Voluntary actions affect subsequent perception. For example, an action that precedes an auditory stimulus is perceived to have occurred later in time than is actually the case, while the auditory stimulus is perceived earlier in time. This effect is known as intentional binding. Current literature regarding action effects focuses on perception of a single sensory modality while the effects on perception of multiple modalities remain largely unknown. The present thesis explored how actions influenced the timing of perceived multisensory events. Additionally, this thesis investigated differences in voluntary compared to involuntary actions on subsequent perception. In Chapter 2, action effects on perceived onsets of visual and tactile stimuli were explored. This question was extended to other bimodal pairs, including audiovisual and audiotactile, in Chapter 3. Lastly, in Chapter 4, action effects on temporal resolution were investigated. In all the experiments, participants performed a chosen or a fixed button press that followed a bimodal temporal order judgment (TOJ) task. To investigate the influence of spatial proximity between actions and stimuli on binding, in Chapters 2 and 3, each stimulus modality appeared on different sides. In Chapter 4, the critical stimuli appeared at the same location, either close to or far from the preceding action, to explore the effect of action on temporal resolution. The present data provide evidence that actions affect the perceived onsets of multisensory events in an idiosyncratic manner, depending on the subsequent stimuli. Actions appear to preferentially bind to vision, then touch, and lastly, audition, but actions do not always bind to subsequent stimuli. Furthermore, actions degrade temporal resolution of bimodal stimuli. Lastly, the type of action, whether chosen or fixed, did not impact the degree of binding. Together, these data contribute to the action-perception literature, illustrating that our behaviours dynamically affect how we perceive the world. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The climate crisis is an urgent threat towards people and planet, and rapid changes are needed to decarbonize the planet. The energy sector is in a current transition to renewable-based energy, which also includes a shift to electric cars. Electric cars are motivated to be the future, which will be beneficial for the economy and the environment. The industry has also received criticism, several human rights violations occur in the supply chains of the electric cars and that it is an industry that risk increasing global inequalities. This study explores the complexity of the car industry’s transition to renewable energy, based on case studies of Volvo, Mercedes, and Volkswagen, and their sustainability work related to the supply chains of electric vehicles batteries. The purpose is to show the relation between companies and power structures, as an exemplification of the possibilities for a just energy transition from fossil fuel-based energy to renewable-based energy. The findings shows that the transition is shaped by economical values, which risks broaden the gap between Global South and Global North. It emphasized that it is an issue that needs a collective effort to change the Status Quo, to create sustainable solutions based on the three pillars of sustainable development beneficial for all, not only the Global North.

Studiens syfte var att analysera Israels roll innan och efter Sexdagarskriget med utgångspunkt inom rättfärdig krigsteori och dess kriterier. Det jag ville göra med studien var att analysera om Israel uppfyllde kraven för att initiera ett krig rättfärdigt, och sedan använde sig av rättfärdiga åtgärder vid efterkrigstiden. Studiens metodval var en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en deduktiv ansats där material hämtades från olika arkiv och andra relevanta källor för att besvara syftet. Resultatet redovisades i en kronologisk ordning för att visa ett tydligt händelseförlopp mellan den 15 maj och 22 november 1967. Analysen visade på att Israel uppfyllde kriterierna för jus ad bellum genom ett tydligt casus belli vilket var stängningen av Tiran-sunden för israelitiska fartyg. Analysen om kriterierna för Israels jus post bellum uppfylldes däremot inte eftersom inga åtgärder som krävdes tas av Israels regering. Israel visade i stället på en motvilja att förhandla och till slut gjordes omöjlig med de arabiska tre nej. / This study aimed to assess Israel's role before and after the Six-Day War, utilizing the framework of just war theory and its associated criteria. The primary objective was to examine whether Israel adhered to the prerequisites for justly initiating a war and subsequently implemented just measures in the post-war period. The study employed a qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach, data were sourced from state archives and other pertinent materials. The results were organized chronologically, offering a coherent depiction of events unfolding between May 15 and November 22 1967. The analysis indicated that Israel satisfied the criteria for jus ad bellum by presenting a clear casus belli, namely the closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli ships. However, the examination of Israel's jus post bellum criteria revealed failure to take any just measures. The Israeli government did not undertake any of the required actions. Instead, Israel exhibited a reluctance to engage in negotiations as they did not want to engage first, a stance that ultimately led to the arabs’ three nos.

Most hospitality institutions have increasingly moved classes online but are concerned about migrating classes and instructional content online. The concern is most Web-based models are designed to deliver the acquisition of knowledge but lack the ability to transform that knowledge into applied career skills for practical use in the industry. The purpose of this study was to test a new Web-based instructional model. The model supported delivering both the acquisition and application of knowledge. Educators, researchers, and practitioners can utilize the new model to enhance the application of career skills and enhance organizational objectives by providing just-in-time training. The new Web-based instructional model can be delivered through multiple platforms including computers, electronic devices, wireless devices and mobile devices. The application of knowledge was delivered through experiential role-play exercises delivered live to the comparison group and virtual, inside Second Life, to the treatment group. An Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) revealed a significant difference between groups with higher application scores for the students who received the role-play live compared to virtual. In addition, an analysis was conducted to explore factors to consider when examining the cost effectiveness of Web-based instructional content. Factors determined to be important were developmental costs, delivery costs, and reusability of the Web-based instruction.

