Experimento I: Foram utilizadas 60 borregas da raça Santa Inês com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de três taxas de crescimento até os 7 meses de idade. Os tratamentos foram delineados visando obter alta taxa de crescimento (ATC), moderada taxa de crescimento (MTC) e baixa taxa de crescimento (BTC). Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca, o ganho de peso corporal e as concentrações séricas de progesterona para a detecção da idade à puberdade. Foram verificados efeitos lineares (p<0,01) para o peso corporal e metabólico, sendo os maiores valores encontrados para os animais do tratamento ATC. Efeito linear (p<0,01) foi verificado para o ganho médio diário (GMD) sendo de 0,182; 0,156 e 0,136 kg/dia para os tratamentos ATC, MTC e BTC respectivamente. Borregas pertencentes ao tratamento ATC apresentaram maior conversão alimentar sendo os valores para o tratamento ATC de 6,1; MTC de 7,1 e BTC de 9,2 kg MS/ kg de ganho de peso. Verificou-se diferença (p<0,01) quanto a porcentagem de animais que atingiram a puberdade sendo o tratamento MTC com o maior número de borregas púberes até os 7 meses de idade (60%), seguida dos tratamentos ATC (45%) e BTC (15%)com peso médio de 39,3 kg de peso corporal, sendo 70% do peso adulto. Experimento II: As borregas utilizadas no experimento 1 com 37 Kg de PC entraram em estação de monta e após o parto receberam uma única dieta, sendo blocadas de acordo com o peso e dias de lactação. Observou-se efeito quadrático (p<0,01) na produção de leite em 3h (137,9; 150,1 e 104,4 g), efeito quadrático (p<0,05) para LCG (167,2; 178,9 e 129,4) e efeito quadrático (p<0,03) LCGP (216,5; 140,5 e 162,7). Os teores de gordura (9,8; 8,9 e 8,3%) e de proteína (4,2; 4,2 e 4,6 apresentaram efeitos lineares sendo (p=0,01) para gordura e (p<0,01) para proteína. Experimento III: Os objetivos deste experimento foram avaliar o efeito da inclusão de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (BIN) sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio e os parâmetros ruminais de cordeiros Santa Inês. Quatro cordeiros providos de cânula ruminal com peso corporal (PC) médio inicial de 30kg foram alojados individualmente em gaiolas para ensaios de metabolismo. O tratamento controle positivo (CONT) consistia de uma ração de alto concentrado contendo de 10% de feno de coastcross (Cynodon sp.) na MS, sendo os demais tratamentos níveis crescentes de BIN em 10, 20 e 30% da MS, constituindo os tratamentos 10BC, 20BC e 30BC. As rações experimentais foram isonitrogenadas (13,75±0,25% PB). Não verificou-se efeito de tratamento (p>0,05) sobre o consumo de MS, MO, e PB em kg/dia e g/kg de PC 0,75; apenas sobre consumo de FDN com efeito linear (p< 0,01). O balanço de nitrogênio, assim como a concentração de acetato, propionato, butirato, concentração total de AGCC, amônia no fluido ruminal e a de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB e FDN não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. / Trial I: Sixty Santa Ines ewe lambs were used to evaluate the effects of three growing rates until 7 months of age. Treatments were defined to achieve high (HGR), moderate (MGR) and low (LGR) growing rates. The dry matter intake and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated, well as serum levels of progesterone in order to detect the age of puberty. Linear effects (P<0.01) to body weight (BW) with values being 59.5, 61.4, and 58.0 to HGR, MGR and LGR, respectively. Linear effects (P<0.01) was also observed for average daily gain with values being 0.182, 0.156, and 0.136 kg/day, for HGR, MGR and LGR, respectively. The feed:gain ratio showed a linear effects (p<0.02) according to raw sugarcane bagasse inclusion in diet with values being 6.1, 7.1 (M) and 9.2 kgDM/kg BW for HGR, MGR and LGR, respectively. Linear effects (p<0.01) was observed for the percentage of animals of ewe lambs the reached puberty at 7 months of age, showing highest values for MGR (60%), followed by HGR (45%) and LGR (15%) treatment. Trial II: The same ewe lambs of Experiment 1 were bred at 37 kg of BW and after lambing they received a unique diet. The ewe lambs were blocked