Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar de que maneira a internet pode contribuir para o ensino de italiano como língua estrangeira, por meio da análise da produção escrita dos alunos de um curso com enfoque cultural, da sua participação no blog do curso e dos questionários respondidos. O estudo fundamenta-se em três bases teóricas: a hipótese da interação de Long (1981), na linguística aplicada à aquisição de línguas, os estudos sobre as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) aplicadas ao ensino de línguas, e os estudos sobre Letramentos Digitais. A pesquisa é longitudinal, baseada em uma abordagem qualitativa, e o método utilizado é o estudo de caso. Os dados foram obtidos a partir um curso de cultura italiana, elaborado e ministrado por nós em 2013, junto aos cursos extracurriculares de língua e cultura italianas do Italiano no Campus, oferecidos pela Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. A proposta do curso era realizar uma viagem virtual pela Itália, sua língua e sua cultura, utilizando a internet durante as aulas e fora delas. Além disso, criamos um blog coletivo que contou com a participação dos alunos do curso. Todos os participantes eram imigrantes digitais, segundo o termo proposto por Prensky (2001), que possuíam variados níveis linguísticos e de letramentos digitais. Os dados da pesquisa são formados pelos questionários respondidos pelos participantes do curso, pelos rascunhos e versões originais dos textos, pelos posts e comentários publicados pelos alunos no blog, por alguns e-mails escritos pelos alunos e por algumas mudanças nos próprios alunos que constatamos durante a pesquisa. Em relação à produção textual dos participantes, a análise feita apontou as seguintes contribuições da utilização da internet e do blog: aumento de vocabulário devido ao input oferecido, maior agilidade na escrita e maior facilidade em se expressar em italiano. A análise sinalizou que o nível de letramentos digitais do aluno possibilita uma maior ou menor participação no blog, mas não é um fator determinante. É preciso levar em conta a preferência pelas habilidades orais ou escritas, a importância atribuída à escrita na aprendizagem, as expectativas em relação ao curso, a idade, e o perfil independente ou autônomo do aluno em relação à aprendizagem. Os resultados apontaram mudanças na autonomia dos alunos, sugerindo um caso particular de autonomia: o aprender a aprender com a internet. Outro resultado observado foi uma maior utilização da internet e dos recursos tecnológicos nos estudos de italiano por parte dos alunos. / This research aims to investigate how the Internet can contribute to the teaching of Italian as a foreign language, through the analysis of the digital writing of students from a course with a focus on culture, of their participation in the blog of this course, as well as from questionnaires answered by them. The study is based on three theoretical frameworks: Longs Interaction Hypothesis (1981), in Applied Linguistics and Language Acquisition, studies on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Language Teaching, and studies on Digital Literacies. The research is longitudinal, based on a qualitative approach, and the method used is the case study. Data were obtained from a course in Italian culture, developed and taught by us in 2013, along with the extracurricular courses of Italian language and culture of the Italian on Campus, offered by the Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Literature, and Human Sciences (FFLCH) of the University of São Paulo. The purpose of the course was to conduct a virtual journey through Italy, its language and culture, using the Internet during the lessons and outside them. In addition, we have created a collective blog that featured the participation of the students of the course. The participants were all digital immigrants, according to the term proposed by Prensky (2001), who presented different levels of linguistic and digital literacies. The survey data are formed by questionnaires answered by the participants of the course, by drafts and original versions of the texts produced by them, by their posts and comments published on the blog, by a few e-mails written by them, and by our evaluation of changes in the students concerning the use of Internet and some other aspects observed during the course. Regarding the textual production of the participants, the analysis pointed out the following contributions from the use of the Internet and the blog: increase of vocabulary due to the input offered, greater agility in writing, and more ease in expressing themselves in Italian. The analysis indicated that the level of digital literacies of students enables them to a greater or lesser participation in the blog, but it is not a determining factor. It is necessary also to take into account the preference for oral or written skills, the importance ascribed to the writing on learning, some expectations about the course, the age, and an independent or autonomous attitude of students towards learning. The results demonstrated changes in the autonomy of students, suggesting a particular case of autonomy: learning to learn from the Internet. Another result observed was the greater use of Internet and technological resources in Italian studies by the students.

