Este trabalho procura investigar a revitalização da teoria da guerra justa nas suas formas tradicional e na Filosofia Política Contemporânea. Assim como a sua influência, dentro de um fenômeno amplo de moralização do Direito Internacional Público, acerca dos casos polêmicos sobre o uso da força armada, em especial as intervenções humanitárias e a legítima defesa antecipatória. Analisa a recepção destas idéias na doutrina do Direito Internacional, da Filosofia do Direito Internacional e nas Comissões Internacionais que trataram do uso da força armada nos últimos anos. / This work wants to investigate the revitalization of the theory of just war in its traditional way and in Contemporary Political Philosophy. As such as its influence, inside the matter of moralization of International Law, on the polemical cases about the use of armed force, especially humanitarian interventions and anticipatory self-defense. Analyses the reception of these ideas on the doctrine of International Law, Philosophy of International Law, and International Commissions which dealt with the use of armed force in the last years.

Diante da crescente importância da gestão da manutenção para o aumento da competitividade das empresas e a deficiência existente na literatura quanto à abordagens quantitativas da MCC, o tema desta dissertação é a Manutenção Centrada em Confiabilidade (MCC), abordada a partir de análises quantitativas. Seu principal objetivo é explorar as análises quantitativas que possam ser usadas no âmbito da MCC para contribuir na elaboração de planos de manutenção. Inicialmente, foram identificados, através de pesquisa da literatura e entrevistas em empresas manufatureiras, métodos quantitativos que poderiam dar suporte a MCC. Entre os métodos quantitativos identificados, destaque para o uso de distribuições de probabilidade, que suporta várias atividades da MCC. Os métodos de Engenharia Econômica e a simulação de Monte Carlo também merecem destaque, pois permitem análises mais sofisticadas associadas a custo e desempenho de sistemas produtivos sujeitos à manutenção. Posteriormente, foram elaborados dois métodos para desenvolver análises quantitativas que orientem a revisão ou elaboração de um plano de manutenção de equipamentos: um para um cenário de produção just in time e outro para um cenário de produção protegido por estoques. Ambos os métodos envolveram o uso de distribuições de probabilidade, simulação de Monte Carlo e análise de sensibilidade. A aplicação dos métodos é ilustradas através de estudos reais realizados em linhas de uma empresa do setor de tintas e corantes. / Due to the growing importance of maintenance management to increase the competitiveness of companies and the deficiency in the literature concerning quantitative approaches to RCM, the subject of this dissertation is the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), approached from quantitative analysis. Its main objective is to explore quantitative analysis to be used in the scope of RCM and contribute for the construction of maintenance plans. Initially, quantitative methods that could support RCM were identified through literature research and interviews in manufacturing companies. Among the quantitative methods identified, probability distributions stood out for supporting various RCM activities. The methods of Economic Engineering and Monte Carlo simulation were also emphasized since they allow more sophisticated analysis related to cost and performance of production systems subjected to maintenance. Later, two methods to develop quantitative analysis for guiding the review or preparation of a maintenance plan for equipment were developed: one suited for a just-in-time production scenario and other for a scenario of production protected by stocks. Both methods involved the use of probability distributions, Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis. The methods were illustrated through a real applications in manufacturing lines of a paints and dyes production company.

