Background: 884 million people do not have access to clean water, which is a potential contributor to diarrhea (JMP, 2010). The purpose of this study was to examine the potential associations between the occurrence of diarrhea and the levels of turbidity, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), in 185 households in Bonao, Dominican Republic in 2005-2006. Methods: A biweekly water quality dataset and a weekly diarrhea occurrence dataset were merged using three different methods. T-tests and odds ratios were calculated for all three different datasets. Multivariate logistic regression was also conducted. Results: There were 430 cases of diarrhea out of 14,245 observations. In the age-adjusted multivariate logistic regression, turbidity (OR = 1.36; p-value = .012) and total coliforms (OR = .842; p-value = .006) were found to be significant for an association with the occurrence of diarrhea. E. coli was not found to be significant for an association. Conclusions: This study strengthens the evidence supporting a positive association between turbidity and the occurrence of diarrhea. This study also showed a negative association between total coliforms and diarrhea. Future studies are needed to clarify these associations.

Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. Almost all children are infected by the age of 5 years old. Rotavirus disease causes around 600,000 deaths per year. VP4 (P) and VP7 (G) genotypes were analyzed for prevalence and potential antigenicity, as they are known to elicit a neutralizing antibody response during infection. This study predicted the effectiveness of two recently licensed rotavirus vaccines based on Canadian surveillance. 271 out of 348 diarrhea samples from 8 paediatric hospital were successfully genotyped by PCR. Canadian rotavirus genotypes were found to be mostly G1P[8] followed by G3P[8], G2P[4], G9P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[4], between 2007 and 2010. Reassortment and motif analysis was done with a subset of rotavirus-positive samples. There were no unusual reassortment events found in Canadian strains. Variations amongst strains were commonly genotype-specific, but otherwise rare. In conclusion, rotavirus vaccine escape is presently unlikely amongst Canadian strains.

Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. Almost all children are infected by the age of 5 years old. Rotavirus disease causes around 600,000 deaths per year. VP4 (P) and VP7 (G) genotypes were analyzed for prevalence and potential antigenicity, as they are known to elicit a neutralizing antibody response during infection. This study predicted the effectiveness of two recently licensed rotavirus vaccines based on Canadian surveillance. 271 out of 348 diarrhea samples from 8 paediatric hospital were successfully genotyped by PCR. Canadian rotavirus genotypes were found to be mostly G1P[8] followed by G3P[8], G2P[4], G9P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[4], between 2007 and 2010. Reassortment and motif analysis was done with a subset of rotavirus-positive samples. There were no unusual reassortment events found in Canadian strains. Variations amongst strains were commonly genotype-specific, but otherwise rare. In conclusion, rotavirus vaccine escape is presently unlikely amongst Canadian strains.

Die proliferative Enteropathie, verursacht durch das gram-negative Bakterium Lawsonia intracellularis, ist weltweit bei Schweinen als Durchfallerkrankung bekannt. Neben anderen Tierarten, unter anderem Hamster, Ratten, Schafe und Hunde, konnte diese Krankheit auch bei Fohlen im Alter zwischen zwei und neun Monaten nachgewiesen werden. Die Fallberichte stammen meist aus Nordamerika. Intra vitam gibt es neben der klinischen und labordiagnostischen Untersuchung weitere Nachweismöglichkeiten. Im Kot kann mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) die L. intracellularis-DNA, im Serum mittels Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA), Immunofluoreszenz-Antikörpertest (IFAT) oder blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) der L. intracellularis-Antikörper nachgewiesen werden. Diese vier Testsysteme sind bei Schweinen zur Herdendiagnostik etabliert. Während es diverse Studien zur Prävalenz von Antikörpern bei Schweinen in Deutschland gibt, wurde dies bei Pferden bislang nicht geklärt. Da es auch einen Fallbericht aus Deutschland gibt, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, wie viele Fohlen und Stuten aus verschiedenen Beständen und mit unterschiedlichem Vorbericht bzw. Gesundheitszustand seropositiv sind. Desweiteren sollte der Verlauf der Antikörper bei Stuten und ihren Fohlen nachverfolgt werden. Die serologische Untersuchung erfolgte mit Hilfe eines ELISAs. