Orientador: Anna Christina Bentes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T04:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braganholo_Marcela_M.pdf: 2273463 bytes, checksum: 552289752898b8b8cbc6e5749d44229c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho procurou demonstrar os processos de legitimação dos blogs jornalísticos, divididos em práticas internas, ou seja, aquelas desempenhadas pelos blogueiros, e práticas externas, representadas pelas ações da audiência. O caminho percorrido contemplou uma rápida abordagem sobre a trajetória da imprensa no Brasil, evidenciando as transformações que a atividade sofreu e o processo de legitimação da prática em relação à audiência, e uma abordagem sobre o olhar dado aos blogs pelas teorias da Comunicação, das Ciências Políticas, e também pelas teorias do Texto e do Discurso. Discutiu-se, a partir desses diferentes olhares, a pluralidade de definições que eles recebem: ora são vistos como um programa, ora como um espaço de interação, ora como um texto. Como programa, ele serve ao blogueiro como uma ferramenta de publicação de textos. Como um "lugar", significa considerá-lo como um ambiente de interação. Como um texto, significa compreendê-lo como uma produção discursiva. Constatou-se, assim, a natureza multiforme dos blogs jornalísticos: são, ao mesmo tempo, gênero, prática discursiva, ferramenta (programa) e ambiente (espaço). Dois blogs jornalísticos foram selecionados para estudo: blog do Noblat e blog Reinaldo Azevedo. A partir da descrição e análise do objeto, constatou-se que o fato de os blogs serem jornalísticos não significa que eles estejam relacionados apenas a tal esfera de atividade; há, em relação ao campo do jornalismo, uma transformação em suas práticas discursivas, um ajustamento à nova realidade que vem se configurando. Os blogs jornalísticos representam, nesse contexto, uma nova forma de atuar no campo, caracterizada pela coexistência de elementos estabilizados e elementos que representam a emergência, a improvisação. Ele apresenta elementos do jornalismo tradicional, como a orientação para a divulgação periódica de notícias, mas possibilita novas práticas, como a inserção da persona do jornalista e a interação mais direta e frequente com a audiência, o que, certamente, reflete as condições tecnológicas e sociais do momento. Após mais de uma década de seu surgimento, o blog hoje constitui um objeto de estudo bastante produtivo e vem sendo intensamente discutido sob várias perspectivas distintas. O presente trabalho se configura como mais uma tentativa de entendimento desse fenômeno, para que, assim, possa haver maior compreensão das práticas discursivas do homem moderno / Abstract: This present work tried to demonstrate the jornalism blogs validation processes, divided into internal practices which are developed by the bloggers, and external practices, represented by the audience's actions. This study covered a quick approach to the press trajectory in Brazil, evidencing the transformations that this activity has been through and the validation process of the practice related to the audience, and an approach to the blogs by the Communication theories, Political Science, and also by the Text and Discourse theories. From these different points of view, the variety of definitions they have was discussed: they are either seen as a program, either as an interaction space, either as a text. As a program, it serves as a tool of text publishing. As a space, it is considered an interaction environment. As a text, it is considered a discursive production. This way, it was certified the fact of journalism blogs being heterogeneous in nature: they are, at the same time, gender, discourse practice, tool (program) and environment (space). Two journalism blogs were selected for study: blog do Noblat and blog Reinaldo Azevedo. From the description and analysis of the objects, it was verified that the fact of blogs being considered journalistic doesn't imply that they are related only to this sphere of activity; in relation to the journalism field, there is a change in its discoursive practices, an adjustment to the new reality that has been built. The journalism blogs, in this context, represent a new way of acting in this field, featured by the coexistence of stable elements and elements that represent the emergency, the improvisation. It presents features from the traditional journalism such as the orientation for the periodical news publication, however, it enables new practices, such as the persona insertion and the more direct and frequent interaction with the audience, which certainly reflect on the current social and technological conditions. After more than a decade of its origin, the blog, nowadays, is considered a really productive object of study and has been deeply