Esta tese analisa a indústria de calçados brasileira sob o aspecto de sua modernização e competitividade. O pano de fundo da investigação são as transformações na estrutura industrial a nível de economia internacional e o ajuste do setor de calçados brasileiro ao novo ambiente econômico. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as mudanças tecnológicas, organizacionais e produtivas estão conformando um novo paradigma industrial e que se difundirá entre os setores industriais, inclusive os tradicionais como o de calçados. Assim sendo, o objetivo central desta tese é averiguar como tem sido o comportamento do setor em relação a incorporação de inovações tecnológicas e organizacionais, e em que medida esses seriam vetores que contribuiriam para preservar/aumentar sua competitividade. Um segundo objetivo consiste em verificar se as modificações introduzidas no setor, o estariam encaminhando pra uma estrutura de especialização flexivel. Para dar respostas às questões formuladas realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica, mediante questionário e entrevista, com 18 empresas de diferentes tamanhos. A constatação é de que a indústria de calçados brasileira está passando por um processo de ajuste em direção à utilização de novas tecnologias, com maior difusão de técnicas organizacionais. Essas inovações tendem a localizar-se inicialmente nas seções de costura e montagem. No entanto, diferentemente das indústrias dos países desenvolvidos, o uso dessas técnicas não tem o propósito de substituir trabalho por capital, mas de aumentar a eficiência e a qualidade da produção, dado que o custo de mão-de-obra ainda constitui-se em fator importante de competitividade. Por outro lado, o ajuste em busca de maiores níveis de eficiência e qualidade tem sido feito mediante flexibilidade da produção e é prematuro afirmar-se que a estrutura do setor tende para o modelo de especialização flexível. / The present thesis analyses the Brazilian footwear industry under the point of view of its modernization and competitivity. Changes in the industrial structure at the international level as well as the adjustment of the Brazilian footwear industry to the new economic environment constitute the main framework of the study. The recognition that technological, organizational and productive changes are engendering a new industrial paradigm which will be diffused among the modern and traditional, such as footwear, industries is acknowledged from the very beginning. Under these circunstances, the main objective of this thesis consists of appraising how the behaviour of the footwear industry performs as regards the adoption of technological and organizational innovations. Beside, it is aimed at knowing the extent to which these innovations contribute to maintaing/increasing its competitivity. Another objective consists of appraising whether the changes faced by the industry are redirectioning it to a flexible specialization structure. In order to answer to the above questions, an empirical survey was conducted, with questionnaire and interviews, concerned with 18 firms of different sizes. The main result was that the Brazilian footwear industry, is facing a process of adjustment towards the use of new technologies. The innovations seem to appear in the activities of sewing and assembling. In contrast to the developed countries industries, however, the adoption of these techniques is not aimed at substituting capital for labour, but to increase efficiency and quality, by virtue of the fact that labour costs are yet an important factor of competitivity. On the other hand, the adjustment towards improved levels of efficiency and quality has been achieved through flexibility in production, so that it is not clear whether the sectoral structure is changing to the model of flexible specialization.

The aim of this paper is to assess the applicability of the Just War Tradition to a declaration of war on terrorism. The specific content that the paper will be analysing is the U.S. decision to declare war on terror in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. I will be focusing on three conditions used to justify preemptive attacks, which are essential to the Just War Tradition. (i.e. the scope of the self, the existence of evidence, and military intervention as a last resort). The method used, will be discourse analysis, focusing on how the United States justified their decision to go to war on terror. This study suggests that the U.S. justification was built upon their knowledge and use of the principles of the JWT. The findings shows that the conditions of a justified preemptive attack can be applied to the U.S. justification to declare war on terror. However, when the three conditions are applied, some important questions and implications arise. The main interpretation of the findings is that problems arise when the scope of the self is defined too widely. This, in combination with further implications, indicates that there is a need for a more structured framework in which terrorism can be analysed.

