Samrådet, som är lagstadgat enligt plan- och bygglagen (2010:900) (PBL), äger rum i ett sent skede av detaljplaneprocessen, när det är förhållandevis svårt att på riktigt påverka besluten som invånare. Arbetet med att, utöver och före samrådet, genomföra tidiga dialoger med invånarna kan vara ett sätt att förbättra den slutgiltiga planen samt främja en mer levande demokrati i samhällsbyggnadsprocessen. En bra dialog innebär för invånarna ett deltagande som kan öka både förtroendet och förståelsen för kommunens möjligheter och utmaningar, samt i slutändan för de beslut som fattas i den fysiska planeringen. Arbetet med tidiga dialoger före samrådet är förenligt med utmaningar. Tidiga dialoger är, till skillnad från samrådet, inte lagstadgat i plan- och bygglagen och de genomförs således på flera olika sätt, och i vissa kommuner inte alls. Kommunerna jobbar inte med någon genomgående strategi eller efter en uttalad modell, varje enskild tidig dialog tenderar att ha sina egna förutsättningar och målsättningar vilket bidrar till blandade resultat. Kommunerna lägger ner mycket tid och energi på att förbereda, annonsera och genomföra sina tidiga dialoger med invånarna men har i regel ingen utbildning eller teoretisk grund att stå på. Utvecklingsarbetet i kommunerna fungerar ofta som en utveckling av senast genomförd tidig dialog där man tittar på vad som går att förbättra och vad som redan fungerar. Slutsatsen är att kommunerna behöver utbilda sig i större utsträckning och framför allt ta fram en genomgående strategi som är gemensam för samtliga tidiga dialoger i kommunernas arbete med fysisk planeringen. / The statutory consultation takes place at a rather late stage of the planning process, when it’s relatively difficult to influence the decision as a municipal citizen. The work of conducting early dialogues with municipality citizens in addition to, and prior to, the statutory consultation can improve the final plan and promote a more vivid democracy in the community building process. A well conducted early dialogue with the citizens leads to a participation that could increase both the citizens' trust and understanding of the opportunities and challenges municipalities face, and ultimately the final decisions as well. The work with early dialogues before the consultation is compatible with both challenges and possibilities. Unlike the consultation, early dialogues are not statutory in the Planning and Building Act and they are thus carried out in several different ways, and in some municipalities no early dialogues are conducted at all. Municipalities don’t work with any consistent strategy or according to a state model; each individual early dialogue has its own prerequisites and objectives, which contributes to assorted results. The municipalities do spend a lot of time and energy preparing, advertising and carrying out their early dialogues with the citizens, but usually have no education or theoretical basis to start from. Instead, the municipalities tend to rely on the individual official’s own experience and improve their early dialogues by constantly analyzing what worked well and less well during the previous dialogue.  The conclusion is that the municipalities need to educate themselves to a greater extentand, above all, develop a comprehensive strategy that is common to all early dialogues inthe municipalities' planning.

Residential solar Photovoltaic (PV) installations are increasing at a very high pace in the United States. In 2017 there are approximately one million residential solar PV installations in the US. A significant share of these installations are downstream of distribution transformers and thus connected to the secondary. To precisely analyze voltage variations induced by PV systems into distribution systems, accurate models of load and PV systems connected to the secondary side of distribution transformers are required. In the work here we consider two secondary circuit modeling approaches, simple secondary and detailed secondary models. In simple secondary models all loads and all PV generators below a distribution transformer are modeled as an aggregate load and an aggregate PV generator. In the detailed secondary models all loads and PV systems below the distribution transformers are modeled individually and secondary conductors and service drops are also modeled. Using a cloud motion simulator, it is observed that employing the simple secondary models can lead to inaccurate and conservative results. Moreover, the locations with the greatest voltage changes are different in the two modeling approaches. This paper highlights the importance of utilizing detailed secondary models over simple secondary models in analyzing PV generation. / Master of Science / Power system planners and operators rely on computer-based modeling and analysis of the electric grid to ensure that electricity is delivered to consumers in a reliable manner. The current modeling is done either to simulate the high voltage transmission networks, or the primary distribution networks. Till now these modeling approaches have worked well as the electricity flow in the electric grid is largely unidirectional, i.e. power flows from the transmission network to the distribution network. Neglecting the secondary distribution network topology in such a structure of the electric grid does not introduce significant calculation errors. However, the rapid growth of residential solar PV based distributed generation over the last few years, which is expected to continue into the foreseeable future, has motivated the need to rethink this modeling and analysis paradigm. As the penetration levels of distributed generation increase, there will be bi-directional flow of electricity between the transmission and distribution networks. Accurate analysis of such a decentralized electric grid cannot be performed if secondary distribution network topology is neglected in the models. So, to precisely analyze voltage variations induced by PV systems into distribution systems, accurate models of load and PV systems connected to the secondary side of distribution transformers are required. This thesis highlights the importance of using detailed models of secondary distribution.