according to body weight and days in milking. According to the energy density increase in the diet, quadratic effects (p<0.01) was observed on milk production recorded in a 3-hour interval (137.9; 150.1 and 104.4 g), fat corrected milk (167.2, 178.9 and 129.4 g) and fat and protein corrected milk (216.5, 140.5, 162.7g). Fat (9.77, 8.92 and 8.35%) and protein (4.2, 4.2, and 4.6%) showed linear effects (P=0.01) for fat and (P<0.01) for protein. Trial III: The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of raw sugarcane bagasse (RSB) on dry matter intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters of Santa Ines ram lambs. Four ruminally fistulated ram lambs averaging 30 kg of BW were placed in metabolism crates. The control treatment (CONT) consisted of a high concentrate diet with 10% of coastcross (Cynodon sp.) hay in the dietary DM and the others treatments consisted of 10, 20 and, 30% of RBS in the dietary DM. The diets were formulated to provide similar concentration of crude protein (13.75±0.25%). No effects were observed for DMI, OM, and CP in kg/day and g/kg of BW0.75. Linear effects (p<0.02) was observed for NDF intake according RBS inclusion. Variables, as well as total SCFA, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations. Ruminal ammonia and apparent nutrient digestibility also did not differ among treatments.

Em função de sua disponibilidade no mercado e qualidade nutricional, derivados da soja são importantes fontes de proteína na alimentação animal. Apresentam perfil de aminoácidos semelhante ao de fontes animais, o que estimula seu uso como potencial substituto da farinha de peixe nas rações para aquicultura. No entanto, são deficientes em aminoácidos sulfurados e apresentam fatores antinutricionais que prejudicam o crescimento de peixes. O processamento da soja permite obter produtos mais refinados e altamente digestíveis, como concentrados proteicos (CPS), que têm elevado teor proteico e baixa quantidade de fatores antinutricionais, extraídos no processo de fabricação. Neste contexto, foi determinado o Coeficiente de Digestibilidade Aparente (CDA) do CPS em dietas para juvenis de duas espécies de Characidae autóctones: pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e dourado (Salminus brasiliensis). Também foram avaliados os efeitos do uso deste ingrediente em níveis crescentes de substituição da farinha de peixe na dieta (ensaios com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições), com o objetivo de determinar o nível seguro de substituição sem prejudicar o ganho de peso. O pacu apresentou CDA para proteína (95,33 %) e energia (84,29 %) mais altos que o dourado (CDAproteína = 82,6 %; CDAenergia = 66,6 %), indicando maior plasticidade da espécie para o aproveitamento de fontes vegetais. Baseado em ensaios de desempenho, nas dietas para pacu foi possível substituir até 78,05 % da farinha de peixe das dietas experimentais, enquanto que para dourados, até 37,2%. Acima destes níveis, houve redução no crescimento. A substituição crescente da farinha de peixe pelo CPS exerceu efeito regulatório sobre a atividade de enzimas pancreáticas nos primeiros segmentos do intestino das duas espécies, mensurada através da atividade da protease inespecífica, lipase inespecífica e &alpha;-amilase. Também promoveu redução na altura das dobras intestinais quando a substituição foi total, detectada através da morfometria da parede intestinal do intestino anterior. Estes efeitos podem ser consequência da ação conjunta de fatores antinutricionais da soja, principalmente inibidores de enzimas, potencializados quando a farinha de peixe foi totalmente substituída pelo CPS; e da habilidade com a qual cada espécie digere / absorve os nutrientes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que o CPS pode ser utilizado em substituições parciais da farinha de peixe em dietas para peixes onívoros e carnívoros. / Because of market availability and nutritional quality, soybean and its by-products are important sources of protein for the animal feed industry. The amino acid profile of soy products is similar to that of animal sources, encouraging their use as surrogate