Undergraduate psychology examinations from 48 schools were analyzed to determine the proportion of items at each level of Bloom's Taxonomy, item format, and test length. Analyses indicated significant relationships between item complexity and test length even when taking format into account. Use of higher items may be related to shorter tests, jeopardizing reliability. (SLD)

In this study, a video game prototype was developed to research the impacts of diegetic and non-diegetic interfaces on two facets of player experience in the context of video games, game difficulty and immersion. A total of 10 participants took part in a play session where they played the prototype, which was followed by semi-structured interviews where the participants discussed their perceived player experience. The transcribed interviews were then analyzed using a thematic analysis approach to find recurring patterns in relation to perceived difficulty and immersion. The findings of this study showed that diegetic interfaces were perceived as more difficult but more immersive in general, while the opposite was true for non-diegetic interfaces. / I den här studien utvecklades en spelprototyp för att undersöka effekterna av diegetiska och icke-diegetiska gränssnitt på två aspekter av spelupplevelse i samband med videospel, spelsvårighetsgrad och fördjupning. Totalt deltog 10 deltagare i en spelsession där prototypen spelades, vilket följdes av semistrukturerade intervjuer där deltagarna diskuterade sin spelupplevelse. De transkriberade intervjuerna analyserades sedan med en tematisk analysmetod för att hitta återkommande mönster i relation till deltagarnas upplevd svårighetsgrad och fördjupning. Resultaten av denna studie visade att diegetiska gränssnitt upplevdes som svårare men mer fördjupande i allmänhet, medan motsatsen gällde för icke-diegetiska gränssnitt.

This thesis examines what game designs cause players to exhibit communication, cooperation and prosocial behavior towards each other in cooperative action games. This study used qualitative research methods to analyze a cooperative action game called Warhammer: Vermintide 2 as a case study. The gathering of data is done through Stimulated recall. The data gathered from the analysis provides information about their behaviors and how players communicate with each other. The results indicate that players' communication, cooperation, and prosocial behavior increased during threatening situations and when aid is required by the players. Players' expectations of others changed depending on their level of experience in the game, and on the console.

This study aims to investigate and compare in-service and pre-service teachers confidence and knowledge regarding dyslexia. In order to investigate this, two research questions are formulated: 1) We seek to identify differences in the way that in-service and pre-service teachers perceive their own competency in dealing with and accommodating the needs of students with dyslexia in the English classroom. 2) We seek to identify differences in the knowledge that in-service and pre-service teachers have in the areas touched upon in the first research question. In addition to these two research questions two hypotheses are made regarding the expected results. (a) That in-service teachers will have greatly larger knowledge regarding dyslexia while, (b) teacher educations does not provide pre-service teachers with enough information and tools to aid dyslexic students. To find an answer to these research questions, a questionnaire is created and sent to in-service teachers working in southern Skåne and pre-service teachers currently enrolled in Malmö University’s teachers’ education. The results show that pre-service teachers do not feel confident in their ability to detect students with dyslexia. In comparison, in-service teachers feel more confident in this area. However, several of the participants from the in-service teacher demographic present that they, in alignment with the pre-service teacher demographic did not feel confident in their ability to detect dyslexic students in their class. From both demographics the results show that participants feel highly unconfident regarding teaching EFL to dyslexic students.

This study delves into the relationship between Dynamic Game Difficulty Balance and Game User Experience in the context of puzzle games. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of DGDB on user experience in puzzle games, focusing on player engagement, immersion, and the occurrence of a-ha moment. To this end, the researchers conducted a control group experiment and analyzed the results both quantitatively and qualitatively based on participants' objective data during the game and subjective responses in the post-game questionnaire. The findings suggest that DGDB has the potential to increase player engagement and satisfaction, but the impact is modest, as evidenced by higher completion rates and flow channels in puzzle games. We explored the impact of the DGDB system on a-ha moment and the results were mixed. However, it is clear that the relationship between DGDB and puzzles is a delicate one, with players' preferences and perceptions varying.

