The thesis Reading Workshop in Kindergarten as a support for the development of reading literacy deals in the theoretical part with the characteristics of pre-school children and their capabilities. It further investigates the methods that could be used for and are essential for the development of reading literacy in the pre-school age and the role of the family in this respect. The theoretical part is concluded with the introduction of the scheme Reading and Writing for Critical Thinking mentioning its basic resources. It shows that the reading workshop methods are very efficient for the active learning of children. The practical part describes 7 reading workshops that have been implemented in a typical kindergarten and this is supplemented with detailed comments. The empirical part investigates the family environment of children and, as based on parents' observations, it evaluates the contribution of reading workshops to the development of reading literacy of pre- school children. Reading workshops proved to be beneficial especially in terms of the growing interest of children in reading and also in terms of children's creativity development. KEYWORDS Reading Workshop, reading literacy, kindergarten, work with book, Reading and Writing for Critical Thinking (RWCT), family, reading, literary education

繪本共讀對學前及低年級兒童而言，因可同時增加兒童閱讀的經驗以及閱讀能力，故十分受到重視。過去文獻亦指出成人與兒童進行繪本共讀，確實能促進兒童的讀寫萌發能力，惟成人運用何種策略的助益較大，尚未有結論。閱讀最重要的目的在理解，然過往繪本共讀研究的焦點主要集中於繪本共讀對聲韻覺識等解碼能力的效果，較少觸及繪本共讀對兒童理解能力的影響，更少討論推論理解等較高層次的理解歷程，是否會影響兒童在繪本共讀時的表現。 本研究旨在探究成人不同的共讀策略以及不同閱讀理解層次的內容，是否會對兒童繪本閱讀歷程產生影響？實驗一操弄提問式與評述式兩種共讀策略，並以眼動儀(Eye Tracker)觀察記錄大班與小一兒童在共讀繪本時的眼動表現。結果顯示提問式策略對大班兒童注視目標圖區的引導功能較評述式策略強，但評述式策略則較提問式策略更能引導兒童凝視目標字區。大班兒童在不同策略時的眼動與語音對應性，在不同區域的差異相反，顯示圖畫與文字兩種區域，在繪本閱讀的歷程中，可能扮演不同的角色、提供不同的訊息。 實驗二進一步將成人與兒童的互動內容分為文義與推論理解兩不同閱讀理解層次，討論不同的共讀策略及閱讀理解層次對小一兒童的繪本共讀是否有所影響。結果同樣發現提問式策略可引導兒童注視目標圖區，而評述式策略則有助兒童凝視目標字區。在不同閱讀理解層次的影響上，則發現推論理解層次時，評述組兒童注視目標圖區時間高於文義理解；而文義理解層次的內容，對引導提問與評述兩組兒童注視目標字區的幫助則高於推論理解層次。惟語音對應凝視時間的指標，反映出評述組兒童目標字區推論理解的對應凝視比例高於文義理解，與凝視時間比例之策略差異相反。 評述組兒童在推論理解層次的內容時，凝視目標圖區的時間比例顯著高於文義理解，在文字區域文義理解高於推論理解的差異亦達顯著，顯示不同層次的閱讀理解內涵，確實會影響兒童看圖看文的眼動表現，故推知圖畫與文字兩區域，其資訊本質並不相同。而推論理解在目標字區的語音對應凝視比例高於文義理解的結果，則代表推論理解較文義理解更能引導兒童在繪本共讀時的注意力，並有機會使兒童可整合圖畫與文字兩類資訊。 文獻指出單純聆聽成人唸誦繪本內容，不針對內容加以明確的引導與互動，並不會對兒童的讀寫萌發能力有顯著的幫助。本研究進一步發現成人運用提問與評述等不同策略，及不同閱讀理解層次的互動內容，可分別引導兒童注視繪本畫面上不同的區域，使兒童在閱讀歷程中獲取推論或文義理解所需之不同訊息。因此，進行繪本共讀的活動時，成人或教育工作者應選擇適合的互動策略、設計不同理解層次的互動內容，並依據不同的互動與教學目的交替使用，以使繪本共讀對兒童的閱讀理解歷程發揮最大的功效。 / Since benefits of shared book reading (SBR) to young children’s emergent literacy have been manifested, numerous studies have emphasized the advantage of SBR to children’s decoding ability (e.g. phonological awareness).Even though the most important purpose of reading is comprehension, research which focus on the effects of SBR to comprehension ability is still scarce, and especially so for studies which discuss the relationship between SBR and higher level comprehension ability (e.g. inferential comprehension). The influence of adult’s interactive strategies on children’s reading comprehension is also indistinct too. The present study investigated the effects of adults’ interactive strategies and comprehension levels of interactive content on children’s comprehension process during SBR, which was reflected by the eye movement data. Experiment 1 compared reading behaviors of preschool and first-grade children under question versus comment strategies. Experiment 2 explored the effects of comprehension level of adult’s interactive content and interactive strategies on first-graders. Results of experiment 1 and 2 revealed that the question