Notre travail a pour objectif principal de circonscrire avec netteté le concept de guerre préventive: l’histoire de sa constitution comme discours spécifique ; les différentes tentatives d’en offrir une définition précise et effective ; et ses effets sur l’ensemble de la théorie de la guerre juste et du droit international. Nous tenterons d’en donner une vue synthétique, tout en rapprochant éventuellement des éléments appartenant à des domaines non purement philosophiques. Il en résultera une histoire des concepts, des pratiques et des institutions liées à la guerre préventive.Avec la pensée de Thucydide comme point de départ historique et méthodologique, notre recherche vise à repérer des principes permanents régissant la pratique de la guerre préventive. D’un côté, nous relèverons les occurrences de ce concept dans le corpus de la philosophie politique, ce qui justifie le choix des auteurs et des textes ici retenus, de Thucydide et Cicéron à Fichte, Clausewitz, Hegel, ou Thomas Schelling, en passant par saint Augustin, saint Thomas, Vitoria, Bodin, Gentili, Grotius, Pufendorf ou Vattel. Nous montrerons en particulier pourquoi ce concept est inséparable des querelles du machiavélisme et de l’antimachiavélisme, en consacrant un chapitre à des auteurs tels que Machiavel, Francis Bacon, Gentillet, Frédéric II, Richelieu, Naudé et Botero.D’un autre côté, nous analyserons l’histoire des guerres préventives à la recherche d’une logique interne identifiable dans la plupart des conflagrations majeures de l’histoire. Ce fil directeur de la logique préventive nous amènera alors à réexaminer la théorie de la guerre juste, et des notions telles que l’impérialisme ou l’agression. / This thesis intends to analyze the concept of preventive war from the standpoint of political philosophy: the history of its constitution as a specific discourse; the attempts to find a precise and effective definition of it; its effects on the tradition of the just war theory. This research employs a synthetic methodology, analyzing as well texts and historical artefacts that are non-philosophical. The result will be a history of the concepts, practices and institutions related to preventive war.With the work of Thucydides as methodological and historical point of departure, our research tries to determine the permanent principles ruling the justification of preventive war. First, we will determine the occurrences of this concept in the corpus of political philosophy, a method that explains the array of authors this thesis surveys, from Thucydides and Cicero to Fichte, Clausewitz, Hegel, or Thomas Schelling, including Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas, Vitoria and the School of Salamanca, Bodin, Gentili, Grotius, Pufendorf and Vattel. We will focus particularly on the way this concept is inseparable of the dialectic between Machiavellism and Antimachiavellism, analyzing authors such as Machiavelli, Francis Bacon, Gentillet, Frederick II of Prussia, Richelieu, Naudé and Botero.Besides, we will analyze the history of preventive war searching for an internal logic at work in the majority of the great conflagrations of the past. The existence of such a preventive logic will lead us to re-evaluate traditional just war theory, imperialism and aggression.

This master's thesis deals with compensation of non-pecuniary harm to health. It aims to analyze conceivable methods of compensation of non-pecuniary harm and individual claims arising from harm to health. They are compared with the previous legislation, selected foreign legislation and also with European soft-law documents. Subsequently I analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Non-pecuniary harm to health represents an area of law with steadily increasing importance. Not only there are further claims arising from harm to health enacted, but also the amount of damages granted grows exponentially. The Civil Code has brought new issues as well as a number of questions, out of which not all have been sufficiently analysed so far. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The necessary theoretical basics are described in the first one, that means the term of non-pecuniary harm, general rules relating to its compensation, short description of the historical development as well as the legal sources, including the European soft-law documents (PETL, DFCR). The second chapter addresses the individual claims of the injured party arising from harm to health. The type of claims, the requirements to be fulfilled in order to uphold the claim and especially the way of determining...

This dissertation presents a comprehensive and comparative progress in sequencing approaches of mixed-model just-in-time (JIT) sequencing problem together with discrete apportioment problem (DAP). The goal of JIT sequencing problem (JITSP) is to keep the rate of usage of parts as constant as possible along the assembly lines, and the goal of DAP is to divide a given integer number of delegates proportionally among the states or the parties according to their population or votes. Furthermore, the supply chain logistics problem is also reported in here with some real life applications.The single-level JITSP, known as the product rate variation problem (PRVP), is pseudo-polynomially solvable. The total PRVP minimizes sum deviation and the bottleneck PRVP minimizes the maximum deviation between the actual production and the ideal production. The assignment approach solves total PRVP whereas the perfect matching works for bottleneck PRVP solving the problem in pseudo-polynomial time. The multi-level JITSP, known as the output rate variation problem (ORVP), is NP-hard in most of the cases. However, some sequencing heuristics and dynamic programming are devised for near optimal solutions. And the pegging assumption reduces the ORVP into weighted case of PRVP. In this dissertation, the total PRVP with square and absolute deviations are considered and mean-based divisor methods are devised for the equitably efficient solution. The simultaneous dealing to the PRVP and DAP establishes the interlink between the production sequencing problem and integer seat allocating problem. The new upper bottlenecks are investigated and the problems are solved comparatively. The bottleneck PRVP instances for small deviations and cyclic sequences for total PRVP are shown to be optimal. The bicriterion sequencing is discussed with Pareto optimal solutions.The production sequencing problem is simultaneously dealt with supply chain logistics to balance overall supply chain system. The cross-docking supply chain logistics problem is formulated with a proposition to be solved. The real-world applications of JITSP and supply chain are listed and some open problems are pointed out as the closing of the dissertation.