discussed under many distinct perspectives. This present work represents another attempt of understanding this phenomenon, with the purpose of widening the understandings of the discursive practices of the current man / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T18:38:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Ferreira da Silva - 2016.pdf: 4923147 bytes, checksum: 78ca943bc2249e5e08c61c06aa6230be (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T18:39:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Ferreira da Silva - 2016.pdf: 4923147 bytes, checksum: 78ca943bc2249e5e08c61c06aa6230be (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T18:39:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Ferreira da Silva - 2016.pdf: 4923147 bytes, checksum: 78ca943bc2249e5e08c61c06aa6230be (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research proposes the analysis of social representations of gender identity reproduced in the context of children’s plays, from selected toys ads in several types of virtual stores. Although social relationships may have an incisive role in the reproduction of gender representations, also books, movies, music and toys, are symbolic objects of representation. In this sense, this study aims to discuss the inserted discursive practices in our current society model from a study about the statements about gender relations in the media, through a linguistic-discursive perspective that takes into account the speech, based on Foucault (1926 - 1984) and his study of the body and sexuality, in addition to feminist interpretations of gender, power and body, based on Foucault. It is within the power networks that are established and named the differences and inequalities, and by gender and media you can see ways to distribute and mean power, as well as the mechanisms that put the body in a political field of utility and docility, making room for the creation of inequalities and hierarchies. Thus, linguistic and semiotic categories were designed to analyze the ways in which advertising promotes gender distinction in the selected ads, including images, colors and texts. The analysis of these categories showed that the commercials reinforce discriminatory statements that regulate and constrain behavior ideals of gender, according to social expectations, excluding those who do not conform to socially acceptable. / Esta pesquisa tem como proposta a análise das representações sociais de identidade de gênero reproduzidas no espaço da brincadeira, a partir de anúncios de brinquedos selecionados em diversos tipos de lojas virtuais. Embora as relações sociais tenham um papel incisivo na reprodução de representações de gênero, igualmente os livros, filmes, músicas e brinquedos, são objetos simbólicos de representação. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visa discutir as práticas discursivas inseridas em nosso modelo de sociedade atual, a partir de um estudo acerca dos enunciados a respeito das relações de gênero na mídia, através de uma perspectiva linguísticodiscursiva que leva em conta o discurso, com base em Foucault (1926 – 1984) e seus estudos sobre o corpo e a sexualidade, além das interpretações feministas sobre gênero, poder e corpo, fundamentadas em Foucault. É no interior das redes de poder que são instituídas e nomeadas as diferenças e desigualdades, e através do gênero e da mídia é possível observar formas de distribuir e significar o poder, bem como os mecanismos que colocam o corpo em um campo político de utilidade e docilidade, abrindo espaço para a constituição de desigualdades e hierarquias. Diante disso, foram pensadas categorias linguísticas e semióticas para análise dos meios pelos quais a publicidade faz distinção de gênero nos anúncios selecionados, entre elas imagens, cores e textos. A análise dessas categorias revelou que os anúncios publicitários reforçam enunciados discriminatórios que regulam e coagem comportamentos ideais de gênero, de acordo com expectativas sociais, excluindo aqueles que não se adéquam ao socialmente aceitável.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar, por meio das práticas discursivas de atores ligados a uma organização paraeclesiástica denominada Tribal Generation, os posicionamentos tomados por determinados agentes a fim de se justificarem enquanto protestantes legítimos. Nossa questão volta-se para a compreensão das condições necessárias para uma igreja existir e se legitimar enquanto tal. Esta questão nos auxilia na análise das disputas sobre a tipificação do que seria igreja, revelando os parâmetros de sua construção discursiva enquanto forma legítima, termo êmico que reitera o que pode ser entendido como igreja e, consequentemente, como religião. Para compreendermos tais questões, procuramos estruturar esta dissertação em dois planos. O