Neck pain is the second most common musculoskeletal disorder after low back pain adding to the global burden of disease. A focus on evaluating outcomes for musculoskeletal conditions is imperative to evaluate the effect of interventions and to track the progression of disease. As evidence based practice and associated use of patient-based outcomes are taken up across different countries, it becomes imperative for cross-cultural translation studies. Given the uptake of technology in workplaces, it is also important to understand the prevalence of neck pain in this context. This thesis has focused on two objectives: 1. Translating a newly developed patient-report outcome measure of neck-related disability and testing its psychometric properties. 2. Estimating the prevalence of neck pain in computer-using workers. The first manuscript focusses on cross cultural translation and validation of ND10 (Neck difficulty10) that was designed to measure neck-related disability. A new English outcome measure for neck disability (ND10) was cross culturally translated and validated in computer users in India using forward and backward translation, and cognitive interviewing to determine a final version. The ND10-H demonstrated high reliability (ICC= 0.93) and convergent construct validity with the NDI and DASH (r= 0.78 and 0.86) The second manuscript reported the prevalence of neck pain in computer users in India. Sampling was performed in two different companies: A Spiritual Media Publication Organization (SMPO) and an Information Technology (IT) company. The companies were selected based on computer use and their willingness to participate. The survey was administered to all employees (n=150 & n=54) at these two companies. The overall prevalence of neck pain was 64%. In the IT company, 78% of employees reported neck pain; and in the SMPO the prevalence was 40%. There were no significant differences in prevalence based on gender or age. All of the IT company computer users worked more than seven hours at their computers, while 38% of the SMPO workers did so. Chronic pain was present in 48%of the total sample. The ND10-H can be used to assess neck-related disability in Hindi-speaking individuals. It should be accompanied by a valid pain measure when assessing patient outcomes. The prevalence of neck pain is high in computer-using workers in India. / Thesis / Master of Science Rehabilitation Science (MSc) / 1. Translating a newly developed patient-report outcome measure of neck-related disability and testing its psychometric properties. 2. Estimating the prevalence of neck pain in computer-using workers. The first manuscript focusses on cross cultural translation and validation of ND10 (Neck difficulty10) that was designed to measure neck-related disability. A new English outcome measure for neck disability (ND10) was cross culturally translated and validated in computer users in India using forward and backward translation, and cognitive interviewing to determine a final version. The ND10-H demonstrated high reliability (ICC= 0.93) and convergent construct validity with the NDI and DASH (r= 0.78 and 0.86)

В работе описаны понятие перевода и его роль в международном сотрудничестве, изучены основные теории и виды перевода, также выявлены и обобщены понятие и особенности научно-технических терминов. В ходе исследования путем анализа конкретных примеров обобщены шесть основных трудностей перевода научно-технических терминов, предложены восемь рекомендаций по переводу научно-технических терминов, разработан глоссарий сложных и вероятных ошибочных терминов по строительной тематике. / The work describes the concept of translation and its role in international cooperation, examines the main theories and types of translation, also identifies and summarizes the concept and features of scientific and technical terms. In the course of the study six main difficulties in the translation of scientific and technical terms are summarized by analyzing case studies, eight recommendations for the translation of scientific and technical terms are offered, a glossary of difficult and likely erroneous terms in the construction field is developed.

Aim: Mental health condition of immigrants living in Europe is a major public health issue.Although a wide range of research on depression in immigrants was conducted previously, there is still a need for ongoing attention and thorough evaluation. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in depressive symptoms between immigrant and native individuals and to assess the influence of perceived discrimination, and socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors on the association between immigrant status and depressive symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by using the European Social Survey (ESS) round 7 data which was carried out during the period of 2014-2015. The study included 23,594 participants (men=11,077 and women= 12,517) between the age of 25-64 years, from 20 European countries. Simple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the differences in depressive symptoms between immigrant and native men and women. Further,multivariate linear regression analysis was done to assess the explanatory role of perceived discrimination, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic factors on the probable association between immigrant background and depressive symptoms. Result: Immigrant men were experiencing significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than native men (B= 0.31, p= 0.005). Likewise, immigrant women were also suffering from more depressive symptoms than native women, although it was not significant (B= 0.16, p = 0.16). Perceived discrimination and financial difficulties were found to explain the association between immigrant background and depressive symptoms in both immigrant men and women. Conclusion: The study shows that immigrant men and women experience a higher propensity for depressive symptoms than their native counterparts. However, after controlling for perceived discrimination and financial difficulties, the differences in depressive symptoms between immigrant and native men and women decrease and even disappear for immigrant women and turn statistically non-significant. These results should be taken into account when considering preventive strategies to reduce depressive symptoms among immigrants.