Digitaliseringen av offentliga tjänster såsom banktjänster har under det senaste decenniet ökat signifikant. Denna ökning har bidragit till såväl fördelar som nackdelar då det har skapat en omfattande tillgänglighet av tjänster för majoriteten av befolkningen men begränsningar för de individer som inte har tillräcklig kompetens gällande ny teknik. Denna studie undersöker hur den äldre skaran av digital immigrants, den generation som föddes före digitaliseringen, upplever och hanterar digitaliseringen inom banksektorn. Vidare undersöker den vilka metoder som kan underlätta inlärningen för betalning av räkningar och fakturor via internetbank. Syftet är att öka medvetenheten kring äldres attityder och behov samt att främja inlärningen av digitaliserade banktjänster. Studien utgår ifrån ett deduktivt angreppssätt då teori initialt har samlats in för att genomföra de kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoderna som har legat till grund för studiens empiriska material. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning har genomförts för att samla in information om digital immigrants attityder och hantering av digitaliserade banktjänster. Genom ett kvalitativt experiment med observationer har två olika typer av inlärningsmetoder i form av pappersinstruktioner och videoinstruktioner behandlats. Resultatet uppvisar svårigheter vid användandet och inlärning av ny teknik hos äldre på grund av fysiska och kognitiva nedsättningar som i sin tur påverkar intresset och motivationen att lära sig det. Ytterligare visar resultatet att användandet av instruktionsguider främjar inlärningen av digitaliserade banktjänster och ökar användarupplevelsen. Slutsatsen är att pappersinstruktioner är anpassade utefter den äldre generationens behov gällande fysiska och kognitiva nedsättningar. Dessa typer av instruktioner skapar förståelse för inlärning av ny teknik som att utföra bankärenden på internet. Anpassning utefter de äldres behov och efterfrågad motivation för att de ska lära sig ny teknik är emellertid något som bankerna bör ha i beaktande, vilket innebär att ansvaret vilar hos dem. / The digitalisation of public services such as banking services has increased significantly over the past decade. This increase has contributed to both advantages and disadvantages, as it has created comprehensive accessibility of services for the majority of the population but limitations for those individuals who do not have sufficient competence regarding new technology. This essay examines how digital immigrants, the generation born before digitalisation, experience and manage digitalisation in the banking sector. Furthermore, it examines which methods can facilitate learning for the payment of bills and invoices via online banking. The purpose of the study is to raise awareness of the elderlys' attitudes and needs as well as to support the learning system of digitised banking services. The study is based on a deductive approach since the theory has initially been collected to carry out the quantitative and qualitative methods, which have been the basis of the study's empirical material. A quantitative survey has been conducted to gather information on digital immigrants' attitudes and management of digitised banking services. Through a qualitative experiment with observations, two different types of learning methods in the form of paper instructions and video instructions have been examined. The result shows difficulties in the use and learning of new technology by the elderly due to physical and cognitive impairments, which in turn affect the interest and motivation to learn it. Moreover, the result shows that the use of instructional guides supports the learning system of digitised banking services and increases the user experience. The conclusion is that paper instructions are adapted to the needs of the older generation regarding physical and cognitive impairments. Additionally, these types of instructions create an understanding of the learning of new technologies such as conducting banking online. Adaptation according to the needs of the elderly and the motivation required for them to learn new technology is something that the banks should take into consideration, which means that responsibility rests with them.

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The purpose of this mixed-method study was to investigate digital native preservice teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs regarding their technology experiences and skills at the beginning and at the end of their field placement semester. Digital natives, as defined by Prensky (2001), are students born after 1980 who have been raised with digital media and spend a great deal of time engaging with digital devices. Factors that could impact changes in these participants’ technology integration self-efficacy beliefs were also analyzed. This study used pre- and post-surveys, face-to-face interviews with a portion of the respondents, and a document review of course materials and lesson plans. Twenty-one preservice students, enrolled in the second to last semester of a teacher preparation program, at a small mid Atlantic university during the fall, 2011 semester participated. The quantitative portion involved the online administration of the Technology Integration Survey at the beginning and at the conclusion of the field placement experience. For the qualitative portion, nine participants were purposefully selected for interviews in an effort to more fully understand participants’ experiences and how these experiences impacted their self-efficacy beliefs about technology integration during the semester. In order to triangulate the data, results of the quantitative phase of the study were then compared with the results from the qualitative phase of the study. The findings of this mixed-method study suggested that digital native preservice teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs to integrate technology into their teaching improved slightly over the course of the semester. In addition, a strong relationship was found between participants’ Post-Test Technology Skills scores and Post-Test Self-Efficacy scores, indicating that an increase in technology skills corresponded with an increase in self-efficacy (r = .684, p = 0.001). Qualitative results pointed to mentor support, time, and access to technology during their field placement experiences as factors for integrating technology into their instruction. Additionally, results indicated that participants had access to and spent a considerable amount of time on computers every day. They were proficient with basic technologies but reported lower proficiency with more difficult technologies. Yet, results also suggested that, while this group of digital native preservice teachers has grown up in the digital age, their practice and, more importantly, their fundamental understanding of integrating technology into their instructional practices was limited.