primeiro plano consistiu em mapear uma rede de atores, igrejas, ministérios e escolas dominicais a partir da Tribal Generation, organização que atua a partir de uma plataforma virtual e que traz como proposta estimular um modelo inclusivo de igrejas, com lideranças mais flexíveis frente à diversidade contemporânea. Partimos do pressuposto de que, independentemente das formas eclesiológicas e evangelísticas adotadas pelas igrejas vinculadas a esta organização, o conteúdo doutrinário permanece conservador em relação ao uso discursivo dos textos que compõem a bíblia. O segundo plano versou sobre o mapeamento de uma sub-rede de atores, igrejas e escolas de missões parceiras da organização Tribal Generation que têm como foco a evangelização e conversão de indivíduos que se identificam como homossexuais. Esta rede pastoral da sexualidade, categoria que empregamos para circunscrever a sub-rede, nos ajudou a compreender como o uso discursivo de inclusão e diversidade não necessariamente positiva a homossexualidade como identidade sexual legítima. Tais categorias, junto às propostas de novas formas de atuação eclesiológicas e evangelísticas, colocam em disputa a própria legitimidade dos atores. Essa disputa, conforme abordaremos, é empreendida no campo da sexualidade, evidenciando distintas formas discursivas em interação. / The objective of this research is to analyze, through the discursive practices of actors linked to a parachurch organization called Tribal Generation, positions of certain agents to justify themselves as legitimate Christians. Our question turns to the understanding of the conditions necessary for a church to exist and to legitimize as such. This question helps us to analyze the disputes over the classification of what would be the church, revealing the parameters of their discursive construction as a \'legitimate\' way emic term that reiterates what can be understood as a church and, consequently, as a religion. To understand these questions, we try to structure this thesis in two planes. The first plan was to map a network of actors, churches, ministries and missionary schools from the Tribal Generation, an organization that acts as a virtual platform that brings and as a proposal \"to encourage an inclusive model of churches with more flexible leadership facing the contemporary diversity\". Assume assumption that the doctrinal content remains \"conservative\" about the discursive use of texts that make up the bible. The second plan was about the mapping of a sub-network of actors, churches and missionary schools that focus on the \"evangelization and conversion\" of individuals who identify themselves as homosexual. This \"pastoral network of sexuality\" category we use to circumscribe the subnet, helped us understand how the discursive use of \"inclusion and diversity\" does not necessarily positive homosexuality as a legitimate sexual identity. These categories, along with proposals for new forms of ecclesiological and outreach activities, call into dispute the legitimacy of the actors. This dispute is undertaken in the field of sexuality, showing distinct discursive forms in interaction.

Notre étude s’inscrit dans la ligne des questionnements en linguistique et en didactique des langues et porte sur les conditions dans lesquelles s’opère la construction d’une compétence dans plusieurs langues chez des apprenants placés, du fait de leur biographie langagière ou de leur mode de scolarisation, dans des établissements institutionnellement valorisants et réputés, tels que les lycées franco-allemands de Buc (Versailles), de Fribourg (Brisgau) et de Sarrebruck (Sarre). La recherche s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux apports réciproques des représentations sociales du bi--plurilinguisme et des contextes d’acquisition et interroge les conditions dans lesquelles les corpus recueillis permettent de constater ou d’inférer des transformations en cours dans les représentations des apprenants, que ces représentations soient relatives aux langues et à leur apprentissage ou qu’elles relèvent de la construction des connaissances. Dans un premier temps, elle se propose, en s’appuyant sur une analyse qualitative et quantitative d’un corpus composé de questionnaires et d’entretiens semi-dirigés de groupe, de contribuer à définir ce qu’est une compétence plurilingue, d’une part, au niveau macrolinguistique, c’est-à-dire dans une perspective d’organisation curriculaire et de parcours d’apprentissage individuels, et, d’autre part, au niveau microlinguistique, c’est-à-dire dans sa réalité discursive et interactionniste dans les pratiques langagières plurilingues des apprenants. À cette fin, l’étude interroge tout d’abord les contenus et les processus discursifs d’élaboration des représentations sous l’angle dynamique de leurs propriétés