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Syftet med denna studie var att komma till insikt, dels om hur kriget mot terrorismen har präglat diskursen kring det rättfärdiga kriget med dess särskilt utmärkande preventiva krigföring, och dels om huruvida begreppet "illegal kombattant" kan betraktas som legalt eller inte. Denna studie visar hur krigskonceptet har blivit alltmer diffust sedan det kalla kriget och hur attackerna gentemot USA den elfte september 2001 innebar en brytpunkt gällande diskussionerna kring rättfärdig krigföring. Studien visar också att begreppet "illegal kombattant", med dess preventiva syfte, tillvisso skulle kunna betraktas som legitimt i kontext till omfattningen av ovan nämnda attacker men att dess innebörd inte kan betraktas som legalt i vare sig nationell eller internationell bemärkelse. Jag har kommit till denna insikt genom att identifiera en diskursiv företeelse och lyfta fram dess legalitets- och legitimitetsaspekter och genom att identifiera en juridisk företeelse och lyfta fram syftet med dess innebörd med fokus främst på dess legalitetsaspekter. Med en diskursanalys har jag undersökt talet om det rättfärdiga kriget efter den elfte september, och genom en juridisk analys har jag prövat begreppet "illegal kombattant" gentemot nationell och internationell rätt. Dessa två analyser har fogats samman genom en samlad studie av kriget mot terrorismen och dess legalitets- respektive legitimitetsaspekter. / The purpose of this study was to come to realization on how the war on terror has characterized the discourse on Just War with its particularly distinctive preventive warfare, and also on whether the term "unlawful combatant" can be regarded as legal or not. This study shows how the concept of war has become increasingly diffuse since the Cold War and how the attacks against the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001 represented an inflection point on the discussions of righteous warfare. The study also shows that the term "illegal combatant", with its preventive purposes, to a certain extent might be regarded as legitimate in the context of the magnitude of the above-mentioned attacks but that its content can not be regarded as legal in either a national or international sense. I have come to this realization by identifying a discursive phenomenon and highlighting its legality and legitimacy aspects and by identifying a legal phenomenon and highlighting the purpose and meaning of it, primarily focusing on its legality aspects. With a discourse analysis, I have examined the speach on Just War after September 11, and with a legal analysis, I have tested the notion of "unlawful combatant" against national and international law. These two analyzes have been consolidated in a comprehensive study of the war on terrorism and its legality and legitimacy aspects.

Denna uppsats belyser problemet med användandet av begreppen EU-medborgare och EU-migrant, samt vad det är som avgör huruvida man skall bli betraktad som antingen det ena eller andra. Det råder fri rörlighet för alla EU-medborgare mellan medlemsstaterna, det skapar problem när grupper som rent juridiskt inte klassificeras som medborgare, och i stället klassificeras som migrant. Skillnaden mellan att vara EU-medborgare och EU-migrant är bland annat att det skiljer sig i åtnjutandet av det sociala skyddsnätet. Romer används som ett exempel genom hela uppsatsen då de har en historia som inte påminner om någon annan, samt för att det är ett aktuellt ämne i dagens EU. Genom en komparativ studie mellan två välfärdsstater, samt en diskursanalys där Benhabibs teori ”the rights of others” appliceras diskuteras huruvida alla inom EU kan åtnjuta de mänskliga rättigheterna. Benhabibs teori tydliggör nationalstaters rädsla gentemot det främmande och bekräftar att det sker en kränkning av de mänskliga rättigheterna när människor saknar medborgarskap. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att orsaken till att romska grupper ofta faller utanför det skyddsnät som finns är på grund av avsaknaden av subjektivitet. Nationalstater ser ofta romska grupper som icke-hanterbara och det smittar av sig på civilsamhället och den generella attityden gentemot romer är negativ. / This thesis highlights the problem with the use of the concepts “EU-citizen” and “EU-immigrant”, as well as what determines whether someone should be considered one or the other. Since freedom of movement is granted EU-citizens between member states, problems arise when groups that technically do not qualify as citizens, but are classified as migrants, utilize the freedom of mobility. The difference between being classified as an EU-citizen vs an EU-immigrant is the differences in the ability to enjoy the social safety net provided by the state. The Roma people will be used as an example throughout the thesis, as the history of the group is unique, and it is currently a topic of discussion in the EU.Through a comparative study of welfare states, along with a discourse analysis utilizing Benhabib’s theory of ”the rights of others”, a discussion will examine whether everyone in the EU have the opportunity to enjoy human rights.Benhabib’s theory clarifies the nation state’s fears of that considered foreign and confirms the violations of human rights that occur when people lack citizenship.The conclusion of the study is that the reason Roma groups often fall outside the social safety net is because the lack of subjectivity of states. Nation states often view Roma groups as non-manageable, the perception rubs off on civil society and generates generally negative attitudes towards the Roma.