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[EN] The stupefying success of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for specific problems, from recommender systems to self-driving cars, has not yet been matched with a similar progress in general AI systems, coping with a variety of problems. This dissertation deals with the long-standing problem of creating more general AI systems, through the analysis of their development and the evaluation of their cognitive abilities. Firstly, this thesis contributes with a general-purpose learning system that meets several desirable characteristics in terms of expressiveness, comprehensibility and versatility. The system works with approaches that are inherently general: inductive programming and reinforcement learning. The system does not rely on a fixed library of learning operators, but can be endowed with new ones, so being able to operate in a wide variety of contexts. This flexibility, jointly with its declarative character, makes it possible to use the system as an instrument for better understanding the role (and difficulty) of the constructs that each task requires. The learning process is also overhauled with a new developmental and lifelong approach for knowledge acquisition, consolidation and forgetting, which is necessary when bounded resources (memory and time) are considered. Secondly, this thesis analyses whether the use of intelligence tests for AI evaluation is a much better alternative to most task-oriented evaluation approaches in AI. Accordingly, we make a review of what has been done when AI systems have been confronted against tasks taken from intelligence tests. In this regard, we scrutinise what intelligence tests measure in machines, whether they are useful to evaluate AI systems, whether they are really challenging problems, and whether they are useful to understand (human) intelligence. Finally, the analysis of the concepts of development and incremental learning in AI systems is done at the conceptual level but also through several of these intelligence tests, providing further insight for the understanding and construction of general-purpose developing AI systems. / [ES] El éxito abrumador de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en la resolución de tareas específicas (desde sistemas de recomendación hasta vehículos de conducción autónoma) no ha sido aún igualado con un avance similar en sistemas de IA de carácter más general enfocados en la resolución de una mayor variedad de tareas. Esta tesis aborda la creación de sistemas de IA de propósito general así como el análisis y evaluación tanto de su desarrollo como de sus capacidades cognitivas. En primer lugar, esta tesis contribuye con un sistema de aprendizaje de propósito general que reúne distintas ventajas como expresividad, comprensibilidad y versatilidad. El sistema está basado en aproximaciones de carácter inherentemente general: programación inductiva y aprendizaje por refuerzo. Además, dicho sistema se basa en una biblioteca dinámica de operadores de aprendizaje por lo que es capaz de operar en una amplia variedad de contextos. Esta flexibilidad, junto con su carácter declarativo, hace que sea posible utilizar el sistema de forma instrumental con el objetivo de facilitar la comprensión de las distintas construcciones que cada tarea requiere para ser resuelta. Por último, el proceso de aprendizaje también se revisa por medio de un enfoque evolutivo e incremental de adquisición, consolidación y olvido de conocimiento, necesario cuando se trabaja con recursos limitados (memoria y tiempo). En segundo lugar, esta tesis analiza el uso de tests de inteligencia humana para la evaluación de sistemas de IA y plantea si su uso puede constituir una alternativa válida a los enfoques actuales de evaluación de IA (más orientados a tareas). Para ello se realiza una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica de aquellos sistemas de IA que han sido utilizados para la resolución de este tipo de problemas. Esto ha permitido analizar qué miden realmente los tests de inteligencia en los sistemas de IA, si son significativos para su evaluación, si realmente constituyen problemas complejos y, por último, si son útiles para entender la inteligencia (humana). Finalmente se analizan los conceptos de desarrollo cognitivo y aprendizaje incremental en sistemas de IA no solo a nivel conceptual, sino también por medio de estos problemas mejorando por tanto la comprensión y construcción de sistemas de propósito general evolutivos. / [CA] L'èxit aclaparant de la Intel·ligència Artificial (IA) en la resolució de tasques específiques (des de sistemes de recomanació fins a vehicles de conducció autònoma) no ha sigut encara igualat amb un avanç similar en sistemes de IA de caràcter més general enfocats en la resolució d'una major varietat de tasques. Aquesta tesi aborda la creació de sistemes de IA de propòsit general així com l'anàlisi i avaluació tant del seu desenvolupament com de les seues capacitats cognitives. En primer lloc, aquesta tesi contribueix amb un sistema d'aprenentatge de propòsit general que reuneix diferents avantatges com ara expressivitat, comprensibilitat i versatilitat. El sistema està basat en aproximacions de caràcter inherentment general: programació inductiva i aprenentatge per reforç. A més, el sistema utilitza una biblioteca dinàmica d'operadors d'aprenentatge pel que és capaç d'operar en una àmplia varietat de contextos. Aquesta flexibilitat, juntament amb el seu caràcter declaratiu, fa que siga possible utilitzar el sistema de forma instrumental amb l'objectiu de facilitar la comprensió de les diferents construccions que cada tasca requereix per a ser resolta. Finalment, el procés d'aprenentatge també és revisat mitjançant un enfocament evolutiu i incremental d'adquisició, consolidació i oblit de coneixement, necessari quan es treballa amb recursos limitats (memòria i temps). En segon lloc, aquesta tesi analitza l'ús de tests d'intel·ligència humana per a l'avaluació de sistemes de IA i planteja si el seu ús pot constituir una alternativa vàlida als enfocaments actuals d'avaluació de IA (més orientats a tasques). Amb aquesta finalitat, es realitza una exhaustiva revisió bibliogràfica d'aquells sistemes de IA que han sigut utilitzats per a la resolució d'aquest tipus de problemes. Açò ha permès analitzar què mesuren realment els tests d'intel·ligència en els sistemes de IA, si són significatius per a la seua avaluació, si realment constitueixen problemes complexos i, finalment, si són útils per a entendre la intel·ligència (humana). Finalment s'analitzen els conceptes de desenvolupament cognitiu i aprenentatge incremental en sistemes de IA no solament a nivell conceptual, sinó també per mitjà d'aquests problemes millorant per tant la comprensió i construcció de sistemes de propòsit general evolutius. / Martínez Plumed, F. (2016). Incremental and developmental perspectives for general-purpose learning systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/67269