Hållbart resande och mobilitet är viktig del av en hållbar utveckling för städer och samhällen både idag och i framtiden. Hållbar utveckling är också målet på både nationell och lokal nivå. Målen innebär en utveckling där det behöver ske en övergång till mindre biltrafik och mer hållbart resande. För att åstadkomma en förändring vad gäller färdsätt kan åtgärder göras vid nybyggnation av bostäder som syftar till att minska bilåkandet.  Denna studie undersöker vilka effekter åtgärder för hållbart resande ger genom en studie av kvarteret Runstenen i Gävle. Kvarteret Runstenen valdes som fall för studien då förslaget vanns i en markanvisningstävling med bland annat hållbarheten i kvarteret som argument. Genom att se hur planerade åtgärder som bilpool och parkeringar med mera påverkar de boendes resvanor studeras effekter av den detaljplanering som gjordes. Intervjuer med fem boende i kvarteret och en enkätundersökning med 34 svarande ger boendes bild av hur de ser på sitt resande, vad de har förändrat och vad de vill förändra. Intresset för att förändra sitt resande har visat sig vara olika stort i olika grupper bland de boende. Det finns grupper av boende som gärna vill förändra sitt resande till ett mer hållbart alternativ och det finns grupper som inte ser detta som ett alternativ. Det har också visat sig viktigt att planera åtgärder på ett sådant sätt att de genomförs. Flera av de åtgärder som planerats i kvarteret Runstenen har inte genomförts.  Studien har kunnat visa på styrkor och svagheter när åtgärder för hållbara resor planeras. Närheten till service i närområdet är viktigt för resvanor. Faktorer som nära tillgång till garage kan ge motsatt effekt och inte bidra till visionen om hållbart resande med en mindre del biltrafik. Särskilt i de fall cyklar blir mindre tillgängliga än bilen genom att det saknas skyddad cykelparkering. Genom att ett konkret exempel från genomförandet av ett nybyggnadsprojekt studeras har boendes erfarenheter kunnat synliggöras vilka kan användas för framtida nybyggnadsprojekt i centrala lägen. / Sustainable traveling is an important part of sustainable development for cities and communities both today and in the future. Sustainable development are a goal both at national and local levels. This means a development where a transition for less car traffic and more sustainable traveling modes. To achieve a change in traveling modes actions can be made when planning for development of new dwellings to reduce car traffic in the stage of. This study examines the effect of the actions for sustainable transports by a study of the block Runstenen in Gävle. The block Runstenen was chosen for the study as the proposal was chosen in a competition for its sustainability among other factors. By looking at how planned actions such as car pool, parking and other factors influence the residents' travel habits, the results of the planning efforts can be studied. Interviews with five residents in the unit and questionnaires answered by 34 respondents give the residents a picture of how they look at their travels, what they have changed and what they want to change. The interest in changing their travel habits has proved to be different in different groups among residents. There are groups of residents who would like to change their travel to a more sustainable alternative and there are groups that do not see this as an alternative. It has proved to be important to plan actions in such a way that they can get implemented. Several of the measures planned in the Runstenen quarter have not been implemented.  The study has been able to demonstrate strengths and weaknesses when planning with actions for sustainable travel. Nearby access to service is important for sustainable traveling. Factors such as nearby and easy access to garages prove to make an opposite effect and not contribute to the vision of sustainable travel with less car traffic. Especially in cases where bicycles become less accessible than the car because there is no protected bicycle parking. By studying an example from the implementation of a new construction project, residents' experiences have been made visible, which can be used for future new construction projects in central locations.