Studien syftar till att söka kunskap i hur människor som är födda under 50-talet upplever dagens mediesamhälle och hur de förhåller sig till sin användning av dagens medieteknik. Frågeställningarna innefattar hur informanterna ser på dagens nya medieteknik, hur de använder sig av den samt hur informanterna ser på dagens medieteknik i jämförelse med hur de ser på hur det såg ut när de växte upp. Studiens teorier innefattar Krekula och Johanssons teori om ålder samt Mannheims teori om generation. Studien omfattas av en grupp med sex stycken kvinnor. Tillvägagångssättet består av semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. Genom detta beskrivna tillvägagångssätt ihop med vårt teoretiska ramverk framkommer det att informanternas syn på dagens nya teknologi innefattar att informanterna vet att de använder den i stor grad och är medvetna om detta, men fortsätter ändå använda den i lika stor utsträckning. De är oroliga för att det fysiska mötet mellan människor kommer att försvinna på grund av dagens medieteknik, men dock ser de fler fördelar än nackdelar med den. Skälen till deras användande var att kunna vidhålla relationer via medietekniken. En del av informanterna använder medietekniken i princip hela tiden, medan andra försöker undvika den. Hur informanterna ser på dagens medieteknik i jämförelse med hur det såg ut när dem växte upp innefattar att informanterna anser att det var ett lugnare liv förut då stressen som teknologin frambringar inte fanns i samma utsträckning som den gör nu.Denna studie kan ses som ett komplement inom forskning om äldre och dagens medieteknik, då äldre i dagens forskning ofta syftar till äldre som är från 80 år och uppåt. Denna studie kan därför bidra med resultat från informanter som innefattar den yngre generationen av äldre. / The study aims at seeking knowledge about how people born in the fifties experience the current media society and how they view their own use of today's media technology. The questions asked in the thesis include; how the informants view today's media technology, how they use today's media technology and how the informants compare today's media technology in contrast to how it was when they grew up. The theories for the thesis include Krekula and Johansson's theory of age, as well as Mannheim's theory of generation. The approach used to gather information was semi-structured qualitative interviews, where six women were interviewed. Through this approach, together with our theoretical framework we can derived that the informants view on today’s new media technology includes that they know that they use media technology to a large degree but continue the usage in the same extent. They are worried that the physical encounter between people will disappear due to current media technology, but they see more benefits than disadvantages. The main reason for their use was to maintain relationships with acquaintances. Some of the informants use media technology all the time, while others try to avoid it. How the informants look at today's media technology in comparison to what it looked like when they grew up include that the informants thought that life calmer before, and that media technology might have brought more stress into their lives.This study can be a supplement on the area of elderly and current media technology research, as the research in this area is mostly focused on people older than 80 years. This study can therefore contribute information from a younger generation of the elderly.

The diploma thesis Social media in a perspective of chosen generations covers the topic of differences in the use of social networks between generation X and generation Y. The aim of the thesis is to find out if there exist differences in the use of social networks between generation X and generation Y. Furthermore, the subject of the research is to explore the motivation of generation X and generation Y for using specific social networks and the needs they satisfy through social networks. The first part of the thesis consists of introduction of theoretical concepts and terms related to the theme of the thesis. Specifically, the uses and gratifications theory is defined, followed by the concept of active audience and the terms digital immigrants and digital natives. The following chapter presents characteristics of generation X and generation Y and the specifics of social networks. The methodological part of the thesis describes methods used in the research. For the research I chose a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Within the practical part of the thesis, a qualitative research was carried out through in-depth interviews. The second part of the research was carried out in the form of a quantitative questionnaire survey. In conclusion, the outcomes of both studies are summed up...

The main goal of this thesis is to find out how the Velvet media immigrants (VMI) from our research sample use traditional and new media to search for information. VMI are a specific age group of Czech people we define on our own in chapter 2. They represent the media users who had reached adulthood before the Velvet revolution and then had to adjust to the ideological and technological changes in the media sphere. First part of this thesis focuses on theories of media use, the historical context of changes the Czech media system underwent during the Velvet revolution and then it introduces the issue of digital divide and digital immigrants, focusing on how adults adjust to the technologies of new media. Methodological part serves to describe our research, which is based on twelve qualitative interviews and the coding method based on the grounded theory. The Research part then serves to sort the gathered data into three main categories, which offer a complex answer to our main research question.

