The fully quantum mechanical 'direct-potential-fit' (DPF) method has become increasingly widely used in the reduction of diatomic spectra. The central problem of this method is the representation of the potential energy and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown (BOB) correction functions. There are a number of problems associated with the existing method and potential forms. This thesis delineates these problems and finds solutions to some of them. In particular, it is shown that use of a different expansion variable and a new treatment of some of the expansions resolves most of the problems. These techniques have been successfully tested on the ground electronic states of the coinage metal hydrides and the Rb2 molecule. To address the problem of representing 'barrier' potential curves, a flexible new functional form, the 'double-exponential long-range' (DELR) potential function, is introduced and applied to the B barrier state of Li2. In addition, the Lambda-doubling level splitting which occurs for singlet Pi electronic states has been taken into account by extending the effective Schrodinger equation. The computer program DSPotFit developed in our laboratory for performing DPF analyses has been extended to incorporate the ability to fit the analytical potential energy functions to tunneling predissociation line widths for quasibound levels. Finally, an attempt is made to investigate whether there exists a hump in the ground state rotationless potential curve of beryllium hydride.

This thesis presented the research, design and fabrication associated with a unique application of rectenna technology combined with lock-in amplification. An extremely low-power harmonic transponder is conjoined with an interrogator base-station, and utilizing coherent demodulation the Remote Lock-In Amplifier (RLIA) concept is realized. Utilizing harmonic re-radiation with very low-power input, the 1st generation transponder detects a transmitted interrogation signal and responds by retransmitting the second harmonic of the signal. The 1st generation transponder performs this task while using no additional power besides that which accompanies the wireless signal. Demonstration of the first complete configuration provided proof of concept for the RLIA and feasibility of processing relevant information under "zero" power operating conditions with a remote transponder. Design and fabrication of a new transponder where the existing zero-bias transponder was modified to include a DC bias to the diode-based frequency doubler is presented. Applied bias voltage directly changed the impedance match between the receiving 1.3 GHz antenna and the diode causing a change in conversion loss. Testing demonstrated that a change in conversion loss induces an amplitude modulation on the retransmission of the signal from the transponder. A test of bias sweep at the optimal operating frequency was performed on the 2nd generation transponder and it was seen that a change of ~ 0.1 V in either a positive or negative bias configuration induced an approximate 15 dB change in transponder output power. A diode-integrated radar detector is designed to sense microwaves occurring at a certain frequency within its local environment and transform the microwave energy to a DC voltage proportional the strength of the signal impinging on its receiving antenna. The output of the radar detector could then be redirected to the bias input of the 2nd generation transponder, where this DC voltage input would cause a change in conversion loss and modulate the retransmitted interrogation signal from the transponder to the base station. When the base station receives the modulated interrogation signal the information sensed by the radar detector is extracted. Simulations and testing results of the fabricated radar detector demonstrate capability of sensing a signal of approximately -53.3 dBm, and accordingly producing a rectified DC voltage output of 0.05 mV. A comparison is made between these findings and the transponder measurements to demonstrate feasibility of pairing the radar detector and the 2nd generation transponder together at the remote sensor node to perform modulation of interrogation signals.

Ce mémoire consiste en l’étude du comportement dynamique de deux oscillateurs FitzHugh-Nagumo identiques couplés. Les paramètres considérés sont l’intensité du courant injecté et la force du couplage. Juqu’à cinq solutions stationnaires, dont on analyse la stabilité asymptotique, peuvent co-exister selon les valeurs de ces paramètres. Une analyse de bifurcation, effectuée grâce à des méthodes tant analytiques que numériques, a permis de détecter différents types de bifurcations (point de selle, Hopf, doublement de période, hétéroclinique) émergeant surtout de la variation du paramètre de couplage. Une attention particulière est portée aux conséquences de la symétrie présente dans le système. / We study the dynamical behaviour of a pair of identical, coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators. We determine the parameter values leading to the existence of up to five equilibrium solutions, and analyze the asymptotic stability of each one. A combination of analytical and numerical techniques is used to analyze the numerous bifurcations (saddle-node, Hopf, period-doubling, heteroclinic) occurring as parameters, most notably the coupling strength, are varied, attention being paid to the rôle played by symmetries in the system.