strategy drew preschoolers’ attention to target picture area (critical for story comprehension), while the comment strategy guided it to word area. Moreover, children paid more attention to target picture area in the inferential condition than the literal one and the data on target word showed the opposite pattern. Results confirm that adults’ explicit references during SBR can attract children’s attention to different areas on shared book, and thus enhance respective aspects of the comprehension process. Therefore, using interactive strategies and interactive content with high comprehension level contribute more to children’s literacy and comprehension development than simply reading to them.

本研究旨在探討大學生使用與閱讀電子書資料庫，研究目的包括：（1）探討 大學生電子書資料庫的使用與閱讀行為；（2）探討大學生電子書資料庫的價值認 知與使用滿意度；（3）探討影響大學生使用電子書資料庫的因素；（4）探討大學 生參與電子書資料庫推廣服務的現況與看法。本研究採用問卷法與訪談法，首先 藉由文獻探討歸納電子書使用與閱讀研究四構面，依此而設計電子書資料庫使用 與閱讀調查問卷，並對國立政治大學大學生實行問卷調查，再採用立意取樣方式 進行深度訪談，以探討大學生電子書資料庫使用與閱讀的行為。 本研究提出之研究結論如下：（1）政治大學的大學生近五成使用過電子書， 但使用過圖書館電子書資料庫者不到兩成；（2）使用圖書館電子書資料庫的主要 原因是「為了作業報告或學習研究需求」，而使用需求受到使用目的與動機之影 響；（3）最常使用的電子書檢索策略是「關鍵字檢索」，閱讀電子書的時間多為 1 小時，主要透過「線上閱讀」方式取用電子書，並以「跳讀，僅閱讀特定章節 /段落」方式閱讀單本電子書；（4）五成以上大學生喜歡實體書勝於電子書；（5） 對圖書館的電子書資料庫表示中度滿意，對電子書資料庫推廣服務則未達滿意； （6）「在螢幕上閱讀相當吃力」是大學生在使用圖書館電子書資料庫時最大的困 難，且電子書的閱讀較易出現注意力分散的情形；（7）影響政治大學的大學生使 用圖書館電子書資料庫的因素包含使用者主觀的使用經驗及客觀的外在環境。 最後，本研究對圖書館及電子書相關廠商提出以下建議：（1）圖書館應與廠 商定期合作舉行使用者滿意度調查，藉以瞭解使用者的使用行為、使用經驗及滿 意度；（2）建議電子書相關廠商簡化進入及取用電子書資料庫的步驟、利用圖像 式設計提供更明確且明顯的快速連結名稱，增加電子書資料庫的曝光率；（3）建 議圖書館瞭解大學生的需求及充實電子書資料庫館藏的質與量，增強正向使用經 驗及藉由同儕的影響力提高使用率；（4）圖書館應積極向教師推廣電子書資料庫 的使用並提供支援教學服務，以期透過相關課程，增加電子書資料庫曝光率及使 用率；（5）建議圖書館及電子書相關廠商透過創新且有趣的行銷推廣策略，以更 輕鬆且貼近大學生的服務及參與方式，提高大學生取用電子書資料庫之動機。 / This study mainly investigated using and reading e-books databases for undergraduates. The main purposes of the study are as follows: (1) to probe into undergraduate students’ use and reading behavior of e-book databases; (2) to discuss the undergraduates’ perception and satisfaction of e-book databases; (3) to find out the factors affecting undergraduates’ use of e-book databases; (4) to understand undergraduate students’ opinions and current state of e-book databases promotions services in university libraries. The study using questionnaire and interviewing as research methods. Through literature review, this study sorts previous researches on reading and use of e-books into four dimensions. A questionnaire is designed according to these dimensions and delivered to undergraduate students of NCCU. Moreover, 15 undergraduates are selected through purposive sampling from the returned questionnaire for further interviews. The conclusion of this study is summarized as follows: (1) near fifty percent of NCCU undergraduates read e-books, but only two percent used e-book databases; (2) the main reason why undergraduates use e-book databases is for term papers or research purposes, and their needs are affected by their purposes and motivations; (3) the most used retrieval skill is keyword searching, and most undergraduates use e-book online, just skimming and scanning for one hour at most; (4) over fifty percent of undergraduates prefer books to e-books; (5) undergraduates are generally satisfied with e-book databases acquired by NCCU Libraries, but they are less than satisfied with promotions of e-book databases; (6) the most challenge of using e-book databases for undergraduates is that “tiring to read on screen,” and they are easily distracted while reading e-books; (7) the factors affecting undergraduates to use e-book databases are attributed to their previous user experience and external environments. According to these