Ett flygsäkerhetsarbete bygger på ett förtroende mellan individen och organisationen. Det finns en brist inom Försvarsmakten rapporteringssystem, där fördelningen av rapporter med avseende på mänskliga misstag, är avvikande från vad som anses som normalt inom flygverksamhet. Varför avviker rapporteringen i FM från normalbilden? Ett perspektiv som kan förklara denna avvikelse är rättvisekulturperspektivet. Syftet är att diskutera huruvida den ojämna fördelningen av avvikelserapporter med avseende på mänskliga misstag i FM flygsäkerhetsarbete kan förklaras ur ett just culture perspektiv med fokus på regler och styrdokument . Resultatet är att FM inte är att anse som en rättvisekultur. Framförallt är detta på grund av den bristfälliga kulturella grunden, disciplinsystemet och skyddandet av rapporteringssystemet. / Flight safety relies on trust between the person and the organization. There is a deficiency in the Swedish armed forces reporting system whereas the distribution between human factor reports and other reports is deviant from the normal distribution in flying operations. Why is that? A perspective that could help explaining this is the just culture perspective. The purpose of this essay is to discus whether the uneven distribution in the reporting system in regards of human error in the Swedish armed forces can be explained by a just culture perspective in regards of rules and documents. The result is that the Swedish armed forces are not considered a just culture. Mainly because of the insufficient foundation of the flight safety culture, the existence of a disciplinary system and the failure to protect the reporting system.

The permissible use of defensive force is a central tenet of the traditional legal and philosophical justification for war and its practice. Just War Theory holds a nation’s right to resist aggressive attack with defensive force as the clearest example of a just cause for war. Just War Theory also stipulates norms for warfare derived from a conception of defensive force asserted to be consistent with the moral reality of war. Recently, these aspects of Just War Theory have been criticized. David Rodin has challenged the status of national defense as an uncontroversial just cause. Jeff McMahan has charged that Just War Theory’s norms that govern warfare are inconsistent with the norms of permissive defensive force. In this thesis I defend the status of national defense as a clear case of a just cause. However, my defense may require revision of Just War Theory’s norms that govern warfare.

Kostnaden för nyproduktion av hus i Sverige har ökat markant under de senaste åren. Byggföretag har svårt att hålla både projektens löptid och kostnader nere, vilket resulterat i ett ökat marknadspris och ett växande missnöje bland slutkunder. De ökade kostnaderna beror enligt forskning på vanligt förekommande slöseri i form av såväl material som arbetskraft. I försöken att eliminera slöseri har många företag anpassat sin verksamhet efter Lean Thinking, ett system som härstammar från den japanska bilindustrin, bestående av verktyg och metoder med huvudsyfte att identifiera och eliminera slöseri. Ur detta har även nya former av byggnation fångat marknadens intresse. Industrialiserat byggande är en metod som förflyttat stora delar av verksamheten från byggarbetsplats till prefabricering i fabrik och på så sätt eliminerat många av de slöseri och riskmoment som förknippas med det traditionella synsättet på byggnation. Studien lägger fokus på hur arbete med Lean Thinking och prefabricerat byggande kan avhjälpa de kostnadsproblem som branschen ställs inför på dagens marknad. Genom en fallstudie har vi beretts möjlighet att på nära håll studera för- respektive nackdelar med ett prefabricerat byggande, samt fått möjlighet att studera en organisation där verksamheten utgår från Lean Thinking. Studien visar att det genom Lean Thinking och prefabricerat byggande går att minimera vanligt förekommande slöseri inom byggbranschen. Utförandetiden för prefabricerat byggande är också mycket kortare än vid traditionellt byggande och på så vis hålls kostnaderna nere. Genom att ytterliga utveckla prefabricerat byggande enligt Lean Thinking skulle det vara möjligt att i större utsträckning minimera slöseri och möjliggöra ett ännu smartare byggande. / The costs of house construction in Sweden have increased conspicuously over the last years. Construction companies have a hard time maintaining low project lead-times as well as keeping costs within the financial plan, which in turn has affected market price and created a growing discontent amongst buyers. Research indicates that the increased production costs are in many ways caused by the large amount of waste, in form of materials and labor, which is common within today’s construction projects. Efforts to eliminate waste has led many companies to adapt Lean Thinking, a system with roots in Japanese car manufacturing industry, containing tools and methods designed to identify and eliminate all kinds of waste. From all this, new ways of construction has been introduced on to todays market. Industrialized housing is a relatively new concept, which has eliminated a lot of waste and risks by moving construction away from an on-site project into prefabrication within factories. This study focuses on how Lean Thinking adaptation and industrialized construction can help lowering construction costs. A case study has given us the opportunity to follow an industrialized construction project up close, as well as the opportunity to study an organization that has implemented Lean Thinking. The study shows that it is possible to reduce common waste within construction industry through Lean Thinking and industrialized housing. The project lead-time for industrialized housing is also much shorter compared to traditional construction methods and therefore the costs are kept low. By continuing to evolve industrialized housing through Lean Thinking it would be possible to further reduce waste and consequently enabling an even smarter way of construction.