protein source to fishmeal (FM) in aquafeeds. However, soy products and by-products are deficient in sulfur amino acids and contain anti-nutritional factors that hamper fish growth. Secondary processing of soybean meals yield more refined and highly digestible protein ingredients such as the soy protein concentrate (SPC), which have higher protein contents and lower concentration of anti-nutritional factors, partially extracted or inactivated during the manufacturing process. In such a context, this work determined SPC\'s Apparent Digestibility Coefficient (ADC) in diets for two juveniles neotropical, native Characins species: pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), and dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), and also studied the effects of replacing graded levels of FM by SPC (six treatment levels and four repetions) in the aim to determine the optimum substitution level for better growth. Pacu presented higher ADC for protein (95,33 %) and energy (84,29 %) than dourado (ADCprotein = 82,6 %; ADCenergy = 66,6 %), indicating the plasticity of the specie to utilize plant sources. Based on growth performance, for pacu it was possible to substitute until 78,05% of FM, whereas for dourado, until 37,20%. Above these levels, there were reduction on growth performance. The increasing replacement of FM by SPC had regulatory effect on the activity of pancreatic enzymes in the first segment of the intestine of both species, measured through enzymatic assays for unspecific protease, unspecific lipase and &alpha;-amylase. It also caused a reduction on intestinal fold height of proximal intestine. All of these effects can be attributed to soybean anti-nutritional factors, especially enzyme inhibitors, whose action was enhanced when FM was completely replaced by the SPC; and the specific ability of each specie to digest / absorb plant nutrients. It is safe to infer that SPC can only be used as partial replacement of FM in diets for omnivore and carnivore fish.

O Characifome dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, tem despertado crescente interesse dos piscicultores por apresentar rápido crescimento e ótima qualidade de carne. Porém, a falta de conhecimento sobre as exigências nutricionais e valor biológico dos alimentos para a espécie têm dificultado a formulação de dietas que permitam o máximo desempenho e, por conseqüência, sua produção intensiva. Para determinação da exigência nutricional em energia e proteína, juvenis de dourado (5,29 ± 0,21 g) foram distribuídos em 75 gaiolas (60 L) alojadas em tanques de 1.000 L e alimentados por 60 dias com dietas contendo níveis de proteína bruta (PB) entre 35 e 51% (incremento de 4%) e teores de energia bruta (EB) de 4.200 a 5.000 kcal/kg de alimento (incremento de 200 kcal/kg). O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado em esquema fatorial 5 × 5 (cinco níveis de EB e cinco níveis de PB, com três repetições). Foram avaliados parâmetros de ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso relativo (GPR), consumo alimentar diário (CAD), índice de conversão alimentar (ICA), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) e retenção de nutrientes. Não houve interação significativa (P>0,05) entre os níveis de proteína e energia para os parâmetros avaliados. Os valores de CAD, GP, GPR, CA e TCE e de retenção de nutrientes foram influenciados (P<0,05) pelos níveis de proteína e de energia da dieta. O CAD diminuiu com o aumento do nível energético das dietas. As relações lipo-somáticas e víscero-somáticas foram afetadas (P<0,05) pela energia dietética, aumentando com o aumento dos níveis de energia. Por meio do uso da regressão segmentada estimou-se a exigência protéica e energética para juvenis de dourado como sendo de 45,08% de PB e 4.600,0 kcal EB/kg, e uma relação energia:proteína variando entre 10,20 e 10,65 kcal de EB/g de PB, como ideal para ótimo desempenho e retenção de nutrientes e energia. Para avaliação do valor nutricional dos alimentos, foi determinado o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da energia e nutrientes de fontes protéicas de origem animal e vegetal em dietas