An accurate and generalized global retrieval algorithm from satellite observations is a prerequisite to understand the radiative effect of atmospheric aerosols on the climate system. Current operational aerosol retrieval algorithms are limited by the inversion schemes and suffering from the non-uniqueness problem. In order to solve these issues, a new algorithm is developed for the retrieval of non-spherical dust aerosol over land using multi-angular radiance and polarized measurements of the POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances) and wide spectral high-resolution measurements of the MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer). As the first step to account for the non-sphericity of irregularly shaped dust aerosols in the light scattering problem, the spheroidal model is introduced. To solve the basic electromagnetic wave scattering problem by a single spheroid, we developed an algorithm, by transforming the transcendental infinite-continued-fraction-formeigen equation into a symmetric tri-diagonal linear system, for the calculation of the spheroidal angle function, radial functions of the first and second kind, as well as the corresponding first order derivatives. A database is developed subsequently to calculate the bulk scattering properties of dust aerosols for each channel of the satellite instruments. For the purpose of simulation of satellite observations, a code is developed to solve the VRTE (Vector Radiative Transfer Equation) for the coupled atmosphere-surface system using the adding-doubling technique. An alternative fast algorithm, where all the solid angle integrals are converted to summations on an icosahedral grid, is also proposed to speed-up the code. To make the model applicable to various land and ocean surfaces, a surface BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) library is embedded into the code. Considering the complimentary features of the MODIS and the POLDER, the collocated measurements of these two satellites are used in the retrieval process. To reduce the time spent on the simulation of dust aerosol scattering properties, a single-scattering property database of tri-axial ellipsoid is incorporated. In addition, atmospheric molecule correction is considered using the LBLRTM (Line-By-Line Ra- diative Transfer Model). The Levenberg-Marquardt method was employed to retrieve all the interested dust aerosol parameters and surface parameters simultaneously. As an example, dust aerosol properties retrieved over the Sahara Desert are presented.

Η διδασκαλία των μαθηματικών και ιδιαίτερα της γεωμετρίας στο γυμνάσιο παρουσιάζει αρκετές δυσκολίες. Η ανωριμότητα της σκέψης των παιδιών, η προκατάληψη για το μάθημα των μαθηματικών, η αφηρημένη φύση του μαθήματος καθώς και άλλοι κοινωνικοί παράγοντες συντελούν στο να δημιουργηθεί αρνητική στάση απέναντι στα μαθηματικά. Το μέρος της γεωμετρίας, σε σύγκριση με αυτό της άλγεβρας, είναι περισσότερο παραγκωνισμένο και παρατηρείται πως η πλειοψηφία των μαθητών βρίσκει δυσκολότερη τη γεωμετρία, παρόλο που δεν έχει ασχοληθεί με αυτή. Σε πείραμα που εκτελέσαμε σε τάξη Β’ Γυμνασίου σε σχέση με σύγκριση εμβαδών γεωμετρικών σχημάτων, στο πλαίσιο του μαθήματος “Διδακτική & Επιστημολογία της Γεωμετρίας”, φάνηκε πως μερικοί μαθητές έχουν λανθασμένη εντύπωση περί των ικανοτήτων τους στη γεωμετρία. Συνήθως υποτιμούν τις δυνατότητές τους, ενώ η πραγματικότητα δείχνει αντίθετα αποτελέσματα. Το πείραμα αυτό σχετιζόταν με εμβαδά και σχέσεις μεταξύ γεωμετρικών σχημάτων. Παρατηρήθηκε όμως πως κάποιοι μαθητές, ενώ είχαν την εντύπωση πως δεν τα καταφέρνουν με τη γεωμετρία, έδωσαν απαντήσεις ικανοποιητικές σε μεγάλο βαθμό. Η αντίληψη και η διαίσθηση τους, έδιναν σωστές απαντήσεις και συλλογισμούς. Μπορούμε να πούμε πως υπήρχε, εκτός των άλλων, μια δυσκολία στη χρήση όρων και συμβόλων. Επομένως, θα λέγαμε πως το πρόβλημα βρισκόταν κυρίως στη χρήση της μαθηματικής γλώσσας, παρά στον τρόπο σκέψης. Ο στόχος αυτής της εργασίας είναι να ερευνήσουμε σε ποιο βαθμό βοηθάει το διπλό τετραγωνικό πλέγμα στην κατανόηση της γεωμετρίας καθώς και στην διδασκαλία των άρρητων μεγεθών. Από άλλες σχετικές έρευνες έχει φανεί πως το τετραγωνικό πλέγμα είναι ένα διδακτικό μέσο κατάλληλο για την διευκόλυνση και κατεύθυνση των μαθητών, προς την κατάκτηση μέρους της γεωμετρικής γνώσης. Ενδεχομένως εάν οι μαθητές εμπιστευτούν τη διαίσθησή τους και αντιληφθούν πως τα μαθηματικά δεν είναι απλώς σύμβολα, τότε θα ξεπεράσουν το στάδιο της φοβίας για τα μαθηματικά και θα περάσουν στο στάδιο της σκέψης για τα μαθηματικά. / --