This dissertation offers a new understanding about wartime decision making in the face of likely, but unintended, harm to foreign civilians. It empirically identifies conditions under which leaders in democratic nations are more or less likely to choose to attack a target when confronted with a dilemma between pursuing national security objectives and avoiding civilian casualties. An innovative targeting decision model was constructed that described both the theorized structure of the decisions inputs and the process by which these inputs are assembled into a choice. The model went beyond the normal target benefit and civilian casualty cost considerations of proportionality to also include the contextual input of prospect frame. Decision makers were expected to address the same benefit and cost differently depending on whether they were winning or losing the conflict. This was because the prospect frame would influence their risk attitudes, as predicted by prospect theory. This model was then tested via two decision-making experiments that used military officers and defense civilians as participants. Additionally, a statistical analysis of data collected from an extended period of the second Intifada was done to seek evidence that the model also applied in actual wartime decision making. All three tests supported portions of the targeting decision model. Higher target benefit and lower civilian casualty estimates increased support for the planned attack. Prospect frame influenced decisions in the cases where both target value and the civilian casualty estimates were high and the resulting dilemma was very difficult. In these situations, those told that their forces were losing the conflict were less sensitive to humanitarian harm and more likely to support the attack than when they were told their side was winning. Furthermore, the Intifada data analysis of attacks approved by Israeli officials against Palestinians found this same effect of prospect frame held generally across all six years of observations.

This paper revisits one of the more frequented stops at the crossroads of politics and morality in contemporary ethical theory, Michael Walzer’s essay “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands.” The aim is to provide a fresh assessment of Walzer’s project, and to evaluate the tenability of its core notion of “dirty hands.” In pursuit of this aim, the effort is made to reopen the paths which take Walzer to his celebrated impasse, from two directions. The first of these resituates Walzer’s analysis in the context of the debate within Anglo-American ethical theory in which it is originally expounded. The second route seeks to recapture the trail of thinkers who guide Walzer to his conclusions from more remote locations in intellectual history, in order to determine the reliability of his intriguing constellation of Machiavelli, Weber and Camus as lodestars. Writing thirty years later, one of Walzer’s friendliest interpreters, Jean Elshtain, in the midst of her enthusiasm for ‘dirty hands,’ renews doubts about his recommendation of “casuistry.” Hints from throughout Walzer’s essay, incompletely elaborated there, are parceled together into closing suggestions as to an alternative approach to so-called ‘dirty hands’ situations. / text