Abstract                                                    This thesis provides an in-depth research of five VR suppliers working with creating VR experiences targeted to elderly within the elder care sector in Sweden. Furthermore, a technological knowledge gap between elderly and VR technology are researched. The focus of this thesis is therefore how VR suppliers, as early adopters, design VR experiences to elderly, as digital immigrants. To investigate the chosen topics, two research questions was formulated; RQ1. How do VR suppliers design a VR experience targeted to digital immigrants within the elderly care sector? RQ2. How do VR suppliers, as early adopters, bridge the digital gap between VR-technology and digital immigrants?  This thesis constitutes of a qualitative research where the empirical findings are based on interviews with the VR suppliers. The research took an inductive approach in order to get close to the respondents and interpret their realities. Theories about Customer experience, Value, Value Co-creation, Digital immigrants and Early and Late adopters, have thereafter helped to connect the empirical findings with aspects within these theories, to further understand important aspects for the VR suppliers when they design their VR experiences.  The results of the study present the aspects that are important to take under consideration when VR suppliers design their VR experiences towards elderly within the elder care sector. A model showing the steps when designing the VR experience has been provided and constitutes of identifying needs, customize the service, create trust and security, set the environment, inform and educate personnel, handling impairments and bridging the gap. Furthermore, the participants confirmed a knowledge gap within technology amongst elderly and that there is a need to bridge the gap in order for the VR service to be successfully implemented.

I Sverige är mobilapplikationen Mobilt BankID, med sina 7,8 miljoner användare år 2020 ett av de mest använda sätten att bekräfta sin identitet på internet eller för att ge autentisering med digital signatur. Applikationen är utvecklad av Finansiell ID-Teknik AB, ett företag som ägs av bankerna och accepteras som giltig identitetshandling av ett brett utbud av e-tjänster som tillhandahålls av myndigheter, sjukvård, banker och olika företag.Som svenska medier rapporterat har det förekommit en stor mängd bedrägerier relaterade till användningen av Mobilt BankID, främst riktad mot äldre. Syftet med denna studie är både att undersöka identifierade säkerhetsrisker gällande applikationen genom en litteraturstudie av tidigare vetenskaplig forskning, populärvetenskapliga artiklar och tidningsartiklar, samt genom att kombinera semistrukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning riktad till användare i åldersintervallet 60-80 år, undersöka om respondenterna är medvetna om befintliga säkerhetsrisker eller har blivit utsatta för bedrägerier. Slutligen fastställer vi om respondenterna känner att de positiva aspekterna av att använda Mobilt BankID överväger de möjliga säkerhetsriskerna.Resultaten visar att det inte finns någon tidigare vetenskaplig forskning som identifierar säkerhetsrisker gällande den svenska versionen av Mobilt BankID. En liten majoritet av respondenterna är medvetna om att vissa risker finns men endast ett fåtal har utsatts för bedrägerier eller upplevt några säkerhetsrelaterade problem. De flesta respondenterna tycks ha en positiv inställning till applikationen och anser den vara trygg och lätt att använda. / In Sweden, the mobile application Mobilt BankID, with its 7,8 million users as of 2020 is among the most frequently used ways to confirm one's identity over the internet or to provide authorisation by digital signatures. The application is developed by Finansiell ID-Teknik AB, a company owned by the banks and is accepted as valid proof of identity by a wide range of e-services provided by the government, healthcare, banks and various companies.As reported by Swedish media there has been a high volume of frauds related to the use of Mobilt BankID primarily targeting the elderly. The purpose of this study is to investigate identified security risks related to the application through a literature study of previous scientific research, popular science articles and newspaper articles, as well as by combining semi-structured interviews and a survey aimed at users in the 60-80 age range, investigating whether respondents are aware existing security risks or have been exposed to fraud. Finally, we are determining whether the respondents feel that the positive aspects of using Mobilt BankID exceed possible security risks.The results we obtain show that there is no previous scientific research investigating security threats posed to the Swedish version of Mobilt BankID. A weak majority of our respondents are aware that certain security threats exist but almost none have been exposed to attacks or experienced any security-related problems. Most of the respondents seem to have a positive attitude towards the application finding it trustworthy and easy to use.

Abstract Title: The old generation and the New World - A qualitative content analysis of media usage of the older generation Keywords:Digital natives, digital immigrants, diffusion of innovation, content analysis This study has its focus on how the older generation looks at today's media society and the use of today's media. Through a method of qualitative content analysis based on questionnaires, the aim is to examine what the older generation thinks about today's media, how they use them, and whether there are differences in groups according to age and previous work. The study selected theories bases on Marc Prenskys idea of ​​digital natives, digital immigrants and Everett M Rogers book on "Diffusion of Innovation". These theories take up the difference on digital natives and digital immigrants and the spread of new technological ideas takes place through communication over different channels in time among causes people in a social system. The result of the study shows that many older people are good at making use of today's media, but also that many may feel alienation of today's media society. Development has proceeded rapidly in recent years and for the older generation it's sometimes hard to keep up. The conclusion of the study is that the older generation may need more help to discover how today's media can facilitate everyday life and enrich it with more communication despite the fact that it takes place through a screen.