This qualitative study explored the overall impact of training HVAC technicians using the SightPros-VirTechs system for remote, wireless, internet video assistance at a small HVAC company, Metro Environmental. John Thomason, the president/co-owner developed a website and a new SightPros communication tool that allows wireless, one-on-one, just-in-time, high-quality, video-monitored instructions between an expert at one site and a technician at another site. Metro Environmental successfully used the SightPros-VirTechs system to train a new apprentice remotely. The apprentice and expert changed their normal and routine physical activities because the expert worked remotely and the apprentice worked on-site. Within just a few months, the apprentice proved competent enough to go to customer accounts without more experienced technicians nearby. The technicians express excitement about the SightPros communication tool as a way to contact remote experts whenever needed. The customer and business contacts also give good reviews and suggest other benefits. The expert permanently captures the communications so the company can use the saved video for many applications, especially training. The dissertation provides a list of recommendations to trainers/educators for similar applications.

The challenge of the just war theory in the post-modern era is compounded by technologic advances in warfare and the friction among state actors in a decentralized state system. The inquiry of this investigation on just war is the extent of its validity in an era that extols the sciences and human reason on the one hand and economic necessity on the other as the standard by which state actors regulate their political objectives. The thesis Just war; unjust consequences examines the longevity of the just war tradition, its moral necessity throughout history and its indispensable application in the nuclear age. Chapter 2 examines the moral foundations of the ‘two kingdoms’, which formulates the background of the just war theory, from the biblical account of the great controversy between good and evil to the formation of modern church/state relations. Within the ancient and contemporary setting, ecclesiastical and theological traditions have provided a public platform to establish moral parameters in regards to state actor intent and post-modern application, such as the U.S.-Iraq war. Chapter 3 investigates Augustine’s enduring contribution to the moral and historical formation and longevity of the just war theory. From its earliest development to its modern antecedent the just war theory has been an integral aspect of the philosophical and theological analysis distinguishing ‘why’ and ‘how’ wars are fought and the import of moral parameters to manage international conflict. Chapter 4 examines Reinhold Niebuhr’s contribution to the realist tradition and U.S. foreign policy in the 20th and 21st centuries. This section examines the impact of the modern state actor’s intent for war. The primary issue is that the classical formulation that identifies human nature as the catalyst of social disorder and war is superseded by the scientific method, which adheres to the viewpoint that war is complicated by numerous economic and political factors. Hans Morgenthau’s realist tradition of international relations theory, which advocates that humankind is the centric disruptive force by its abuse of power at all levels of human interaction especially among nations was eventually eclipsed by Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist school of thought, which shifted the culpability of war from the egocentricities of human nature to the disproportions of economic and military power among competing state actors in a decentralized state system. This shift in international relations theory within the framework of weapons of mass destruction contested the validity of the just war tradition in the nuclear age. Chapter 5 reasserts the Christian realist tradition’s viewpoint that the perpetrator for war is the individual actor within collective competitive self-interest, epitomized by the state actor. The classical model is reinstated as a plausible cause for war. It is within this framework that a contemporary adaptation of the just war moral theory is provided to contest the contemporary complexities of warfare in the 21st century. Chapter 6 investigates the practical challenges of modern warfare. The background of Operation Iraqi Freedom reveals the complications of state actor competition in international politics, and the necessity of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression. Finally, Chapter 7 reiterates, the prolonged necessity of the just war tradition in both the ancient and modern eras and, the import of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression and provides a reformulation of the just war moral theory to challenge the viewpoint that deems the utility of weapons of mass destruction as viable national security alternative and its tactical application in warfare. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Practical Theology / PhD / Unrestricted