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse als Prozentsatz der Inhibition (PI) durch L. intracellularis-Antikörper angegeben. Ein PI – Wert über 30 wird als seropositiv gewertet. Für die erste Studie wurden 56 Fohlen, die mit unterschiedlichen Vorberichten in die Medizinische Tierklinik eingeliefert worden waren, sowie 24 gesunde Fohlen eines Haflingergestütes serologisch untersucht. Die zweite Studie war eine Verlaufsuntersuchung. In einem Haflingergestüt wurde der Antikörpernachweis bei 24 (2009) bzw. 16 (2010) Mutterstuten und ihren Fohlen in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren durchgeführt. In einem Warmblutgestüt wurden sechs Stuten und ihre Fohlen vor und nach der Abfohlung bzw. nach der Geburt monatlich getestet, bis alle Fohlen seronegativ waren. Es waren 39,3 % der in die Klinik eingelieferten Fohlen seropositiv. Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen gesunden Fohlen, Fohlen mit Diarrhoe, Fohlen mit Erkrankungen des Magen-Darm-Traktes und anderen Erkrankungen wurden nicht beobachtet. Alle getesteten erwachsenen Stuten waren zu jedem Zeitpunkt seropositiv. Im Haflingergestüt hatten im ersten Jahr 29,2 % und im zweiten Jahr 25 % der Fohlen Antikörper gegen L. intracellularis. Die seropositiven Fohlen des zweiten Jahres hatten dieselben Mutterstuten wie die seropositiven Fohlen des ersten Jahres. Bei den Warmblütern hatten fünf von sechs Fohlen nach der Geburt L. intracellularis-Antikörper. Die PI – Werte sanken sowohl bei den Stuten als auch bei den Fohlen im Untersuchungszeitraum kontinuierlich ab. Ende Juli, im Alter zwischen 82 und 141 Tagen (Median 115 Tage), wurden die fünf anfangs seropositiven Fohlen zum ersten Mal seronegativ getestet. Alle Fohlen im Alter von weniger als 14 Tagen waren seropositiv. Es bestand eine negative Korrelation zwischen dem Alter der Fohlen und ihrem PI-Wert, die bei den Warmblütern signifikant war. Außerdem bestand eine signifikante, positive Korrelation zwischen dem PI – Wert der Mutterstute und dem ihres Fohlens. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Nachweis von Antikörpern im equinen Serum auch mittels eines ursprünglich für Schweineserum entwickelten ELISAs möglich ist. Prozentual haben in Mitteldeutschland ähnlich viele Fohlen positive Ergebnisse wie in Nordamerika. Beeinflusst wird der PI – Wert eines Fohlens durch die Mutterstute, deren PI – Wert und das Alter des Fohlens. Nach der Geburt sinkt die Anzahl der Antikörper bis zum Alter von drei bis vier Monaten. In diesem Alter werden auch die meisten Erkrankungen beschrieben. Man kann daraus schlussfolgern, dass das Bakterium L. intracellularis auch bei Pferden in Deutschland weit verbreitet ist. Antikörper bilden nicht nur erkrankte Fohlen aus, sondern auch gesunde Pferde und Pferde mit anderen Erkrankungen. Da Fohlen im Alter von 12 bis 20 Wochen keine Antikörper mehr haben, ist eine Impfung empfehlenswert.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--Mahidol University, 1979.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 145-150.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-01Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000754734_20150701.pdf: 231621 bytes, checksum: 4c2f97d9c6c55f4efc6859a27924d8f8 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-07-01T11:47:20Z: 000754734_20150701.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-01T11:48:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000754734.pdf: 1149581 bytes, checksum: 00a6992568f37a07b9de0817318cc468 (MD5) / A diarreia é um grave problema em potros até seis meses de vida, acarretando em prejuízos na equideocultura. Sendo assim os objetivos desta pesquisa foram realizar o estudo clínico e a identificação dos principais enteropatógenos e fatores de virulência, responsáveis pela diarreia em potros. Foram avaliados 56 potros com diarreia (GD) e 60 sem diarreia (GC) até 90 dias de vida. Foram realizados hemogasometria e hemograma dos animais do GD. Amostras fecais dos potros do GD e GC foram utilizadas para a identificação dos enteropatógenos. As principais alterações clínicas nos animais GD foram aumento da peristalse e da frequência de defecação (100,0%) e desidratação (67,8%). A hiperfibrinogenemia (26,8%), leucocitose (12,5%), linfocitose (37,5%) e neutrofilia (17,8), acidose metabólica (16%) e diminuição de bicarbonato (16%) foram os principais achados hematológicos. Ao menos um dos enteropatógenos pesquisados foi detectado no GD (50/56) e GC (48/60). Em 32% (16/50) das amostras positivas foi identificado um único enteropatógeno, enquanto que dois ou mais enteropatógenos foram detectados em 68% (34/50) das amostras. E. coli apresentou a maior frequência nos isolamentos dos potros com diarreia (62,5%), seguida da Salmonella spp. (25%); Strongyloides (25%); estrongilídeos (10,7%); Clostridium perfringens (10,7%); Rhodococcus equi (7,1%); Cryptosporidium spp. (5,4%); Clostridium difficile (1,8%); coronavírus (1,8%); Giardia sp. (1,8%). Conclui-se que a identificação dos animais desidratados e com graves alterações hidroeletrolíticas, bem como a necessidade de se detectar os agentes etiológicos e seus fatores de virulência, são importantes para direcionar o médico veterinário a definir medidas de controle e terapêutica adequados / Diarrhea is a serious problem in foals up to six months old, resulting in losses in equine business. The aims of this research were to perform the clinical study and the identification of main pathogens and virulence factors responsible for diarrhea in foals. A total of 56 foals with diarrhea (DG) and and 60 without diarrhea (CG) up to 90 days old were evaluated. Fecal samples of a (DG) and 60 without diarrhea (GC) up to 90 days old were evaluated. Hemogram and hemogasometry were performed in the animals of DG. Fecal samples of DG and GC were used to identify the enteropathogens. The main clinical findings in animals of GD were increased peristalsis and defecation frequency (100,%) and dehydration (67.8%). Hyperfibrinogenemia (26.8%), leukocytosis (12.5%), lymphocytosis (37.5%) and neutrophilia (17.8%), metabolic acidosis (16%) and decreased bicarbonate (16%) were the main hematologic findings. At least one of the enteropathogens studied was detected in DG (50/56) and in CG (48/60). In 32% (16/50) of positive samples was identified a single enteropathogen, while two or more enteropathogens were detected in 68% (34/50) of samples. E. coli showed the highest frequency in the isolations of foals with diarrhea (62.5%), followed by Salmonella spp. (25%); Strongyloides (25%); Strongyles (10.7%); C. perfringens (10.7%), Rhodococcus equi (7.1%); Cryptosporidium spp. (5.4%); C. difficile (1.8%), coronavirus (1.8), Giardia sp. (1.8%). In conclusion the identification of dehydrated animals and animals with severe electrolyte alterations as well as the need to detect the etiologic agents and their virulence factors are important to conduct the veterinarian to define control measures and appropriate therapy

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 muniz_mhb_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 171267 bytes, checksum: e98902db756ea075489458c1c37abacb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram utilizados 54 leitões de genética comercial, desmamados com idade média de 24 dias e peso médio de 7,35 kg, num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com dois tratamentos, nove repetições e três animais por parcela. Os tratamentos foram rações suplementadas com minerais de fontes orgânicas e inorgânicas (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e Se) nas fases pré- inicial, inicial I e inicial II. Foram avaliados os dados médios de consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar nos períodos de 24 a 28, 24 a 50 e 24 a 57 dias de idade, bem como a incidência de diarréia nos primeiros 14 dias do período experimental. Após a última pesagem foi coletada uma amostra de sangue de cada animal para avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos e em seguida os leitões foram abatidos para avaliação da deposição de minerais em tecidos e órgãos. As fontes orgânicas de minerais nas rações fornecidas dos 24 aos 57 dias de idade dos melhoraram o ganho diário de peso (P = 0,06), a conversão alimentar (P = 0,05) e aumentaram o número de hemácias (P = 0,10), contudo, não influenciaram a incidência de diarréia ou a deposição de minerais no músculo masseter, fígado, coração, baço e rim. Portanto, o uso de suplemento de minerais de fontes orgânicas pode ser recomendado nas rações por ter sido mais eficiente para leitões na fase de creche. / This experiment used 54 piglets from a commercial line, which were weaned at the mean age of 24 days and mean weight of 7.35 kg, in a randomized block design