People can disengage from their internalized moral standards and self-regulation in order to perform immoral behaviour by using different Moral Disengagement mechanisms. These mechanisms within media have a positive effect on immoral behaviour. However, Moral Identity activation is said to counter arguments of Moral Disengagement. In this study, both concepts are applied to the context of war. An additional assumption took into account in how far participants’ internalized moral standards consider war as immoral. This is important since Moral Identity and Moral Disengagement are based on internalized moral standards. To test the hypotheses, this study employed a 2 x 2 RO between-subjects factorial design. The trait variable called Moral Consideration of War was supposed to reflect participants’ internalized moral standards with regard to war. It was used to operationalize the additional assumption. Factor 1 varied the activation of Moral Identity (Moral Identity activation versus control group) and factor 2 varied the depiction of the war scenario (Permissive Scenario versus Prohibitive Scenario). Scenarios were fictive newspaper articles. A Permissive Scenario comprised a higher number of arguments based on Moral Disengagement mechanisms than a Prohibitive Scenario. Main outcome measures were the support of war and war-related Moral Disengagement (questionnaire). In total 86 participants (f=45, m=41) were randomized into four cells and completed the online experiment. The Permissive Scenario failed to increase support of war and Moral Disengagement (questionnaire), on the assumption that war is considered immoral. Moral Identity activation had a negative effect on Moral Disengagement only on the assumption that war was considered moral. Moral Identity activation had no significant effect on support of war, on the premise that war was considered immoral. The interaction term of Moral Identity activation and Permissive Scenario had no significant effect neither on support of war nor on Moral Disengagement, no matter if additional assumption was taken into account or not. Results are discussed with regard to methodological limitations measuring internalized moral standards. Their measurement implied already individual Moral Disengagement. Interaction effect failed, supposedly because Moral Identity activation was not specifically targeted at immoral behaviour and because mediating effects of Moral Identity centrality were not considered. / Die Mechanismen der Moralischen Entkopplung lösen das Selbst von internalisierten moralischen Standards und verhindern damit die Selbstregulierung des moralischen Verhaltens. Diese Mechanismen kommen auch in Medien vor und tragen zu unmoralischem Verhalten bei. Die Aktivierung der Moralischen Identität wirkt jedoch den Mechanismen der Moralischen Entkopplung entgegen. In dieser Studie werden beide Konzepte auf das Thema Krieg übertragen. Dabei ist wichtig zu beachten, dass internalisierte moralische Standards Krieg als unmoralisch bewerten. Schließlich basieren sowohl Moralische Entkopplung als auch die Aktivierung der Moralischen Identität auf dieser zusätzlichen Annahme. Zur Überprüfung der Hypothesen wurde ein 2 x 2 RO Between-Subjects Design verwendet. Faktor 1 variierte die Aktivierung von Moralischer Identität (Aktivierung Moralische Identität versus Kontrollgruppe). Faktor 2 variierte die Permissivität eines Kriegsszenarios in einem Zeitungsartikel (Permissives Szenario versus Prohibitives Szenario). Dabei wurde Permissivität hinsichtlich der Anzahl der Moralischen Entkopplungsmechanismen operationalisiert (Viele versus Wenig). Als Organismusvariable ist die Moralische Bewertung von Krieg zur Überprüfung der zusätzlichen Annahme notwendig gewesen. Abhängige Variablen waren die Unterstützung von Krieg und Moralische Entkopplung (Fragebogen). Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer (N=86, f=45, m=41) des online Experiments wurden in vier verschiedene Versuchsbedingungen randomisiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Permissivität des Kriegsszenarios keinen Effekt auf Moralische Entkopplung (Fragebogen) oder die Unterstützung von Krieg hatte, unter Berücksichtigung der Zusatzannahme. Moralische Identitätsaktivierung verringerte Moralische Entkopplung (Fragebogen) aber nur unter der Bedingung, dass Krieg als moralisch bewertet wurde. Moralische Entkopplung hatte keinen Effekt auf die Unterstützung von Krieg, unter Berücksichtigung der Zusatzannahme. Die Interaktion von Moralischer Identitätsaktivierung mit der Permissivität des Kriegsszenarios war nicht signifikant, unabhängig davon ob die Zusatzannahme berücksichtigt wurde oder nicht. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf die methodischen Probleme bei der Messung internalisierter moralischer Standards diskutiert. Es fanden vermutlich Prozesse der Moralischen Entkopplung bereits während der Messung dieser Standards statt. Der fehlende Interaktionseffekt kann an der schwachen und unspezifischen Aktivierung der Moralischen Identität liegen, sowie nicht berücksichtigter Mediatoren, wie z.B. die Zentralität von Moralischer Identität.