The determination of the optical properties of biological tissue is an important issue in laser medicine. The optical properties define the tissue´s absorption and scattering behaviour, and can be expressed by quantities such as the albedo, the optical thickness and the anisotropy coefficient. During this project, a measurement system for the determination of the optical properties was built up. The system consists of a double integrating sphere set-up to perform the necessary reflection and transmission measurements, and a computer algorithm to calculate the optical properties from the measured data. This algorithm is called Inverse Adding Doubling method, and is based on a one-dimensional transport model. First measurements were conducted with the system, including measurements with phantom media (Intralipid-ink solutions) and with cartilage samples taken from the human knee joint. This work also includes an investigation about the preparation of tissue samples for optical measurements.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-18T11:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilasiqueiraneves.pdf: 1794675 bytes, checksum: f6798de20bc50ab506f3f25f990c23c2 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2017-08-24T11:25:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-24T15:09:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T14:20:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T14:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / A indução de poliploidia é uma ferramenta muito empregada em programas de melhoramento de plantas, mas geralmente resulta em baixa eficiência e elevada taxa de indivíduos mixoploides ou aneuploides. Poliploides artificiais podem ser obtidos pela utilização de antimitóticos, que interferem na formação do fuso durante a divisão celular. Dentre eles, a colchicina é o mais empregado em estudos de poliploidia. No entanto, os mecanismos responsáveis por sua ação sobre as células ainda não foram totalmente elucidados. Solanum melongena L. (berinjela) apresenta tecidos com elevado potencial de regeneração in vitro, característica interessante para o desenvolvimento de estudos básicos e biotecnológicos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar a berinjela como modelo para o estudo do processo de duplicação cromossômica em plantas. Foram empregadas técnicas de citogenética, citometria de fluxo e indução de poliploidia in vitro. O capítulo I destinou-se à caracterização citogenética da cultivar Embu de berinjela, que foi empregada em todos os experimentos. Esta cultivar apresentou 24 cromossomos, com tamanho variando entre 1,77 e 2,63 μm. O caritóripo mostrou-se simétrico e foram observadas duas constrições secundárias. Através do bandeamento com fluorocromos CMA3 e DAPI, foram observadas quatro bandas CMA positivas. A técnica de FISH permitiu a visualização de um par de sinais para a sonda DNAr 5S e dois pares para a sonda DNAr 45S. O capítulo II teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da colchicina (0,2% e 0,02%) sobre o ciclo celular de berinjela e a eficiência destas concentrações no processo de indução de poliploidia. De forma pioneira, a hidroxiureia foi utilizada como sincronizador do ciclo celular, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência da poliploidização. A avaliação do ciclo celular foi conduzida em meristemas radiculares com e sem a sincronização e as análises foram realizadas por microscopia e citometria de fluxo. A indução de poliploides in vitro, por sua vez, foi realizada em sementes e segmentos nodais sincronizados e não sincronizados. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação ao índice mitótico. Maiores percentuais de cmetáfases, metáfases duplicadas e núcleos poliploidizados (2xG2) foram observados em resposta à maior concentração de colchicina (0,2%). Os protocolos de indução de poliploidia testados mostraram-se eficientes, sendo regeneradas plantas poliploides após todos os tratamentos. Dos 480 explantes tratados com colchicina, 342 foram regenerados com sucesso, sendo 45 tetraploides e 90 mixoploides. / Polyploidy induction is an important tool in plant breeding, but usually results in low efficiency and high rates of mixoploid and aneuploid plants. Synthetic polyploids can be obtained by the exposure to antimitotic agents, which interfere with the spindle formation during cell division. Colchicine is the most widely used antimitotic in polyploidy induction studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of its action on cells are not completely clear. Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) has a great in vitro regeneration capacity, an interesting feature to the development of basic and biotechnological studies. This work aimed to use eggplant as a model to study the process of chromosome doubling in plants. Cytogenetic techniques, flow cytometry and in vitro polyploidy induction were performed. Chapter I focused on the cytogenetic characterization of the cultivar Embu of eggplant, which was used in all experiments. This cultivar presented 24 chromosomes with length ranging from 1.77 to 2.63 μm. The karyotype was symmetrical and two secondary constrictions were observed. The CMA3/DAPI banding showed four CMA positive bands. The FISH technique allowed the observation of one pair of sites of 5S rDNA and two pairs of 45S. The objective of chapter II was to evaluate the effects of colchicine (0.2% and 0.02%) on the eggplant cell cycle and the efficiency of these concentrations in the polyploidy induction. Innovatively, hydroxyurea was used as a cell cycle synchronizer, in an attempt to increase the efficiency of polyploidization. The cell cycle evaluation was conducted in root meristems with and without cell synchronization and the analysis were performed by light microscopy and flow cytometry. In vitro induction of polyploidy was performed on synchronized and non-synchronized seeds and nodal segments. No significant differences were detected in the mitotic index. Higher frequencies of c-metaphases, polyploid metaphases and polyploid nuclei (2xG2) were observed after the exposure to the higher treatment with colchicine (0.2%). The polyploidy induction protocols tested were efficient, with the regeneration of polyploid plants after all colchicine treatments. Of the 480 treated explants, 342 were successfully regenerated, being 45 tetraploids and 90 mixoploids.