práticas para o dourado (19,49 ± 5,04 g). Os peixes, foram confinados em gaiolas de polipropileno (80 L; 40 peixes/gaiola) e alimentados com dietas teste granuladas que continham 30% do ingrediente teste e 70% de uma ração referência (RR) prática contendo 48,14% de PB, 4.453,2 kcal de EB/kg e 0,1% de óxido de crômio III. Após a última alimentação, as gaiolas eram transferidas para aquários cilindro-cônicos (200 L) onde as fezes eram coletadas por sedimentação em recipientes refrigerados. Houve diferença (P<0,01) para os CDAs dos nutrientes e energia das diferentes fontes protéicas. Foram obtidos valores de CDA de: 94,25; 91,26; 93,05 e 93,47% para a PB, 91,03; 90,33; 87,83 e 88,78% para a EB, 92,06; 84,49; 80,58 e 79,25% para matéria mineral, 83,90; 80,26; 84,25 e 84,55% para matéria seca e 97,38; 96,74; 93,32 e 91,46% para os lipídios, para a farinha de peixe (FP), farinha de vísceras (FV), farelo de soja (FS) e farelo de glúten de milho (FGM), respectivamente. O CDA médio dos aminoácidos foi de: 93,60; 89,95; 92,07 e 92,45% para FP, FV, FS e FGM, respectivamente. Todos os ingredientes testados foram eficientemente aproveitados e podem substituir parcialmente a FP em rações para o dourado. / The dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, presents excellent farming characteristics, such as fast growth and excellent flesh quality. However, the lack of the knowledge on the species nutritional requirements and biological value of feedstuffs hamper the formulation of diets for optimized performance and, consequently, the species\' intensive farming. To determine de species nutritional requirements, juveniles dourado (5.29 ± 0.21 g) were stocked in 75 cages (60-L) set up in 1,000-L containers, and fed for 60 days diets containing levels of crude protein (CP) between 35 to 51% (4% increments) and gross energy (GE) varying of 4,200 to 5,000 kcal/kg feed (200 kcal increments). The trial was set up in a completely randomized design, 5 × 5 factorial scheme (five levels of GE and five levels of CP, with three replications). Data on weight gain (WG), percentage weight gain (PWG), daily feed consumption (DFC), food conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and nutrient retention were recorded. No interaction (P>0.05) between dietary energy and protein levels for all parameters was detected. The values of DFC, WG, RWG, FCR, SGR and nutrient retention were affected (P<0.05) by the dietary protein and energy levels. DFC decreased with increasing energy levels. The liposomatic and viscerosomatic indexes were affected (P<0.05) by dietary energy levels, and increased with increasing energy levels. Through broken line analysis technique, the requirements estimated for optimum performance and nutrient and energy retention of dourado were 45.08% CP, 4,600.0 kcal GE/kg, and a energy:protein ratio varying between 10.20 and 10.65 kcal of GE/g of CP. Apparent digestibility is one of the main tools to evaluate the potential of an ingredient to be used in aquafeeds. To evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of energy and nutrients of animal and plant protein sources in practical diets for the dourado (19.49 ± 5.04 g), fish were stocked in plastic cages (80-L) and fed pelleted test diets containing 30% of test ingredients plus 70% of a reference diet (RR) containing 48.14% CP, 4,453.2 kcal GE/kg, and 0.1% of chromium oxide III. After the last daily meal, cages were transferred to cylindrical conical-bottomed aquaria (200-L) where feces were collected by sedimentation in refrigerated containers. ADCs of nutrients and energy of selected protein sources differed (P<0.01); ADC values were: 94.25; 91.26; 93.05 and 93.47% for CP, 91.03; 90.33; 87.83 and 88.78% for GE, 92.06; 84.49; 80.58 and 79.25% for ash, 83.90; 80.26; 84.25 and 84.55% for dry matter, 97.38; 96.74; 93.32 and 91.46% for lipid for fish meal (FM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM), respectively. The average ADC of amino acids was: 93.60; 89.95; 92.07 and 92.45% of FM, PBM, SBM and CGM, respectively. All tested ingredients were efficiently used and can partially replace FM in diets for carnivorous dourado.