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-29T20:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Claudia Cseko Nolasco de Carvalho.pdf: 7996736 bytes, checksum: 4342b7f850b677568441806a801d9047 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T20:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Claudia Cseko Nolasco de Carvalho.pdf: 7996736 bytes, checksum: 4342b7f850b677568441806a801d9047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-27 / Sustainable development requires more detailed soil maps with representative information of local reality, helping to conciliate increasing agriculture production and environmental impacts reduction. It is a hard task to achieve considering the Brazil territorial extension and the absence of governmental programs and resources. The Digital Soil Mapping (DSM), through methodologies implementation, has been consolidated as support technique for conventional mapping. Using DSM techniques, we aimed to evaluate a methodological procedure to generate soil maps with refined scale by fuzzy inference, and to map simpler units, which means more adequate areas for the rural settlement development plans. We carried out the study on an area at the microregion of Mata of Alagoas State and the following attributes were integrated by pedologist knowledge: elevation, slope, curvature and profile, topographic wetness index ? derived from a Digital Elevation Model (built by aerophotogrammetric restitution at scale 1:8 000), and geological data at scale 1:50 000. In a first moment, we integrate the thematic layers of 5m resolution pixel related to the attributes. Possibility maps of predefined classes were generate based on rules established by pedological expertise using fuzzy inference. Then, we integrate the evidence maps of classes by weighted mean inference to produce the soils digital map. The predicted digital soil map was opposed to a map elaborated traditionally, and validated by field observation of transects and pre-existent profiles. The comparison between the digital soil map and the conventional indicated a accuracy of 81.2% between the predicted classes of the digital map and the ones on the conventional map units (described on the legend, however not spatialized). Confronting the predicted classes of the digital soil map and the ones identified on field, the observed accuracy was of 74.65%. The Kappa index found was very good, with 0.696 values for the comparison between the digital map and the conventional map and 0.705 between the digital map and field observations. The results demonstrate that legacy maps data may, through the pedologists knowledge and more detailed attribute data, aggregate information and produce more detailed soil maps. Considering the concepts of minimum mappable area, the definitions of pixel sizes suggested for the digital cartographic scale, and the rules for soil survey, the applied methodology allowed, on the used cartographic base, the amplification of the mapping scale from 1:25 000 to 1:15 000. / O desenvolvimento sustent?vel requer mapas de solo mais detalhados com informa??es representativas da realidade local que permitem conciliar aumento da produ??o agropecu?ria com minimiza??o de impactos ambientais. Essa ? uma tarefa dif?cil considerando a extens?o territorial do Brasil e a falta de programas e recursos governamentais. O Mapeamento Digital de Solos-MDS, atrav?s da implementa??o de metodologias, vem se consolidando como t?cnica de apoio ao mapeamento convencional. Usando t?cnicas de MDS, esse trabalho objetivou avaliar um procedimento metodol?gico para gerar mapa de solos com refinamento de escala usando infer?ncia fuzzy para mapear unidades mais simples, portanto mais adequadas aos planos de desenvolvimento dos assentamentos rurais. A ?rea escolhida para teste est? localizada na microrregi?o da Mata do Estado de Alagoas. Para execu??o do trabalho os atributos do terreno eleva??o, declividade, curvatura em perfil, plano de curvatura e ?ndice de umidade topogr?fica derivados de Modelo Digital de Eleva??o-MDE (gerado por restitui??o aerofotogram?trica na escala 1:8.000) e dados geol?gicos em escala 1:50:000, foram integrados atrav?s do conhecimento de ped?logos. Os planos de informa??es, com pixel de 5 m, a partir de regras estabelecidas pela expertise de ped?logos foram fuzzificados e integrados para gerar os mapas de possibilidades de ocorr?ncia para as classes de solo predefinidas. O mapa digital de solos foi produzido pela integra??o dos mapas de possibilidades das classes por infer?ncia m?dia ponderada. O mapa digital de solos predito foi confrontado com mapa elaborado por m?todo tradicional e validado por observa??es em campo ao longo de transectos e por perfis preexistentes. A an?lise comparativa entre o mapa digital de solos e o convencional obteve acur?cia de 81,2 % entre as classes preditas no mapa digital e as contidas nas unidades do mapa convencional (descritas na legenda, por?m n?o espacializadas). Confrontando as classes preditas no mapa digital e as identificadas no campo a acur?cia encontrada foi de 74,65%. A aferi??o das classes pelo ?ndice de Kappa foi considerada muito boa com valores de 0,696 para a compara??o entre o mapa digital versos mapa convencional e 0,705 entre o mapa digital e as observa??es de campo. A pesquisa mostrou que dados contidos em mapas legados de solo podem atrav?s do conhecimento de ped?logos e de dados detalhados de atributos do terreno agregar informa??es e produzir mapa digital de solo com amplia??o da escala e que neste trabalho ? compat?vel com a de levantamentos detalhados (1:15.000).