Η γλώσσα Java έχει πλέον εδραιωθεί σαν μια από τις πιο συχνά χρησιμοποιούμενες γλώσσες όχι μόνο λόγω της εξαιρετικής υποστήριξης σύγχρονων παραδειγμάτων προγραμματισμού, όπως ο αντικειμενοστραφής και ο γενικευμένος προγραμματισμός, αλλά κυρίως λόγω της εύκολης μεταφερσιμότητας του κώδικα και της ανεξαρτησίας που παρέχει στα προγράμματά της από κάποια συγκεκριμένη πλατφόρμα υλικού-λειτουργικού συστήματος. Η δυνατότητα αυτή συνοψίζεται στο σύνθημα “Write once, run anywhere” που καθιέρωσε η Sun, η εταιρία η οποία σχεδίασε αρχικά την γλώσσα. Κάτι τέτοιο, επιτυγχάνεται με την μετάφραση ενός προγράμματος από πηγαίο κώδικα Java σε μια ενδιάμεση αναπαράσταση object κώδικα (bytecode), η οποία στη συνέχεια εκτελείται στα πλαίσια μιας εικονικής μηχανής. Η πατροπαράδοτη μέθοδος εκτέλεσης των προγραμμάτων από την εικονική μηχανή ακολουθεί το μοντέλο της διερμήνευσης (interpretation), το οποίο στην πράξη δεν είναι καθόλου αποδοτικό, σε ότι αφορά το χρόνο εκτέλεσης. Μια διαφορετική προσέγγιση στην εκτέλεση Java bytecode είναι αυτή της δυναμικής μετάφρασης (Just In Time compilation – JIT compilation). Εδώ, την πρώτη φορά που εμφανίζεται η ανάγκη να εκτελεστεί ένα συγκεκριμένο τμήμα κώδικα, η εικονική μηχανή το επεξεργάζεται, εφαρμόζοντας προαιρετικά μετασχηματισμούς βελτιστοποίησης και παράγει τον αντίστοιχο κώδικα για το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα-οικοδεσπότη στο οποίο εκτελείται και η ίδια. Ο κώδικας αυτός στη συνέχεια μπορεί να επαναχρησιμοποιηθεί, εξαλείφοντας το κόστος της επαναληπτικής μετάφρασης του ίδιου τμήματος bytecode και μειώνοντας το συνολικό χρόνο εκτέλεσης. Στο πλαίσιο της συγκεκριμένης μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας κατασκευάζουμε ένα JIT μεταφραστή για μια εικονική μηχανή ειδικού σκοπού, το DSJOS (Distributed Scalable Java Operating System). Όπως φανερώνει και το όνομα του, το DSJOS είναι ουσιαστικά ένα κατανεμημένο σύστημα που προσφέρει στα προγράμματα που εκτελούνται εντός αυτού την αφαίρεση μιας Java εικονικής μηχανής. Ο JIT που δημιουργούμε χρησιμοποιεί ως εσωτερική αναπαράσταση το Ιεραρχικό Γράφημα Εργασιών (Hierarchical Task Graph – HTG) και στηρίζεται στη βιβλιοθήκη μετασχηματισμών και βελτιστοποιήσεων (compilation framework) PROMIS. Η υλοποίηση μας διαρθρώνεται σε τρία κυρίως στάδια: το frontend το οποίο είναι υπεύθυνο για την μετατροπή Java bytecode στην ενδιάμεση αναπαράσταση, το backend που μετατρέπει την ενδιάμεση αναπαράσταση σε κώδικα μηχανής για συστήματα x86 και, τέλος, το επίπεδο χρόνου εκτέλεσης που παρέχει στα εκτελούμενα προγράμματα διάφορες υπηρεσίες απαραίτητες για την εκτέλεση του (π.χ. διαχείριση εξαιρέσεων). Παράλληλα με το σχεδιασμό του βασικού μεταφραστή και την ενσωμάτωση του στο DSJOS, σχεδιάζουμε και υλοποιούμε και ένα σύνολο μετασχηματισμών, τόσο στο frontend όσο και στο backend, οι οποίοι έχουν ως σκοπό να βελτιώσουν την ποιότητα του παραγόμενου κώδικα και να μειώσουν το χρόνο εκτέλεσης των προγραμμάτων. / -