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso do grão de soja cru integral na dieta de bovinos de corte sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, desempenho produtivo, síntese de proteína microbiana, características de carcaça qualidade da carne, perfil de ácidos graxos da carne, concentrações de parâmetros sanguíneos, excreção e composição do grão de soja presente nas fezes. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo que no primeiro, foram utilizados 12 bovinos Nelore, castrados, canulados no rúmen, agrupados em três quadrados latinos 4x4. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 52 bovinos Nelore, inteiros, confinados por 84 dias, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta empregada foi a mesma, para ambos os experimentos, constituída de quatro rações, com relação volumoso/concentrado de 60/40, a qual foi composta de milho moído, farelo de soja, grão de soja cru integral, núcleo e silagem de milho. As dietas foram: G0: dieta controle sem a inclusão do grão de soja; G8, G16 e G24, com 8, 16 e 24%, respectivamente de grão de soja cru integral na ração, na matéria seca. No Experimento 1, amostras de fezes e sobras foram coletadas nos 11o, 12o 13o dia experimento, amostras de sangue e urina foram colhidas e avaliado o peso vivo. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. No Experimento 2, a cada 28 dias, os animais foram pesados e amostras de sangue foram coletadas. Os animais foram abatidos ao 85o dia e foi avaliado o peso do fígado (PFi) e peso de carcaça quente (PCQ). Vinte e quatro horas após o abate, foram mensurados o pH, e rendimento de carcaça (RC). Na desossa foi avaliada a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) no músculo Longissimus. Foram retiradas amostras do músculo Longissimus, para determinação do perfil de ácidos graxos na carne (PAG) extrato etéreo (EE), maciez objetiva e sensorial da carne maturada por 14 dias. Houve redução no consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, de carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos nos animais alimentados com a ração G24. Foi observado efeito linear crescente no consumo de EE e efeito quadrático no consumo de proteína bruta. Houve diferença na digestibilidade aparente total do EE e carboidratos totais com a adição do grão de soja na dieta. Na fermentação ruminal, houve queda linear no valor de pH ruminal e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foi maior para os animais que receberam a dieta controle em relação às dietas com grão de soja, havendo um maior valor de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta para o grupo controle. O teor de colesterol sanguíneo aumentou linearmente com a inclusão do grão e no primeiro experimento também houve aumento do colesterol HDL. Para desempenho, atributos de carcaça e medidas de ultrassonografia não foi observado efeito de acordo com a dieta. Houve efeito quadrático para força de cisalhamento (FC), com maior valor para a carne dos animais que receberam 8% do grão de soja, Houve uma discreta melhora no perfil lipídico para animais recebendo o grão e na analise sensorial a inclusão do grão ao nível de 24% a MS da dieta melhorou a textura das carnes. A utilização de diferentes níveis de grão de soja nas rações alterou o consumo, digestibilidade, metabolismo e características de qualidade da carne. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of whole raw soybean grain in the diet of beef cattle on consumption and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, microbial protein synthesis, carcass traits, meat quality, profile of fatty acids in meat, concentrations of blood parameters, excretion and composition of soybean in the faeces. Two experiments were conducted and in the first one were used 12 Nellore, castrated, cannulated in the rumen, grouped in three 4x4 Latin squares. In the second experiment were used 52 Nellore, not castrated, confined for 84 days in a completely randomized delineation. The diet used was the same for both experiments, consisting of four rations, with the forage / concentrate ratio of 60/40, which was composed of ground corn, soybean meal, whole raw soybean grain, nucleos and corn silage. The diets were: G0: control diet without the inclusion of soybean, G8, G16 and G24, with 8, 16 and 24% respectively of whole raw soybean grain in ration, in the dry matter. In the first experiment, fecal samples and remains were collected on the 11th, 12th and 13th day of experiment, blood and urine samples were collected and the body weight was analyzed. The digestibility was determined by an internal indicator iADF. In Experiment 2, every 28 days, the animals were weighed and blood samples were collected. The animals were slaughtered at 85 days and were weighed the liver (PFi) and hot carcass weight (HCW). Twenty-four hours after the slaughter, the pH was measured, likewise the carcass yield (CY). Deboning was evaluated in rib eye area (REA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) in the Longissimus muscle. Samples were taken from the Longissimus for determining the fatty acid profile in meat (PAG) in ether extract (EE), objective tenderness and sensorial in aged beef for 14 days. There was a reduction in the dry matter intake, organic matter, total carbohydrates and non-fibrous carbohydrates in animals fed with feed with ration G24. It was observed an increasing linear effect on the EE intake and a quadratic effect on crude protein. Also difference in the apparent digestibility of total carbohydrates and total EE. On ruminal fermentation, there was a linear decline in ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentration was higher for animals that received the control diet compared to diets with soybean, with a value greater short-chain fatty acids for the group control. The level of blood cholesterol increased linearly with the addition of grain and in the first experiment there was also increase of HDL cholesterol. For performance, attributes of carcass and measures of ultrasound effect were not observed according to the diet. There was a quadratic effect for shear force (FC), with higher value for the meat of animals that received 8% of the soybean. There was a slight improvement in lipid profile for animals receiving the grain and the inclusion in the sensory analysis of the grain at 24% of diet DM improved the texture of the meat. The use of different levels of whole raw soybean grain in the beef cattle diet changed the intake, digestibility, metabolism and meat quality characteristics.