structurelles et argumentatives puis analyse, à l’aide des outils de l’analyse du discours, les pratiques discursives en tant qu’activités langagières conjointement construites dans l’interaction par lesquelles s’élaborent et se [co-]construisent des représentations du plurilinguisme. Dans un second temps, l’étude met les outils de l’analyse du discours et de celle du contenu au service de la didactique, en essayant de tirer au clair la façon dont se dessine, à la rencontre des profils typologiques et des traits constitutifs des représentations identitaires du plurilinguisme, le répertoire langagier pluriel des apprenants franco-allemands. Enfin, suite à l’analyse du corpus et dans une perspective de recherche-action, des réflexions et des propositions pour une didactique du plurilinguisme sont envisagées. / Our research is in the field of linguistics and the didactic practices of languages. It concerns the conditions of building competence in multiple languages in learners who, due to their language biography or the educational system, are studying in prestigious institutional school environments, such as the French-German schools of Buc (Versailles), Freiburg (Breisgau) and Saarbrücken (Saarland). In particular, the research examines the reciprocal interaction between social representations of bi--plurilingualism and contexts of acquisition. We review the conditions in which the data collected lead us to conclude or to infer changes in learners’ representations related to the languages and their language-learning or to their accumulation of knowledge. Firstly, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data elicited in the form of questionnaires and semi-directive interviews, we aim to define the concept of plurilingual competence. This competence exists on two levels: first, on the macrolinguistic level, from the perspective of the organisation of curriculum and of individual trajectories of learning, and secondly, on the microlinguistic level, in its discursive and interactional reality in the learners’ plurilingual language practices. With this aim, the study begins by investigating the content and the discursive processes of the development of representations by considering the dynamics of their structural and argumentative components. The next stage is to analyse [using speech analysis tools] discursive practices such as language activities, which are situated in the interaction and contribute to the development and mutual construction of representations of plurilingualism. The study continues by using the tools of content and discourse analysis for didactic purposes. We try to reveal how the plurilingual language repertoire of French-German learners takes shape, through typological profiles and examining the constituent components of representations of identity and plurilingualism. Finally, in an active research mode, we suggest possibilities for future research on the didactics of plurilingualism.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study investigates the content and nature of the HIV and AIDS "discourses" of teachers, which I have identified as a knowledge gap in the existing HIV and AIDS education literature that, presumably, is informing practice. The argument is that, without an understanding of teachers' HIV and AIDS discourses, we will continue to speculate about why HIV education often does not have the effect we expect of it - reduced HIV infection, reduced risk behaviour, reduced teenage pregnancies - and why it has been regarded as a failure by many. The public media often expose rampant teenage sexual behaviour, such as abortions, pregnancies, and an addiction for electronically generated pornographic materials, causing consternation and sending shockwaves through schools and society. These reports attest to the kind of risky sexual behavior which makes children vulnerable to HIV infection. In spite of more than twenty years of HIV and AIDS education, teachers and society at large remain uncertain and uncomfortable about teenage sexual behavior, HIV infection and the inability of adults to protect young people from sexual exploitation. / South Africa