Magistriniame tyrimo darbe analizuojamos žemės nuosavybės Lietuvoje istorinės ir teisinės prielaidos bei iš to išplaukiantis nuosavybės teisių atkūrimo procesas, kurio didžiausias kliuvinys savininkams, siekusiems atkurti nuosavybės teises į žemę natūra pasirodė esąs asmeninių ūkių šioje žemėje skyrimas. Darbe išanalizuotos problemos, su kuriomis praktiškai susiduria asmenys, siekiantys įgyvendinti savo subjektinę ir Konstitucijos ginamą teisę į nuosavybę. Atkreipiamas dėmesys, jog Lietuvos teisės mokslo autoriai beveik neanalizuoja Žemės reformos istorinių ir teisinių pagrindų, o apsiriboja vien tik teoretiniais svarstymais apie restitucijos idėjos tobulumą, neanalizuodami nuosavybės teisių atkūrimo tam tikrų įstatymų ir poįstatyminių aktų taikymo problemų vykdomosios valdžios institucijose kaip mirusios teisės normos apraiškos fenomeno. Darbe siekiama pažvelgti giliai ir išsamiai į Lietuvos teismų darbą, kuris buvo atliktas nagrinėjant žemės teisės bylas, kuriose susikirto asmeninių ūkių įgijėjų bei žemės savininkų, siekusių susigrąžinti žemę natūra, interesai, analizuojamos teisės taikymo ir aiškinimo taisyklės bei prieinama išvados, jog netgi konkrečią teisės taikymo ir aiškinimo taisyklę sukūrę ir įgyvendinę teisėjai kartais jos iš viso netaiko. Todėl darbe prieinama išvados, jog būtina užtikrinti teisėjų darbo kokybę, kontrolę bei etiką, nes netinkamai nagrinėjant bylas, susijusias su pamatine demokratine vertybe – teise į nuosavybę, yra pakertamas konstitucinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this resarch the problems of the 1991 Lithuanian Land Reform are being analyzed. The main problem is that starting the Reform mentioned Lithuania‘s legislature didn‘t postpone the desicion of the Parliament, 26th of July, 1990, regarding establishement of the personal farming of villagers. According to the idea of the restitution, based in Lithuania‘s legal constitutional tradition and based on the just expectations, Land Reform should have been great democratical project, partly restoring previous civil order, which was destroyed by the Soviet occupation by nacionalizing all immovable property. In this paper having analysed Lithuania‘s scientific papers regarding Land Reform issues author didn‘t choose solely thoeretical analysis as Lithuanian scientist didn‘t analyse this problem of two social groups interests claiming the right to the same piece of land. That is why author used broad range of the social science methodology, interviewed plaintiffs and land owners, analyzed Lithuanian Supreme Court‘s practice regarding cases between personal farm owner and the real owner of the same land according to the restitution idea. It is concluded that Lithuanian Land Reform partly collapsed because the law of the restitution didn‘t come into practice what means that law remained unimplemented. The results of the research suggest that not only legislature didn‘t guarantee the due process of law during the Land Reform, but also judges and the attorneys where not ready for such kind... [to full text]

No description available.

In 1936 the founders of PAX aimed at 'resistance to modern warfare on grounds of traditional morality'. Believing that 'just war' criteria could no longer be met, they called themselves pacifists. Although most members were Roman Catholic Pax did not claim to be a 'Catholic society' because the RC Church at that time took an opposing view, particularly of conscientious objection. Church authorities attempted to censor Pax literature and instructed clergy to resign from the society. Pax supported conscientious objectors during the Second World War. When membership declined afterwards it continued to publish the Pax Bulletin and to provide a forum where Catholics could debate theological and practical questions of war and peace. By the 1960s Pax had gained some distinguished sponsors and a branch in the United States - support which enabled it to influence debate at the Second Vatican Council in 1965. The Council endorsed the right to conscientious objection. In 1971 Pax merged with Pax Christi, the international Catholic peace organisation which began in France in 1944/45. This is the first detailed historical study of the Roman Catholic element in the British peace movement. The story of Pax demonstrates the part that even a small pressure group can play in changing public opinion through patient work. Eventually, despite apathy and opposition, Pax helped bring the RC Church to a recognition of the right to conscientious objection and played a crucial role in the development of a more widespread peace movement within the Church