Denna studie handlar om social hållbarhet och om hur fyra olika kommuner i den fysiska planeringen hanterar och metodiskt arbetar med detta ämne. Syftet är att undersöka vilken prioritet som frågor kring social hållbarhet har i den kommunala planeringsprocessen och hur man metodiskt arbetar med dessa frågor. Syftet är också att undersöka den sociala hållbarhetens potentiella koppling till blandstaden. Undersökningen har genomförts genom att studera kommunernas översiktsplaner, utvalda detaljplaner och de policydokument som planerna hänvisar till. Innehållet har sedan analyserats i relation till teorier kring social hållbarhet och blandstaden. Intervjuer med tjänstemän på samhällsbyggnadsenheterna på respektive kommun har också genomförts för att få en bild av hur man i planprocessen hanterar detta. Resultatet visar på att man i kommunernas översiktsplaner på liknande sätt avhandlar ämnet social hållbarhet och att man även har liknande målsättningar och visioner kring ämnet. I de studerade detaljplanerna skiljer sig dock i vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt social hållbarhet behandlas i planbeskrivningarna. Större planer tenderar att ha större inslag av reflektioner kring planens inverkan på sociala hållbarhetsfrågor, medan många mindre planer inte alls avhandlar ämnet. Genom de intervjuer som genomfördes framkom att planering kring dessa frågor anses svårt och man många gånger inte anser sig ha specifika metoder som kan att påverka den fysiska planeringen. Alternativt anser man inte att kommunen som organisation använder de metoder som finns. De konkreta metoder som kommunerna använde var; markanvisning, medborgardialog och socialkonsekvensanalys. En tjänsteman nämnde att hen personligen använde Göteborgsmatrisen och en annan hade kontinuerliga möten med lokala mäklare för att följa flyttrender bland kommunens invånare. Samtliga tjänstemän talade om "blandstad", om än i varierande termer, som tätt sammankopplat med socialt hållbara städer och samhällen. De reflektioner som resultatet av denna undersökning slutligen genererat handlar om socialkonsekvensanalysens potentiella roll som konkret metod för kommuner att tillämpa men också om ett eventuellt behov av en lagstiftning liknande den som finns för upprättande av en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning. Båda dessa verktyg borde kunna användas på ett analyserande sätt för att värdera och bedöma eventuella åtgärders inverkan på sociala och ekologiska värden. / This bachelor thesis is about social sustainability, more specifically it is about how four different municipal areas handles issues about social sustainability in their spatial planning. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the priority of this topic and which methods that are used to deal with this subject. The purpose is also to investigate the possible connection between social sustainability and mixed use-city. The analysis has been made by studying comprehensive plans, detailed development plans and other documents connected to the plans. The content of these document has then been analyzed in relation to theories about social sustainability and mixed use-city. Municipal officials have been interviewed to get at more nuanced view on how social sustainability is incorporated into the process of planning. The result shows that the four comprehensive plans in a similar way talk about the aims of planning for social sustainability. In the detailed development plans the difference however is significant, varying to what extent and in what way social sustainability is described the planning specification. Bigger plans tend to include the subject in a more extensive way, whilst smaller many plans don't incorporate social sustainability at all. During the interviews many of the officials said that planning for social sustainability is difficult matter and called for more concrete methods, and for the municipality to use the methods available, to affect the spatial planning. The methods used were; land allocation, civil dialogue and social impact assessment. One official mentioned that he/she personally used the Gothenburg-matrix and another had regular meetings with local brokers. All officials talked about mixed use in connection to social sustainability. The conclusion that the result of this analysis finally led to is about the social impact assessment as a suitable method for planning for social sustainability, but also about the potential need for a legislation. Perhaps that could be the way to include social sustainability into the process of planning.