Orientador: Raquel Salek Fiad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manfrim_AlineMariaPacifico_D.pdf: 1760177 bytes, checksum: 9f505692a8f2b319523dab8023fa9301 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Frente a um (auto) discurso de liberdade presente na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Amorim Lima, localizada na capital paulista, este trabalho tem como meta compreender, a partir das reflexões proporcionadas pelos Novos Estudos do Letramento, como este discurso é considerado nas ações que se centram nas práticas de leitura e escrita da língua materna. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa de teor interpretativista conforme as especificidades da investigação em Linguística Aplicada, um estudo de caso foi realizado para a geração dos registros necessários a esta verificação. A postura teórica adotada considerou as reflexões do Bakhtin e seu Círculo para auxiliar na compreensão das respostas que a escola oferece quando seleciona o material a ser desenvolvido pelos alunos no que se refere à Língua Portuguesa. Os resultados da pesquisa, a partir do agrupamento do material compilado na pesquisa de campo, mostram que o discurso da liberdade se efetiva em alguns momentos da escola, mas, no que se refere ao trato com a língua materna, ele se distancia pelo fato de as práticas de letramento estar vinculadas a um modelo autônomo de letramento. Por ser a primeira tese que propõe investigar a Amorim Lima a partir do ponto da Língua Materna, houve a necessidade, mesmo que se tenha realizado um trabalho de contextualização situada da escola, de fazer algumas generalizações. Entretanto, elas são necessárias para o próprio andamento das pesquisas cujo enfoque centralizará nas práticas de letramento desta escola por ser um ponto de partida a partir de um trabalho de campo / Abstract: Faced with an (auto) speech of freedom in the Municipal School of Elementary Education Amorim Lima, located in the capital of the state of São Paulo, this study aims to understand, from the reflections offered by the New Literacy Studies, how this speech is considered in the actions which are focused on practices of reading and writing the mother language. From a qualitative study of interpretativist content according to the specificities of the investigation in Applied Linguistics, a case study was conducted to generate the necessary records to this verification. The theoretical stance adopted considered Bakhtin and his Circle's reflections to assist in understanding the responses that the school offers when selecting the material to be developed by students in relation to the Portuguese. The survey's results, from the grouping of the material compiled in field research, show that the speech of freedom is effective at school sometimes, but regarding to the dealing with language, it distanced itself because the literacy practices are linked to an autonomous model of literacy. As the first thesis that proposes to investigate Amorim Lima from the point of Mother Tongue, it was necessary, even if one has done a job of contextualizing located at school, to make some generalizations. However, they are necessary for the proper progress of studies whose focus will center on literacy practices of this school, because it is a starting point from the field work / Doutorado / Lingua Materna / Doutora em Lingüística Aplicada

This study is a description and interpretation of talk about hunting. The study is based on data gathered from in-depth interviews with twenty-four hunters in the United States who did not become hunters until adulthood. A single overarching research question guides the study: How do people create and use discourses of hunting? The study is situated within the ethnography of communication research program and, more specifically, within the framework of cultural discourse analysis. The study employs cultural discourse analysis methods and concepts to describe and develop interpretations of how participants render hunting symbolically meaningful, and of what beliefs and values underlie such meanings. The major descriptive findings include recurrent patterns of talk concerning: connecting with land and nature, spirit, other people, human ancestry, and human nature; taking responsibility in ecological, ethical, and health-related ways, both through hunting and through other practices such as gardening; being engaged, present, alert, excited, and challenged; killing for appropriate reasons, in appropriate ways, and with appropriate feeling; and living and acting in response to a modern world that diminishes human experience, brutalizes animals, and harms the natural world. The major interpretive findings include hunting being linked to other practices such as gardening, and being spoken of as a deeply meaningful pursuit practiced for the feelings of connection, engagement, and right relationship that it fosters, and as a physically and spiritually healthful remedy for the negative effects of modern living and of industrial food systems. This research demonstrates that hunting and talk about hunting can be underpinned by common beliefs and values shared by hunters, non-hunters, and anti-hunters. This research also suggests that adult-onset hunters and their discursive practices may be of unique value to wildlife agencies and conservation organizations, to other adult onset-hunters, and to both scholarly and public understandings of—and dialogues about—the practice of hunting.