Twenty-four early to midlactation Holstein cows were allocated to one of three treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) basal ration plus 60 g wheat bran per day per head (control); 2) basal ration plus 57 g yeast culture per day per head; 3) basal ration plus 57 g yeast culture plus 3 g Aspergillus oryzae per day per head. Feed intake and milk yield were recoreded daily and milk composition and body weights were recorded weekly. Feed and fecal samples were recorded weekly. Feed and fecal samples were collected to determine apparent nutrient digestibility. No statistical difference was observed in milk yield among treatments. Percent fat, protein, and solid non fat of milk samples for the control fed group was significantly higher than the other treatment groups. Apparent crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities for cows fed the fungal culture treatments were significantly higher. Six rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments in a 3x3 replicated Latin square design. Rumen pH was significantly lower for cows fed treatment two. Total volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen concentration were higher for cows fed treatment two. Three rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were assigned one of three treatments in a 3x3 Latin square design for an in situ study. Approximately 15 g of grass hay, low quality alfalfa, and high quality alfalfa were sealed in nylon bags and put into the rumen. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein. Regardless of substrate used, dry matter disappearance was lower for control. Regardless of treatment ration fed, high quality alfalfa as a substrate was significantly higher in dry matter disappearance.

La producción mundial de biocombustibles denominados bioetanol y biodiesel se ha incrementado en la última década, como alternativa a los combustibles fósiles. Brasil produce etanol a partir de la caña de azúcar, EEUU a partir de maíz, mientras que en Europa y Canadá, el insumo más utilizado es el grano de trigo. En España las principales plantas de biocombustible utilizan maíz, trigo y cebada, para obtener etanol, básicamente. Esta situación ha generado cambios importantes en el mercado mundial de granos, por un lado, encareciéndo el precio de las materias primas tradicionales y en consecuencia el coste de los piensos, y por otro lado, ofertando nuevas materias primas, tales como los denominados granos secos de destilería con solubles o DDGS (Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles), que pueden ser destinadas a la alimentación animal si son valoradas nutritivamente para las posibles especies animales de destino, entre las que podrían encontrarse los conejos. Dado que los insumos y los procesos de producción industrial de bioetanol presentan algunas variaciones, la calidad de los DDGS generados varía consecuentemente en su composición química y su valor nutritivo, pero estas posibles fuentes de variación han sido poco estudiadas. La cunicultura es una actividad productiva muy importante en Europa, especialmente en Francia, Italia, y España, cuyos costes de producción se han incrementado en especial en el rubro de la alimentación, que constituye entre el 50 a 70% del coste total, por las razones antes señaladas.Los DDGS se han incorporado en la dieta de vacuno, aves y cerdos, pero la información relativa a su utilización en conejos es muy escasa. En este contexto, parece necesario evaluar el potencial nutritivo y el comportamiento productivo de los DDGS en piensos de conejos. / Alagón Huallpa, G. (2013). USE OF BARLEY, WHEAT AND CORN DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLES IN DIETS FOR GROWING RABBITS: NUTRITIVE VALUE, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/27648 / TESIS

Estimating nutrient and energy requirements of exotic animals is a necessary component of nutrition management in zoos and other wildlife facilities. In the absence of species-specific data, domestic animal models are often referenced. Herbivorous hindgut fermenters, such as horses, zebra, and rhinoceros, rely on microbial fermentation in the cecum and colon to utilize dietary structural carbohydrates. The study objective was to measure the digestible energy of two (LOW, HIGH) complete pelleted diets by the horse as a model for nondomestic hindgut fermenters. Seven, individually housed, adult Quarter Horse (Equus caballus) geldings were assigned to one of two diets as 100% of intake in a