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This body of research uses numerical and experimental investigative techniques to further the understanding of autoignition. Hydrogen/nitrogen and methane/air fuel configurations of turbulent lifted flames in a vitiated coflow burner are used as model flames for this investigation. Characterisation was undertaken to understand the impact of controlling parameters and the overall behaviour of the flames, and to provide a body of data for modelling comparisons. Modelling of the flames was conducted using the PDF-RANS technique with detailed chemistry incorporated using In-situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) within the commercial CFD package, FLUENT 6.2. From these investigations, two numerical indicators for autoignition were developed: convection-reaction balance in the species transport budget at the mean flame base; and the build-up of ignition precursors prior to key ignition species. These indicators were tested in well defined autoignition and premixed flame cases, and subsequently used with the calculated turbulent lifted flames to identify if these are stabilised through autoignition. Based on learnings from the modelling, a quantitative, high-resolution simultaneous imaging experiment was designed to investigate the correlations of an ignition precursor (formaldehyde: CH2O) with a key flame radical (OH) and temperature. Rayleigh scattering was used to measure temperature, while Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) was used to measure OH and CH2O concentrations. The high resolution in the Rayleigh imaging permitted the extraction of temperature gradient data, and the product of the OH and CH2O images was shown to be a valid and useful proxy for peak heat release rate in autoigniting and transient flames. The experimental data confirmed the presence of formaldehyde as a precursor for autoignition in methane flames and led to the identification of other indicators. Sequenced images of CH2O, OH and temperature show clearly that formaldehyde exists before OH and peaks when autoignition occurs, as confirmed by images of heat release. The CH2O peaks decrease later while those of OH remain almost unchanged in the reaction zone.

Žemės savininkas ar kitas naudotojas privalo naudoti žemę pagal pagrindinę tikslinę naudojimo paskirtį. Tačiau dažnai žemės sklype norima vykdyti kitokią veiklą, nei galima pagal nustatytą paskirtį (pavyzdžiui, žemės ūkio paskirties sklype statyti gyvenamąjį namą). Tuomet susiduriama su žemės paskirties keitimo problema, kurią galima išspręsti nustatyta tvarka parengus detalųjį planą. Sprendimą dėl paskirties pakeitimo detaliojo plano pagrindu priima apskrities viršininkas. Magistrantūros studijų baigiamąjame darbe analizuojamas detaliųjų planų regimas ir paskirties pakeitimo procesas arti Kauno miesto esančiose kaimo gyvenamosiose vietovėse. Tyrimuose buvo naudojami teisės aktų analizės, teritorijų planavimo dokumentų analizės bei statistiniai metodai. Tyrimų objektas – Kauno rajono priemiestinės vietovės ir Ringaudų seniūnijos Noreikiškių kadastro vietovėje parengti detalieji planai. Tyrimu metu nustatyta, kad detaliųjų planų rengimas ir tikslinis paskirties pakeitimas priemiestinėse teritorijose yra labai intensyvus dėl šių priežasčių: 1) kaimo gyventojų skaičius didėja, todėl yra gana didelė paklausa statyti gyvenamuosius namus; 2) priemiestinėse teritorijose yra gera infrastruktūra, todėl labai nesudėtinga pakeisti paskirtį, kada galima prisijungti prie jau esamų magistralinių inžinerinių tinklų ir nereikia formuoti ir projektuoti naujų; 3) gyventi priemiestyje yra patogiau dėl švaresnio oro ir mažesnio triukšmo; 4) didelė gyventojų dalis dirba Kauno mieste, todėl yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Land-owner or other land user must use land according to the main, objective purpose of its usage. However, very often some other activity, instead of that one that ought to be performed according to the stated purpose (f. e., to built a dwelling house in the land plot used for agricultural purposes), is supposed to be performed in the land plot. Then the problem of the change of the land use purpose occurs. The problem can be solved in an established order by preparing a detailed plan. The head of the county makes the decision over the change of the land use purpose on the ground of detailed plan. The preparation of detailed plans and the process of the change of the land use purpose in the rural inhabited localities situated not far from the Kaunas Town are analysed in the job of post graduated studies. The methods of the analysis of legal acts, the analysis of the territory planning documents as well as statistical methods were used in the investigations. The objects of investigations were the detailed plans prepared in the Kaunas district’s suburban localities and in Ringaudai subdistrict Noreikiskės cadastral locality. During the investigations it was determined that the preparation of Detailed plans and the objective change of the land use purpose in the suburban territories are very intense due to the following reasons: 1) the number of rural inhabitants is increasing, therefore, there is large demand for the land plots to build house domains; 2) there is a good... [to full text]

