo sanguinolento com presença de grande quantidade de coágulos, principalmente no cólon espiral e petéquias na mucosa do cólon. No cólon espiral, foram observados os principais achados histológicos que incluíram criptas dilatadas sem epitélio de revestimento, ou revestidas por epitélio pavimentoso e/ou cuboidal, às vezes, com núcleos grandes e nucléolos proeminentes. Algumas criptas eram preenchidas por debris necróticos e polimorfonucleares. Amostra de fezes de um animal naturalmente infectado foi usada, através de uma suspensão administrada via oral e nasal, para tentar induzir infecção experimental em 3 bovinos de 20 meses. Foi observada diarréia em dois desses animais, no 5º dia após a inoculação. Esses animais foram eutanasiados ao 2º e 3º dias de diarréia. As lesões histológicas dos casos experimentais foram semelhantes àquelas do caso natural. Na imuno-histoquímica anti-coronavírus bovino (8F2) em cortes de tecido incluído em parafina do cólon espiral, houve marcação positiva no citoplasma de enterócitos das criptas, nos debris necróticos dessas criptas e em macrófagos na lâmina própria, tanto no caso natural como nos experimentais. Nos casos experimentais, também foi observada marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva em duodeno, jejuno, íleo, ceco, cólon descendente e epitélio de revestimento dos cornetos nasais. / Winter dysentery is caused by bovine coronavírus that affects adult animals. This report describes two outbreaks of the disease in dairy herds located in the counties of Viamão and Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was induced experimentally in two adult cattle. The most significant clinical sign was profuse and watery diarrhea, which ranged from greenish to brownish coloration with occasional blood streaks and mucus to a bloody diarrhea. In one herd, animals showed respiratory signs such as cough and nasal discharge. Most cases persisted for 5 days and also included depression, decreased milk production, and diminished food intake. The presence of bovine coronavirus was detected in feces and nasal secretions of animals by nested RTPCR. Necropsy was performed in one animal naturally affected and died due to the disease and revealed pale mucosa, sanguineous contents, and blood clots particularly within the spiral colon and pinpoint hemorrhages on the colonic mucosa. Histopathological lesions were predominant in the spiral colon and consisted of a high number of dilated crypts without epithelium or with replaced pavement epithelium with occasional immature cuboidal cells, which sometimes showed enlarged nucleus and prominent nucleolus. Some crypts were filled with epithelial desquamation and polymorphonuclear cells. Fecal samples from one naturally infected animal were used as a suspension and inoculated orally and nasal in three 20-month-old heifers. Diarrhea was observed in 2 of them and started on the 5th day post infection. These animals were euthanized at the second and third days of diarrhea. The histological lesions of experimental cases were similar to the natural case. Anti-bovine coronavirus (8F2) immunostaining was applied on paraffin embedded sections of the spiral colon and showed positive reactions in the cytoplasm of the infected crypt epithelium, sloughed necrotic cells, and within macrophages in the lamina propria of both, natural and experimental cases. Positive reactions were also seen in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, descending colon and the epithelium lining the nasal turbinate from experimental cases.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology / Weiping Zhang / Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea to pigs at all ages, resulting in high mortality rate of 80-100% in piglets less than one week old. Within one year after the outbreak in April 2013, PEDV has rapidly spread in the US and causes the loss of over 10% of the US pig population. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a key reagent for rapid diagnosis of PEDV infection. In this study, we produced a panel of mAbs against nonstructural protein 8 (nsp8), spike(S) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein of PEDV. Four mAbs were selected, which can be used in various diagnostic assays, including indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), Western Blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), immunohistochemistry (IHC) test and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The mAb 51-79 recognizes amino acid (aa) 33-60 of nsp8, mAb 70-100 recognizes aa1371-1377 of S2 protein, and mAb 66-155 recognizes aa 241-360 of N protein, while mAb 13-519 is conformational. Using the mAb70-100, the immunoprecipitated S2 fragment was examined by protein N-terminal sequencing, and cleavage sites between S1 and S2 was identified. In addition, this panel of mAbs was further applied to determine the infection site of PEDV in the pig intestine. IHC test result showed that PEDV mainly located at the mid jejunum, distal jejunum and ileum. Results from this study demonstrated that this panel of mAbs provides a useful tool for PEDV diagnostics and pathogenesis studies.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Raymond R. R. Rowland / Pestiviruses such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are some of the most economically important livestock diseases in the world. The antigenic similarities between members of the pestivirus genus allow for both BVDV and CSFV to infect swine. Infections with heterologous pestiviruses in swine can interfere with diagnostic tests for CSFV. The identification of cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing epitopes between CSFV and BVDV for the development of improved diagnostics and vaccines that allow for the differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVAs) are necessary to accurately detect and control CSFV. The overall goal of this research was to identify epitope regions recognized by antibodies that can differentiate between CSFV and BVDV. The approach was to use serum neutralization assays to confirm the presence of neutralizing antibodies to BVDV in swine serum collected from animals immunized with one of three separate Alphavirus vaccine constructs: BVDV-1b, CSFV E2, and CSFV E[superscript]rns. Results showed that animals immunized with the Alphavirus BVDV-1b construct had high neutralizing titers against BVDV-1a and animals immunized with Alphavirus CSFV E2 and E[superscript]rns constructs had low, but detectable, neutralizing activity. Polypeptide fragments of CSFV and BVDV E2 were then expressed in E. coli and purified using affinity chromatography. Serum from a pig immunized with the CSFV E2 Alphavirus construct was tested against two fragments of CSFV E2, 2/4 and 4/4, and four fragments BVDV E2, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4, using western blot analysis. Reactivity to fragments CSFV E2 2/4 and 4/4 and BVDV E2 1/4 and 4/4 was observed. The results of this study identified CSFV amino acid positions 774 through 857 and BVDV amino acid positions 783 through 872 as the regions that contain the epitopes recognized by cross-reactive antibodies between BVDV and CSFV E2. These results provide more specific sequence regions to improve CSFV diagnostic assays and DIVA vaccines.

Planejou-se um estudo com o objetivo de se avaliar os níveis plasmáticos de vitamina A, carotenóides e proteína ligadora de retinol (RBP) em 311 crianças, de 7 meses a onze anos de idade, com história de infecções das vias aéreas superiores (IVAS), pneumonia e diarréia, residentes na área urbana da Cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, e atendidas na santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. As crianças foram classificadas de acordo com seus níveis de vitamina A e carotenóides segundo o critério proposto pelo Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND). Para caracterizar estado nutricional das crianças determinou-se o hematócrito e foram realizadas dosagens de hemoglobina e proteinas plasmáticas, medidas antropométricas e avaliação do consumo dietético de alimentos fontes de carotenóides e vitamina A, pelo método da freqüência de consumo alimentar. Os niveis plasmáticos de vitamina A (ug/dl) e RBP (mg/dl) foram mais baixos (p<0,05) nos grupos diarréia e pneumonia (15,2 ug/dl e 1,7 mg/dl; 15,2 ug/dl e 0,7 mg/dl, respectivamente), quando comparados com os grupos IVAS e testemunha (19,0 ug/dl; 2,4 mg/dl e 18,8 ug/dl; 2,6 mg/dl, respectivamente). Os níveis de carotenóides foram mais baixos nos três grupos de estudo em relação ao grupo testemunha (p<0,05). Trinta e quatro pacientes internados do grupo pneumonia foram divididos aleatóriamente, em dois sub-grupos: testemunha (com tratamento de rotina hospitalar) e experimental (tratamento de rotina mais suplementação com 200.000 UI de palmitato de retinila hidromiscível). Após cerca de uma semana da administração de vitamina A, foi verificado aumento estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) nas médias dos niveis de vitamina A (experimental: 26,5 ug/dl; testemunha: 24,1 ug/dl) e RBP (experimental: 2,2 mg/dl; testemunha: 2,9 mg/dl) nos dois grupos, em relação aos niveis basais de vitamina A (experimental: 14,1 ug/dl; testemunha: 16,1 ug/dl) e RBP (experimental: 0,8 mg/dl; testemunha: O, 6 mg/dl)· Não houve diferenças estatísticas quando foram comparadas as médias dos niveis de vitamina A nos grupos experimental e testemunha, após a suplementação (26,5 ug/dl e 24,1 ug/dl, respectivamente). O estudo sugere que os baixos níveis circulantes de vitamina A podem ser conseqüência da reduzida mobilização da vitamina A durante a fase de infecção, devido a baixa disponibilidade de RBP. / The present study was carried out in order to assess the plasma levels of vitamin A, carotenoids and retinol binding protein (RBP) of three-hundred and eleven children aged from seven months to eleven years, who had a history of upper respiratory infection (URI), pneumonia and diarrhoea. The children were resident in the urban area of the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, and were seen at the \"Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo\" Hospital. The Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND) criterion was used to classify the children according to their plasma vitamin A and carotenoid levels. Other measurements such as hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma proteins dosage, anthropometry, as well as vitamin A and carotenoids qualitative intake, evaluated through the food frequency method, were taken in order to characterize the nutritional status of the children. The data shows that plasma vitamin A (ug/dl) and RBP (mg/dl) levels in the diarrhoea (15.2 ug/dl; 1.7 mg/dl) and pneumonia (15.2 ug/dl; 0.7 mg/dl) groups were lower (p<0.05) than those observed in the control (18.8 ug/dl; 2.6 mg/dl) and URI (19.0 J.lg/dl; 2.4 mg/dl) groups. The plasma carotenoid levels were lower in all study groups when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Thirty four hospitalized patients from the pneumonia group were randomly allocated into two groups. The experimental group, besides the routine treatment, received 200.000 UI of aqueous retinyl palmitate oral solution, whereas the control group recei ved only the routine treatment. This clinical trial showed that after one week there was a statistically signif icant (p<0.05) increase in average levels of vitamin A (experimental group: 14.1 ug/dl --> 26.5 ug/dl; control group: 16.1 ug/dl --> 24.1 ug/dl) and RBP (experimental group: O. 8 mg/dl --> 2. 2 mg/dl; control group: 0.6 mg/dl --> 2.9 mg/dl) in both groups as from the baseline. When the final average levels of vitamin A (26.5 ug/dl and 24.1 ug/dl) were compared, any statistically significant difference was found between the groups. This study suggests that low levels of circulating plasma vitamin A maybe a consequence of a reduced mobilization of this vitamin during infectious disease due to low plasma RBP levels.

Les maladies diarrhéiques demeurent une cause majeure de mortalité infantile dans les pays en développement (PED). Du fait de l'insuffisance des plateaux techniques, les diagnostics étiologiques sont rarement réalisés et les traitements sont alors probabilistes. A Madagascar les données sur les diarrhées sont souvent parcellaires et anciennes. Le Réseau de surveillance sentinelle développé par l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar à partir de 2007 nous a permis d'étudier la distribution spatio-temporelle des consultations pour diarrhée. Mais cette surveillance syndromique n'est pas couplée systématiquement à une surveillance biologique. Pour étudier les agents étiologiques des diarrhées, nous avons réalisé une enquête cas-témoins menée en 2008-2009 en milieu communautaire, chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans dans 14 districts. Nous avons pu identifier au moins un pathogène chez plus de la moitié des enfants (55%), avec une prédominance des étiologies parasitaires (37,2% des diarrhées), suivies par les bactéries (15%) puis les virus (6,7% de rotavirus). Les parasites ont été les seules étiologies pour lesquelles une pathogénicité a pu être mise en évidence. Parmi les étiologies bactériennes, l'infection à Campylobacter a été la plus fréquente (9,5%). Pour analyser le rôle de Campylobacter et les effets des facteurs environnementaux dans la survenue des diarrhées