This thesis deals with the analysis of a planar antenna operating at two frequencies with use frequency doubling. The design and simulation of the antenna in ANSOFT Designer is described. The antenna is designed for two operating frequencies 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. The antenna is required to operate TM10 mode and TM01 modes.

Diploma thesis studies a possibility of doubling track between Chlumec nad Cidlinou and Hradec Králové. It proposes some solutions which differ in the lenght of the track section where track speed is increased to 160 kmph. Also, the possibilities of elimination of railway crossings with the roads of any category are examined and overview of costs for construction.

L’auto-doublage de fréquence dans des cristaux optiques non linéaires dopés avec des ions ytterbium est actuellement le meilleur moyen d’obtenir une émission efficace dans le vert, tout en garantissant une bonne compacité, un faisceau faiblement divergent et une bonne monochromaticité. Deux nouvelles matrices ont été étudiées en ce sens : BaCaBO3F un oxyfluorure à fusion congruente, et LaxGd1-xSc3(BO3)4 un membre de la famille des huntites à fusion non congruente mais pouvant être obtenu par la méthode Czochralski. Après l’étude des conditions de synthèse et de croissance, les propriétés optiques de l’ion ytterbium dans ces matrices ont été caractérisées, et l’effet laser en régime continu autour de 1µm a été démontré pour la première fois. Pour améliorer les performances d’auto-doublage de fréquence dans des cristaux de YCa4O(BO3)3:Yb, deux pistes ont été envisagées : stabiliser l’émission laser infra-rouge en travaillant sur la cavité résonnante (traitement de surface des optiques), et améliorer le rendement de conversion de Génération de Seconde Harmonique de type I en effectuant le premier suivi expérimental de la courbe d’accord de phase hors des plans principaux à 1064nm. / Self-frequency-doubling in nonlinear optical crystals doped with ytterbium ions is actually the best way to combine both efficient emission in the green region, low divergent beams and good monochomaticity. Two new compounds have therefore been studied: BaCaBO3F a congruent melting oxyfluoride and LaxGd1-xSc3(BO3)3 a huntite-type crystal with incongruent melting that can however be obtained by the Czochralski method. We first studied the synthesis and growth conditions, and then the optical properties of the ytterbium doped crystals. Laser effect in continuous wave operation mode was demonstrated for the first time. In order to improve the self-frequency-doubling performances of the Yb:YCa4O(BO3)3 crystals, we focused on both stabilizing the 1µm laser emission (special anti-reflection coatings) and on maximizing the type I Second Harmonic Generation process at 1064nm (first direct measurements of both the conversion efficiency and the phase-matching directions out of the principal planes).