1990 m. atkūrus Lietuvos nepriklausomybę prasidėjo nauji žemės reformos ir teritorijų planavimo procesai. Pradėjus vykdyti žemės pertvarkymo procesą susiformavo naujos privačios žemėtvarkos struktūros. Dėl neprincipingų teisinių nuostatų žemės sklypai formuojami neplaningai, neįvertinant perspektyvaus jų naudojimo. Viena iš galimybių sprendžiant šias problemas galėtų būti nuosavybės teisių pertvarkymas, įvertinant teisingai tiek privačių savininkų, tiek visuomenės interesus. Miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo problemos nėra pakankamai ištirtos, nors aktualios daugumai. Lietuvos piliečių, kurie siekia susigrąžinti savo žemes, atkuriant nuosavybės teises į senelių turėtą žemę todėl šio darbo objektu ir pasirinktas miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo problemos. Nepaisant to, dar labai trūksta literatūros, elementarių žinių apie šį valstybinės reikšmės procesą, darbe apibrėžtos pagrindinės sąvokos, išanalizuota miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo samprata. Atliekant tyrimą analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai, Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimai, gairės bei kiti norminiai aktai, susijusieji su teritorijų planavimo dokumentų rengimu, analizuoti kitų autorių darbai. Siekiant įvairiais aspektais įvertinti miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimą, pasiremta mokslinės literatūros ir teisinių dokumentų analizės bei statistiniais ir anketavimo metodais. / The research discusses territory planning and land reform during the period of the independence of Lithuania since 1990. With the beginning of unplanned land restitution private land parcels were formed chaotically. According to this situation, land reallocation principles are suggested that can help to combine private and state interests in the territory planning process. The problems of the lands for forests purposes of spatial planning are not sufficiently investigated, although relevant to the majority of Lithuanian citizens, who are seeking to recover their lands, restoring property rights to the former old people's land and therefore subject to selected areas of forest for agricultural purposes of planning problems. Nevertheless, there is a serious lack of literature, basic knowledge about the process of national significance, the article first defines key concepts, analyze the forest for agricultural purposes of spatial planning concept. In a study to analyze the laws of the Republic of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Government regulations, guidelines and other regulations, those relating to spatial planning documents in preparation for analysis of other authors' works. In order to assess various aspects of the lands for forests purposes of spatial planning issues, relied on scientific literature and legal instruments for the analysis and statistics poll methods.

A detailed development plan (DDP) is a legally binding plan that regulates the municipalities land use on a detailed level. The purpose with the DDP is to evaluate the suitability for development on land access, in order for municipalities to manage spatial planning and minimize environmental harm. If a DDP would likely cause a significant impact on the environment, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be produced. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how DDP and EIA processes are working on a local level in Sweden, and how the quality is reflected in the processes. More specifically, I investigated the role of EIA actors involved in the DDP process, as well as whether these processes are inadequate from an environmental conservation perspective. To investigate these issues, a document study was conducted as well as an interview study. The results from the study presents several shortcomings in both processes; examples of shortcomings were the lacking knowledge among the DDP and EIA actors in how to conduct the process, as well as interpreting and understanding the law.  Other observed shortcomings were the different levels of engagement among the plan administrators, the EIA performers and the County Administrative Board reviewers. Three important factors were recognized for achieving good processes. Firstly, the people involved need to have broad knowledge and good qualifications. Secondly, the actors must be able to communicate in a good and clear manner. Lastly, the third factor is a good process leader who brings together the DDP and EIA process.