infantiles, nous avons initié et coordonné depuis 2010 une étude de cohorte dynamique d'enfants inclus avant l'âge de 24 mois et suivis jusqu'à l'âge de 36 mois à Moramanga, site où la prévalence de Campylobacter a été la plus élevée au cours de l'étude de 2008 (20,6%). Une surveillance des diarrhées a été menée 2 fois par semaine et les portages asymptomatiques évalués à l'inclusion et tous les 2 mois. Une étude de portage familial a été mise en œuvre ainsi qu'un suivi coprologique bi-annuel de la population avicole, des points d'eaux collectifs et de l'eau de boisson des familles. La recherche de Campylobacter chez les volailles portait sur les écouvillonnages rectaux. De janvier 2010 à mai 2012, 508 enfants correspondant à 256 346 enfant-jour ont participé à l'étude. La prévalence globale d'isolement de Campylobacter a été de 9,3%. Plus de 2/5 des enfants (43,3%) ont eu au moins un épisode d'infection à Campylobacter au cours de leur suivi. Les taux d'incidence annuelle des diarrhées ainsi que des infections symptomatiques ont été faibles, respectivement de 0,7 épisode /enfant et de 5,8 épisodes/100 enfant pouvant s'expliquer par le faible niveau d'exposition environnementale des enfants. Nous avons pu étudier l'importance des facteurs liés à l'hôte comme l'âge. Le pic d'infection à Campylobacter se situe entre 18 à 29 mois, celui des diarrhées entre 6 à 11 mois puis diminue ensuite. La 1ère infection à Campylobacter a été toujours pathogène chez les plus jeunes. Elle se situe vers le 8ème mois de la vie pour 10% d'entre eux. Les réinfections se font à des distances différentes de l'événement initial en fonction de l'âge. Ce profil d'infection pourrait traduire une compétence immunitaire différente selon l'âge et/ou une immunité acquise au cours du temps suite aux expositions répétées des enfants. L'environnement pourrait avoir un effet indirect dans l'entretien d'une immunité protectrice s'exprimant par un taux élevé d'infection asymptomatique. Il apparaît nécessaire de poursuivre des études de cohorte dans des zones à plus fort risque de transmission avec des données immunologiques car la compréhension actuelle des interactions entre l'hôte, le Campylobacter et l'environnement ne permet pas d'expliquer la variabilité de l'expression clinique de l'infection. / Diarrheal diseases remain a major cause of infant mortality in developing countries (DCs). Due to the lack of technical platforms, the etiologic diagnoses are rarely made and treatments are then probabilistic. In Madagascar data on diarrhea are often fragmented and old. The sentinel surveillance network developed by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar from 2007 allowed us to study the spatial and temporal distribution of consultations for diarrhea. But this syndromic surveillance cannot be coupled to biological monitoring for many diseases. In this context, we have no information on the causative agents of diarrhea. To achieve the coupling of syndromic and etiologic data, we performed a case-control study conducted in 2008-2009 in children less than 5 years in 14 districts. We have identified at least one pathogen in more than half of the children (55%), with a predominance of parasitic etiologies (37.2% diarrhea), followed by bacteria (15%) and viruses (6.7% rotavirus). Parasites were the only etiologies for which pathogenicity has been demonstrated. Among the bacterial etiologies, Campylobacter infection was the most common (9.5%). To better understand the role of Campylobacter in the occurrence of diarrhea in children and analyze the effect of environmental factors, we initiated and coordinated a dynamical cohort study including of children before the age of 24 months and followed up till the age of 36 months in Moramanga site, where the prevalence of Campylobacter was highest during the 2008 study (20.6%). Diarrhea surveillance was conducted two times per week and asymptomatic carriers assessed at baseline and every 2 months. A family study has been implemented and bi-annual stool follow-up in poultry population, water points and community drinking water for families. Campylobacter monitoring in poultry focused on rectal swabs. From January 2010 to May 2012, 508 children - corresponding to 256,346 child days -participated in the study. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter isolation was 9.3%. More than two fifths of children (43.3%) had at least one episode of Campylobacter during follow-up. The annual incidence of diarrhea and symptomatic infections were low, respectively 0.7 episodes / child and 5.8 episodes /100 children, can be explained by the low level of environmental exposure of children. We have studied the role of host factors such as age. The peak of Campylobacter infection is between 18 to 29 months, the diarrhea between 6 to 11 months then decreases. The first Campylobacter infection was always pathogen in the youngest children. It happens to the eighth month of life for 10% of them. Reinfections are at different distances from the initial event according to the age. This pattern of infection may reflect a variation of the immune competence according the age and / or acquired immunity over time after repeated exposure of the children. The local environment may have an indirect impact on maintaining protective immunity expressed by a high rate of asymptomatic infection. However, it is necessary to continue cohort study with immunologic data in a high risk transmission area as the current understanding of the interactions between the host, the environment and Campylobacter does not explain the variability of the clinical expression of infection.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lucas_tm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 533611 bytes, checksum: 322f330fbea907abb3e0a8da1985add0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A diarreia é causa comum de morbimortalidade em potros neonatos. Os principais agentes causais de origem bacteriana na enterite em potros são: Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens e Rhodococcus equi. Foram colhidas 80 amostras de fezes de potros com diarreia e 26 sem diarreia, perfazendo 106 animais com idade até três meses de idade, de diferentes raças, provenientes de propriedades do interior do estado de São Paulo. Foi investigado fatores de virulência de Escherichia coli, caracterização dos sorotipos de Salmonella spp., detecção de toxinas de Clostridium difficille e Clostridium perfringens, e perfil de sensibilidade microbiana das linhagens de E. coli e Salmonella spp. Foram isoladas 64 (60,3%) estirpes de Escherichia coli, o gene fimH em 34 (53,9%) linhagens, o gene ag43 em 33 (52,3%) estirpes e o gene papC em seis (9,5%) isolados. Foram isoladas 17 (16,0%) linhagens do gênero Salmonella. Foram identificadas 20 linhagens de Clostridium perfringens,17 positivos para toxina A e três a toxina A beta 2. Duas amostras de fezes foi isolado Clostridium difficile, produtores das toxinas A/B. Infere-se no presente estudo a complexidade etiológica na enterite de potros até três meses de idade, a baixa relação dos fatores de virulência de E. coli pesquisados com linhagens isoladas de animais com diarreia, a relevância em saúde pública dos sorotipos de Salmonella spp. identificados nos potros, o predomínio da toxina A nos isolados de C. perfringens e C. difficile, e a necessidade da adoção de tratamento das enterites com respaldo dos testes de sensibilidade microbiana / Diarrhea is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. The main causative agents of bacterial of enteritis in foals are: Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens and Rhodococcus equi. Were collected 80 stool samples from foals with diarrhea and 26 without diarrhea, totaling 106 animals, aged three months old, different races and from properties in the state of São Paulo. Were investigated virulence factors from E. coli, characterization of the serotypes of Salmonella spp., detection of toxins of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficille, and antimicrobial susceptibility to E. coli and Salmonella spp. strains. Were isolated 64 (60.3%) E. coli strains, the detection of the fimH gene in 34 (53.9%) strains, the gene ag43 in 33 (52.3%) strains and gene papC in six (9 , 5%) isolated. We isolated 17 (16.0%) strains of Salmonella. Were identified 20 strains of Clostridium perfringens, 17 detected the toxin A and three the toxin A beta 2. Two stool specimens was isolated Clostridium difficile toxin producer A / B. It is inferred in the present study the complexity enteritis in foals up to three months, the low ratio of virulence factors of E. coli strains isolated from animals with diarrhea, the public health relevance of the serotypes of Salmonella spp. identified in foals, the prevalence of toxin A in isolates of C. perfringens and C. difficile, and the need to adopt the treatment of bacterial enteritis in foals with the backing of microbial sensitivity tests