This thesis seeks to examine and analyze the manifestations of the ontological security and self-identity anxiety of the Thai states through its rhetoric in relation to Thai and Malayu Muslims. The main question being posed in this thesis is how the Thai state justified the use of force during the Tak Bai Incident in 2004 and the Ratchaprasong bombing in 2015. This thesis examines the rhetoric of the Thai state through speeches and media before, during, and after in the selected cases. Such rhetoric involves the framing and constructions of "Thainess" or Thai identity in relation to the "other" or Thai and Malayu Muslims during the events. This framing is related to ethno, religious, and cultural nationalism and draws on those narratives. The theory that this research draws from is the Ontological Security theory by Jennifer Mitzen and Brent Steele which allows us to analyze the Thai state's actions and identity construction during the events. Ontological security is the security of the self, which all states strive for since it is linked to self-identity constructions. States will take actions that are at times detrimental to the physical self in order to protect ontological security because it is crucial to its survival. The methodological approach draws from Roxanne Lynn Doty's Discursive Practices Approach which allows us to examine how power and roles are constructed from rhetoric. The key results show that both the Tak Bai Incident and Ratchaprasong bombing disrupted the Thai state's ontological security and self-identity construction. In response, the Thai state engages in security-seeking behavior by reconstructing its self-identity in relation to the Thai and Malayu Muslims in order to regain its sense of ontological security. In doing so, the Thai state and media use rhetoric such as "Farang" and "Khaek" to define the Thai and Malayu Muslims as different and inferior subjects to the Buddhist majority. This enables the Thai state to justify its use of force in order to regain control over its compromised ontological security by way of military actions and violence. We see that the Thai state's perception of ontological security derived from its attachment to routines which had now been associated with the attachment to the conflict. This attachment had allowed the Thai state a sense of certainty since it knew how to act in the face of challenges. Attachment to routines thus allows the Thai state to dispel uncertainty which causes disruptions to its self-identity by creating anxiety. In analyzing the Thai state's rhetoric during these events, various identities of who is and is not Thai can be noted. These are then used to justify and legitimate the use of force by the Thai state as it seeks to protect and safeguard its ontological security. / Master of Arts / This thesis aims to understand how the construction of self-identity of the Thai state manifested in rhetoric. In particular, the Thai state's relationship towards the "other" or in this case the Thai and Muslim Malayu population in the three southern provinces of Thailand. This research attempts to understand how the rhetorics involving "Thainess," "Farang," and "Khaek" play a role in the conception of Thai identity. In particular, the way these rhetoric manifest themselves in both the media and the official channels. This research utilizes the Ontological Security Theory and the Discursive Practices Approach to analyze the rhetoric found in the two cases of the Tak Bai incident in 2004 and the Ratchaprasong bombing in 2015. This analyzed rhetoric allows us to understand the way ontological security manifests itself in the Thai state when its self-identity is challenged by the "other." The research results show that both cases present a challenge to the Thai state's self-identity construction and ontological security routines. Once disrupted the Thai state uses force to subdue the source of the challenge, which was the presence of the Thai and Malayu Muslims. We see that this examined rhetoric by the Thai state created an environment and conditions, which enables the justification of force to protect its sense of self-identity and ontological security. Lastly, this research is important since it allows us to understand how states, such as the Thai state, behave and justify force against minority groups. It further enables us to see a state's behavior from a physical security standpoint and an ontological security one. It shows that language can be the window to the behavior of a state and regime that feels insecure by its encounter with the "other."

This is a thesis in marketing concerned with entrepreneurship in established firms and the discursive practices that take place within a perspective of strategic entrepreneurship. The study of discursive practices in this context assumes a concern with how different aspects of entrepreneurship are produced and consumed by people in text and talk. Strategic entrepreneurship can be seen as an organisational form of entrepreneurship. The latest contribution within strategic entrepreneurship tends to focus on opportunities and advantages in organisations as two processes that need to be considered and managed jointly. In this thesis, I have studied the discursive practices of how scholars position strategic entrepreneurship through an enhanced literature review and by means of a close analysis of assumptions made within strategic entrepreneurship, but also by studying two firms and their discursive practices of constructing opportunity and advantage positions. The results have then been analysed with reference to discourse theory and previous research within entrepreneurship based on European traditions that builds on the linguistic turn. By conducting an empirical study of two firms, I have studied discourses in use, and how they are produced by people. In so doing, two main findings emerge in the discussion of the empirical results: 1) Opportunity and advantage positions emerge in social interaction and are co-constructed. 2) Opportunity and advantage positions are constructed by the use of multiple discourses, on different levels of discourse and for different functions. The main purpose of the thesis is to enhance the understanding of entrepreneurship in established firms and the activities labelled as strategic entrepreneurship. In addressing the purpose, seven theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions to research emerge in areas of strategic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship and the enterprising self.