having two treatments, nine replicates and three animals per replicate. The treatments consisted of rations supplemented with either organic or inorganic mineral sources (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se) during the pre-initial, initial I and initial II phases. Daily ration intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion were computed for three periods: 24-28, 24-50 and 24-57 days of age. Also diarrhea incidence during the first 14 days of the experimental period was evaluated. After the last weighing a blood sample was collected from each animal to evaluate hematological parameters, and then all piglets were slaughtered to evaluate mineral deposition in tissues and organs. The organic mineral sources fed from 24 to 57 days of age improved daily weight gain (P = 0.06) and feed conversion (P = 0.05) and also raised red blood cell count (P = 0.10); however, no evidence was found of any effect on diarrhea incidence or on mineral deposition in the masseter muscle, liver, heart, spleen or kidneys. Therefore, organic mineral supplements can be recommended, as they proved more effective than inorganic sources for nursery piglets.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Cassandra K. Jones / Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that devastated the United States swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, it was hypothesized that a pellet mill mimicking commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. From the results, it was determined that a conditioning time of 30 sec or greater and temperatures above 54.4°C were effective point-in-time kill steps to inactive PEDV in a research setting. However, this does not prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step. To further explore this, various mitigation additives were evaluated to prevent or mitigate PEDV post-pellet contamination in swine feed and ingredients. Various additives were examined across 3 experiments and included mitigation additives of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), organic acids (OA), essential oils (OA), formaldehyde based products, and sodium bisulfate. From Exp. 1, formaldehyde, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), essential oils (EO), and organic acid (OA) each decreased detectable PEDV RNA compared to the control (P<0.05). Additionally, PEDV stability over time was influenced by matrix as the meat and bone meal and spray-dried animal plasma resulted in a greater (P<0.05) quantity of detectable PEDV RNA over 42 days compared to that of the swine diet and blood meal. In Exp. 2, the 1% MCFA inclusion was equally effective at mitigating PEDV as a commercially available formaldehyde product in the complete swine diet. To further explore the effects of MCFA against PEDV, Exp. 3 was conducted to evaluate lower inclusion levels of MCFA and fat sources containing MCFA. It was noted that formaldehyde, 1% MCFA (1:1:1: of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids), 0.66% caproic, 0.66% caprylic, and 0.66% capric acids enhance the RNA degradation of PEDV in swine feed as determined by a bioassay. The MCFA were also evaluated against Salmonella Typhimurium, Generic Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter coli. It was noted that the efficacy of the MCFA varied between each bacteria species with caproic and caprylic being the most effective. Commercial developmental products were also tested and determined that Product A and B provided the lowest MIC values across Salmonella Typhimurium, Generic Escherichia coli, and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (P < 0.05). Product A and B were further tested in an animal disease trial utilizing a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia. coli O149:K91: K88. From d 7 to 14, chlortetracycline, 1:1:1 blend, and Product B, all improved G:F compared to the control (P<0.05). This also led to chlortetracycline and Product B having an improvement (P<0.05) over the control diet from d 0 to 14. A treatment × day interaction for the enterotoxigenic E. coli plate scores was observed (P < 0.05), which occurred because of the decrease (P<0.05) in plate scores for Product B from d 1 to d 14 and an increase (P<0.05) in chlortetracycline from d 7 to 14. A decrease (P<0.05) in plasma urea nitrogen and haptoglobin was observed as time increased from d -2 to 14. In summary MCFA have shown to be an effect interventional mitigation strategy against PEDV and various bacteria.