randomized crossover design. Experimental diets both contained similar ingredients including soybean oil as an added source of supplemental fat (LOW 1.7%, HIGH 6.9%). Diets differed in predicted digestible energy (LOW 2.29 Mcal/kg, HIGH 2.85 Mcal/kg, DE), ether extract (LOW 4.00%, HIGH 7.41%, EE), and acid detergent fiber (LOW 33.7%, HIGH 26.2%, ADF). Daily feed quantities were offered at 33.3 kcal DE BWkg-1 equally distributed over three meals to maintain target BW. Daily feed intake was quantified. Horses had ab libitum access to water. Horses were transitioned from all forage to 100% test diet over 14 d, acclimated to the test feed for 19 d prior to 4 d acclimation and 6 d total fecal collection using hygiene collection harnesses (Equi-San Marketing Pty Ltd). Diet transition between periods occurred over 8 d. Total fecal output was quantified every 8 h, thoroughly mixed and 10% of measured mass output was subsampled for further analysis. Body weights (BW) recorded weekly did not change significantly throughout the trial (P = 0.420). Apparent digestibility of diet within horse and day was evaluated by a nested ANOVA (Minitab 16). The apparent digestibility of EE (P < 0.000), neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.008), and ADF (P = 0.002) differed between the two diets. Apparent digestibility of DM (P = 0.137), OM (P = 0.140), and GE (P = 0.418) were not different. Excess fat not digested and absorbed in the small intestine (by-pass fat) will enter the hindgut and may cause disruption of normal microbial activity. Additionally soybean oil, when consumed in quantities that allow by-pass to occur, has been shown to have a negative effect on fiber digestibility in hindgut fermenters. A negative effect on fiber digestibility in the higher fat diet could result in diets closer in DM, OM, and GE digestibility than initially predicted. The NRC (2007) recommends that no more than 0.7 g/kg BW/d of soybean oil be fed to the horse. The HIGH diet provided 0.91 g/kg BW/d soybean oil. Feeds that contain concentrations higher than recommended may not be appropriate as the sole dietary ingredient of hindgut fermenters. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of soybean oil and to determine the threshold at which soybean oil will begin to suppress hindgut fiber digestion. In vivo measurements of digestibility in model species may provide useful benchmarks from which diets for nondomestic hindgut fermenters, as well as horses, may be formulated.

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Two experiments were conducted with sheep to determine the nutritional value of 'Lathco' flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) hay. In experiment 1, a finishing trial was conducted with 50 group fed crossbred lambs (25 ewes and 25 wethers) fed diets consisting of 70% chopped forage and 30% ground corn grain for 70 d. Five pens of five wethers and five pens of five ewes were selffed diets in which the forage consisted of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 proportions of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and flatpea hay. Feed efficiencies decreased linearly (P<.05) as flatpea increased in the diet. Linear decreases (P<.05) were obtained in kidney and pelvic fat, backfat, leg conformation, and yield grade with increased flatpea in the diet. Blood urea-N (BUN), ruminal pH and NH3-N increased (P<.005) as proportion of flatpea increased. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate concentration decreased linearly (P<.005) and propionate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.01) with increased proportions of flatpea hay. In experiment 2, 30 wether lambs were fed diets consisting of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 proportions of chopped alfalfa and flatpea hays in a digestion trial. Neutral detergent fiber (NOE), acid detergent fiber (ADE), cellulose, hemicellulose and energy digestibilities decreased linearly (P<.01) with increased levels of flatpea hay. Nitrogen retention was not different between sheep fed the different diets. Apparent absorbtion and retention of Ca decreased linearly (P<.05) with increased level of flatpea hay Ruminal pH and NHa-N, and BUN increased linearly (P<.OOl) as flatpea was increased in the diet. Ruminal total VEA, acetate and acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly (P<.001) and propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.001) as level of flatpea increased. / Master of Science