Explicar e argumentar, por serem fundamentais na produção, comunicação e avaliação de conhecimentos científicos, podem auxiliar o processo de alfabetização científica, mas pouco se discute o preparo dos professores para contemplar essa meta, o que constituiu a primeira motivação deste estudo. A segunda motivação decorreu da polêmica, presente na literatura, sobre como caracterizar e diferenciar argumentações e explicações. Dessa forma, o objetivo foi investigar: \"como ocorre a construção e defesa de explicações por professores de biologia durante uma oficina de formação continuada destinada à resolução de um problema de ecologia?\". O primeiro passo necessário para a coleta de dados foi a elaboração de uma sequência didática que estabelecesse o problema ecológico. Os sujeitos de pesquisa totalizam 100 professores de biologia pertencentes a duas Diretorias de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo, e as situações investigadas constituem duas oficinas de formação continuada, uma para cada diretoria (com duração de duas horas), nas quais a sequência didática foi aplicada. As oficinas foram filmadas e as falas dos professores e dos formadores transcritas. A análise dos dados envolveu: i) o mapeamento de episódios, ii) a identificação das práticas discursivas dos professores e iii) a categorização de situações explicativas e/ou argumentativas envolvendo essas práticas. Analisar as explicações e argumentações como processos e não como produtos ajudou a esclarecer algumas diferenças e semelhanças entre essas práticas e entender quais aspectos podem influenciar seu uso em sala de aula, ao mesmo tempo que ter trabalhado com professores auxiliou pensar nas demandas formativas desses profissionais para lidar com propostas diferenciadas para o ensino de ciências. Explicações e argumentações adequadas e suficientes do ponto de vista científico não surgiram espontaneamente, mesmo se tratando de professores, e o suporte estabelecido pelo texto da sequência didática e pelos mediadores da atividade foi importante para aumentar a complexidade do discurso dos participantes. Houve dificuldades iniciais com a proposição de explicações na forma de deduções ou hipóteses testáveis e fundamentadas cientificamente, e ao final da atividade dificuldades menores foram observadas com relação à proposição de argumentos apoiados em dados científicos. Assim, o desenvolvimento de explicações mais complexas e consequentemente de uma melhor compreensão sobre o fenômeno ecológico abordado deve ter favorecido a argumentação dos professores. Os resultados apontam que esforços direcionados para ampliar os modos de abordar a argumentação no contexto escolar e focados na figura do professor representam iniciativas relevantes para a área avançar e precisam ser estimulados. / Explaning and arguing are fundamental practices involved in the construction, communication and evaluation of scientific knowledge, being important for scientific literacy. However, the preparation of teachers to achieve this goal is rarely discussed and therefore is the first motivation of this study. The second motivation arises from the controversy around analytical approaches to characterize and differentiate arguments and explanations. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate: \"how biology teachers construct and defend scientific explanations during a teacher training workshop about ecology teaching\". The first step was to develop a teaching sequence addressing ecological issues. The participants were biology teachers from public high schools in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, divided in two groups (group one - 70 teachers; group two - 30 teachers). Each group was videotaped and audio-recorded while solving the teaching sequence during a 2-h teacher training workshop. The audio-recordings were fully transcribed to capture all the teachers\' oral contributions. The data analysis was undertaken in three stages: i) divide the transcripts in episodes, ii) identify the teachers\' discursive practices, and iii) categorize argumentative or explanatory moves involving these practices. The analysis of explanations and argumentations as processes (rather than products) helped to clarify some differences and similarities between these practices and understand which aspects may influence their use in the classroom. At the same time, working with teachers (rather than students) helped to think about some difficulties of these professionals with science education. Appropriate and sufficient explanations and argumentations were not constructed spontaneously by teachers, and the support provided by mediators of the teaching sequence was important to enhance the quality of the participants\' discourse. At the beginning there were difficulties in constructing explanations in the form of deductions or scientifically testable hypotheses, and at the end of activity, there were minor difficulties in defending arguments supported by scientific data. Thus, the development of more complex explanations and consequently a better understanding of the ecological phenomenon addressed probably favored the teachers\' argumentation. The results indicate that studies of classroom discourse focused on teachers\' practices and expansion of analytical approaches represent relevant initiatives for research in science education and need to be promoted.