conclusions, there are some suggestions made for university libraries and concerned e-book market investors: (1) university libraries may work with investors to hold regular user satisfaction survey; (2) it is recommended to simplify the access to e-book databases and e-books ; (3) to achieve higher use rate, libraries may improve the quantity and quality of e-books, and build positive user experience with e-book databases for undergraduates; (4) libraries may suggest and support faculty to teach with e-books or e-book databases in their courses; (5) libraries and investors may develop more innovative, easier and friendlier services for undergraduate students.

I dagens samhälle har användning av digitala medier ökat drastiskt och i fler områden. Användning av mobila pekskärmenheter har ökat successivt hos småbarn och förskolebarn, och åldern när barn först exponeras till dessa enheter har minskat. Till skillnad från en tidigare tidsperiod utsätts barn idag för en stor mängd stimuli från digital media under sina utvecklingsår. De kort- och långsiktiga effekterna av denna typ av exponering är fortfarande inte helt utforskade. Theory of Mind (ToM) är ett väsentligt område i utvecklingsprocessen hos barn. Vi har i denna studie undersökt barns ToM i en narrativ kontext, där vi bryter ner och analyserarderas yttranden och beteendemönster som visar ToM-förmåga både språkligt och interaktionellt. Multimodal interaktionsanalys låg som grund för analyserna i denna studie, där 45 barn speladesin när de berättar utifrån bilder i boken ”Frog, where are you?”. Resultatet redovisades både kvalitativt för att besvara frågan hur barn visar ToM-förmåga i ett narrativt sammanhang, och kvantitativt för att besvara frågan huruvida det finns en korrelation mellan ToM-förmåga ochdigital mediaanvänding. Det kvantitativa resultatet visade inget signifikant samband mellandigital mediaanvändning eller bokläsning och ToM-förmågan hos barn. Det kvalitativa resultatetvisar att barn integrerar flera olika kunskapsområden för att uppvisa sin ToM både språkligt ochinteraktionellt. / Currently, the use of digital media has increased significantly and has become dominant in manyareas in our society. The use of mobile touch screen devices has increased gradually in youngchildren and preschool children, and the age at which children are first exposed to these deviceshas decreased. Unlike earlier eras, children today are exposed to a substantial quantity of stimulifrom digital media during their developmental years. The short- and long-term effects of thistype of exposure are still not fully explored. Theory of Mind is an essential part of thedevelopmental process in children. In this study, we examined children's ToM in a narrative context, where we analyzed their statements and behavioural patterns that show ToM abilities both linguistically and interactively. Multimodal interaction analysis was the basis for the analyses in this study, where 45 children were recorded when they told a story called "Frog, where are you?". The results were reported qualitatively to answer the question of how children show ToM ability in a narrative context, and quantitatively to answer the question of whether there is acorrelation between ToM ability and children’s digital media use. The quantitative result showed no significant relation between digital media usage or book reading and children’s ToM ability.The qualitative result shows that children integrate several different areas of knowledge to present their ToM both linguistically and interactively, during the narrative activity.