The pandemic (Covid-19) has since the beginning of 2020 caused major changes for many different companies. To minimize the spread of the virus several different measures have been implemented by local authorities. Additionally, a military conflict occurred between Russia and Ukraine in the early 2022, it has caused sanctions and led to many consequences including deterioration in the supply of raw materials. This study investigates a case company that assembles trucks for sewer cleaning in purpose to identify how the consequences of the pandemic and military conflict have affected its material supply, production, and delivery capacity to customers. The purpose is also to examine how the consequences can be managed to maintain an efficient business.  The study is based on an abductive research approach and the data collection was mainly based on semi- and unstructured interviews. The collected data from the interviews has then been analyzed with relevant theories.  During the pandemic the case company was affected by delivery delays, which further caused disruptions in production and a poor delivery capacity to customers. Similar outcomes are caused by the military conflict, the delivery from suppliers have deteriorated and continued to affect the production capacity of the case company, which is expected to decrease the delivery precision to customers. These consequences have caused the need of other methods than Just-in-time (JIT) to be applied during crisis, and a different view of tied up capital is also required. Measures to reduce the impacts of the pandemic have involved larger safety stocks, standardization, and innovation by building on support frames.   The study concludes that a resilient supply chain and innovative thinking can reduce the consequences of a pandemic and a military conflict, these are some of the theoretical contributions presented by the study. Further studies are proposed for similar industries to enhance generalizability. / Sedan början av år 2020 har pandemin (Covid-19) orsakat stora förändringar för många olika företag. Lokala myndigheter har infört åtgärder i syfte att förhindra smittspridningen av viruset. Vidare utlöstes även en militär konflikt i början av år 2022 mellan Ryssland och Ukraina som orsakat sanktioner, vilket lett till försämrad tillgång av bland annat råvarumaterial. Denna studie undersöker ett fallföretag som monterar slamsugningsbilar i syfte att identifiera hur deras materialförsörjning, produktion och leveransförmåga till kund påverkats av både pandemin och den militära konflikten. Den innehåller även hur konsekvenserna kan hanteras för att upprätthålla en effektiv verksamhet.   Studien utgår ifrån en abduktiv forskningsansats och där datainsamling huvudsakligen skett med semi- och ostrukturerade intervjuer. Svaren från intervjufrågorna har använts till nulägesbeskrivningen som sedan analyserats utifrån relevanta teorier.   Under pandemin påverkades fallföretaget av längre leveransförseningar, som vidare orsakat störningar i produktion och därtill försämrat leveransprecisionen till kund. Studien visar liknande faktorer under den militära konflikten, där leveranspålitligheten förvärrats och fortsatt påverkat produktionskapaciteten, vilket förväntas att försämra leveransprecisionen till kund ytterligare. Samtliga konsekvenser har orsakat att andra metoder än Just-in-time (JIT) bör tillämpas under sådana kristider, samt att det även krävs en annan syn på kapitalbindning. Trots detta har fallföretaget klarat sig undan relativt bra under pandemin tack vare större säkerhetslager, ökad standardisering och genom en innovativ åtgärd att montera på stödramar.  Studiens slutsats tyder på att motståndskraftiga försörjningskedjor och innovativt tänkande kan leda till lindrigare konsekvenser av både en pandemi och en militär konflikt, dessa är några av de teoretiska bidrag som presenteras. Vidare studier föreslås inom liknande branscher för att påvisa ökad generaliserbarhet.

This thesis is motivated by a desire to explore the business model centred on sharing, aiming to address critical issues of social inequality and environmental degradation. Inspired by the potential of resource-sharing to reduce overconsumption and enhance equitable access to resources, we chose to study a community-based non-profit sharing organisation Fritidsbanken to assess its impact on social justice and environmental sustainability. Through this study, we show how generosity, trust, and community engagement are embedded within the organisation's operations, enhancing justice and well-being while reducing material consumption, which also introduce new perspectives within the sharing economy. Our research highlights that the success of such initiatives is not only dependent on building trust, generosity and community engagement, but also hinges on how sharing is designed around principles of justice and equality. Consequently, the strategic design rooted in justice fosters trust and generosity, potentially driving a shift towards greater equity within the sharing economy. However, despite the positive impacts, the study also uncovers the organisation's operational challenges tied to funding and resources, reflecting broader systemic issues that hinder the pursuit of sustainability. It calls for strategic changes that support the scalability and effectiveness of community-based sharing initiatives.