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-29T13:40:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardobassoliangelo.pdf: 1057795 bytes, checksum: 59a664556375c240973fe28359f5d003 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Adicionar instituição on 2016-02-01T15:46:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-01T16:14:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardobassoliangelo.pdf: 1057795 bytes, checksum: 59a664556375c240973fe28359f5d003 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-01T20:11:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardobassoliangelo.pdf: 1057795 bytes, checksum: 59a664556375c240973fe28359f5d003 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-01T20:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardobassoliangelo.pdf: 1057795 bytes, checksum: 59a664556375c240973fe28359f5d003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Guido Tomás Marlière foi um militar francês que chegou ao Brasil na comitiva da Família Real portuguesa, em 1808. Em 1813, iniciou um trabalho de civilização dos índios em Minas Gerais, função na qual ascenderia ao ponto de chegar ao posto de diretor-geral dos índios de Minas Gerais, no período imperial (1824). Em dezesseis anos, compôs um projeto que visava incorporar os indígenas do Leste de Minas Gerais, na região do rio Doce e afluentes à sociedade colonial/imperial, de forma que pudessem se considerar e atuar como súditos/cidadãos da realidade brasileira de seu tempo, através da inserção política, desenvolvimento econômico e inclusão social. Porém, antes disso era necessário que se destituíssem de sua cultura e incorporassem as noções do “homem civilizado”, quando haveria todo um aparato logístico e instituições a exercer esse trabalho, como as Divisões Militares do Rio Doce, a Junta de Conquista, Civilização dos Índios e Navegação do Rio Doce e, no período imperial, a Direção-Geral dos Índios de Minas Gerais, chefiada por Marlière durante cinco anos. Neste trabalho, analisei a atuação de Guido Marlière durante os dezesseis anos em que se ocupou da política para os índios de Minas Gerais, trabalho que não foi isento de tensões, como conflitos entre índios e entre esses e o indivíduo civilizado, e também a visão de outros agentes dessa atividade, como seus subordinados. Utilizando fontes primárias oficiais da política indigenista de Minas Gerais e da Coroa portuguesa/Império do Brasil, bem como correspondências provenientes de um cotidiano administrativo e apontamentos de viajantes europeus que conviveram com indígenas nesse período, procurei situar o trabalho de Marlière no contexto de paulatina inserção do indígena na sociedade do Brasil no início do século XIX. / Guido Tomás Marlière was a French military who arrived in Brazil in the Royal Family retinue (1808). In 1813, started a work of civilization of Indians in Minas Gerais, occupation in which reached was promoted to arrive to post of general-director of Indians of Minas Gerais, in the Imperial period (1824). In sixteen years, composed a project whose goal was to incorporate the Indians of the East of Minas Gerais, in the region of Doce River and tributaries, to colonial/imperial society, for they was considered subjects citizen in Brazil in this time, through the politic insertion, economic development and social inclusion. But, before we needed to eliminate their culture and to incorporate the “civilized man” notions, when they have a logistic apparatus and institution to make this work, with the Military Divisions of Doce River, the Board of Conquest, Civilization of the Indians and Navigation of Doce River and, in the Imperial period, the General Direction of Indians of Minas Gerais, headed by Marlière for five years. In this work, I analyzed the Marlière´s administrative performance during the sixteen years in which he occupied the politics for the Indians of Minas Gerais, work was gone by tensions, as conflicts between Indians and between those and the “civilized individual”. Using official primary sources of the indigenous politics of Minas Gerais and the Portuguese Crown/Empire of Brazil, as correspondences from administrative everyday and from travelers who lived with indigenous´s notes, I wanted emphasize the Guido Marlière work in the context of gradual insertion of indigenous in the society of Brazil of the beginning of Nineteenth Century.