Språklig sårbarhet uppstår i situationer där omgivningens krav och förväntningar inte överensstämmer med de språkliga förutsättningar som finns hos en individ. Flerspråkiga barn med bristande exponering på sina språk riskerar att hamna i språklig sårbarhet och saknar ofta basordförråd på svenska, vilket påverkar senare läs- och skrivinlärning. För att hjälpa dessa barn att utveckla ordförrådet krävs direkta interventionsmetoder. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om en ordförrådsintervention som utgår från metoderna Interaktiv bokläsning och Ordskattsamling har en effekt på utvecklingen av basordförrådet på svenska hos flerspråkiga barn i språklig sårbarhet. Studien syftade även till att utvärdera om barnen har tillägnat sig ordinlärningsstrategier efter interventionen. Studien inkluderade 26 deltagare, varav 18 slutförde studien. Deltagarna fördelades till en interventionsgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. Samtliga barns ordförråd undersöktes före och efter interventionsperioden genom tre olika test: Semantiskt ordflöde med kategorin djur, deltestet Likheter 1 ur CELF-4 samt ett ordskattningstest. Resultatet visade att barnen som tog del av interventionen tillägnade sig fler nya ord och strategier för ordinlärning jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Resultaten visade ingen förbättring gällande ordmobilisering eller förmåga att kunna se samband mellan ord inom samma semantiska kategori, mätt med standardiserade test. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten i föreliggande studie att Interaktiv bokläsning och Ordskattsamling i kombination med fördel kan användas för att stötta ordförrådsutvecklingen hos elever i språklig sårbarhet.

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The present study puts forward two models which examine the relationship between at home at school variables of (1) engagement in shared and independent reading and (2) access to print with reading achievement. Participants were fourth grade English speakers from Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia), New Zealand, England, and USA. Data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) questionnaires and reading achievement test were used to design the two models, and Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to analyze the data where students (Level-1) were nested within classrooms (Level-2). The results of the Engagement in Reading Model demonstrate that activities of shared reading at home and at school did not statistically significantly relate or related negatively with reading achievement. Parents helping their children with school readings emerged as the strongest negative predictor of reading achievement in the entire model. However, the relationship between how often participants talked with their families about what they read on their own and reading achievement was positive. Additionally, independent reading at school, reading for fun at home, and reading printed material (books and magazines) at home predicated reading achievement positively; reading for homework did not predict reading achievement; and reading for information and reading on the internet at home predicted reading achievement negatively. The results of the Access to Print Model demonstrate that while access to books and other reading material at home related positively with reading achievement, access to books and other reading material at school did not overall relate to students’ reading achievement. Additionally, access to the library, generally, did not relate to reading achievement; and when statistical significance was found it was not replicated in all or even most of the countries. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended that fourth graders be given ample opportunities to read books of their own choosing independently at school, and to develop students’ habits and motivation to read for leisure during their free after school time. Additionally, children should be provided with ample access to reading material at home which is geared towards their interests.