Os vírus entéricos causam infecções que podem ocasionar uma alta morbidade e mortalidade em cães. A diarreia se destaca como o principal sinal clínico e a subsequente desidratação pode causar a morte do animal. O Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-2), Canine mastadenovirus A tipo 1 (CAdV-1), o Canine coronavirus (CCoV), o Canine rotavirus (CRV) e o Canine distemper virus (CDV) são considerados os principais agentes que causam gastroenterite viral aguda em cães jovens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a presença destas cinco espécies virais na população de cães do Brasil. Para isto, foram coletados 325 suabes retais de cães com ou sem diarreia, jovens (> 6 meses) e adultos (< 6 meses), com ou sem histórico de vacinação e de diversas regiões do Brasil. As amostras foram analisadas através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) ou transcrição reversa seguida de PCR (RT-PCR) utilizando iniciadores específicos para cada um dos agentes virais. Resultaram 81% (264/325) das amostras positivas para um destes vírus, das quais 30,7% (100/325) foram positivas para o CPV-2, 25,5% (83/325) para o CDV, 17,2% (56/325) para o CCoV, 4,6% (15/325) para o CRV e 2,7% (9/ 325) para o CAdV-1. Algumas amostras apresentaram co-infecções, sendo que as espécies mais predominantemente encontradas em co-infecções foram o CDV e CPV-2 em 15,4% (50/325) e 15,0% (49/325), respectivamente, seguidos do CCoV em 10,1% (33/325,), CRV em 3,0% (10/325) e CAdV-1 em 1,5% (5/325) das amostras. A associação viral mais observada foi CDV e CPV-2 em 31/325 (9,5%) amostras positivas para ambos os vírus. Em conclusão, os resultados demonstram que CPV-2, CDV e CCoV são os principais vírus entéricos patogênicos que circularam no Brasil entre os anos de 2008 e 2014, infectando mais frequentemente animais jovens. / Enteric viruses cause infections that lead to high morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea is the main clinical sign, whose subsequent dehydration can cause death of the animal. Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-2), Canine mastadenovirus A (CAdV-1), Canine coronavirus (CCoV), Canine rotavirus (CRV) and Canine distemper virus (CDV) are considered the main agents that cause acute viral gastroenteritis in young dogs. The aim of this study was the detection of these five viral species in dogs from Brazil. Rectal swabs from 325 dogs, puppies (< six months old), adult dogs (> 6 months old), with or without a history of vaccination, were collected from various regions of the country. The samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription following followed by PCR (RT-PCR) using oligonucleotides specific for each one of this virus. As result, 81% (264/325) of the samples were observed to be positive for at least one virus, 30,7% (100/325) were positive for CPV-2, 25,5% (83/325) for CDV, 17,2% (56/325) for CCoV, 4,6% (14/325) for CRV and 2,7% (9/325) for CAdV-1. Some samples showed co-infection, where the species most predominantly found were CDV and CPV-2 with 15,4% (50/325) and 15,0% (49/325), respectively, followed by CCoV with 10,1% (33/325,), CRV with 3,0% (10/325) and CAdV-1 1,5% (5/325). The most observed viral association was CDV and CPV-2, with 31/325 (9,5%) positive samples for both viruses. In conclusion, the results showed that CPV-2, CDV and CCoV are the main pathogenic enteric viruses that circulated in Brazil between the years 2008 and 2014, infecting more frequently puppies.